Nickel based superalloys were developed to withstand the severe thermal and mechanical environment associated with rocket propulsion systems and jet engines. In many alloy systems the strength of a component rapidly deteriorates as the operating temperature increases. Nickel based superalloys, however, retain strength over a range of temperatures which includes the operating range for many propulsion systems. This improved performance is accomplished by a combination of solid-solution strengthening, precipitation strengthening and grain-boundary strengthening. Furthermore, super-alloy systems are designed for ease of fabrication, to include machining, welding and heat treating. Inconel 718 was developed to overcome problems with post-weld cracking that were common in precipitation hardened nickel based superalloys strengthened by γ’. Inconel 718 is strengthened by γ’’ and is less sensitive to cracking during post-weld thermal treatment. However, in some cases, compositional changes which improved the behavior of these alloys during stress relief actually led to greater difficulty during the joining process. Many approaches have been used to determine the hot-cracking sensitivity of Inconel 718. Historically, two approaches have been particularly valuable because of their repeatability, their ability to compare different alloy systems and their verisimilitude to actual fabrication. These are the Gleeble hot-ductility test and the Variable-Restraint (Varestraint) weld test. Varestraint samples were prepared as per standard preparation techniques and tested longitudinally with a GTAW. At a predetermined location a strain was applied perpendicular to weld direction. The applied strain varied from 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, and 4.0%. The Inconel 718 yielded a maximum crack length of 0.6 mm with a saturation strain of 2.0%. Both the total crack length and the number of cracks did not have a saturation strain. Gleeble samples were prepared from rod stock and tested with standard methodology to determine the characteristic temperatures: nil ductility, nil strength, and ductility recovery temperature of Inconel 718. The samples were tested at various pull temperatures on-heating until the nil strength temperature then tested on-cooling with the nil strength temperature acting as the peak temperature. The nil strength temperature was 2273°F, nil ductility temperature was 2182°F, and the ductility recovery temperature was 1925°F. Both the Varestraint and Gleeble results were compared with relevant literature to determine the weldability of the Inconel 718. Four criteria were used to determine the weldability of Inconel 718 and in three of the four tests; the Inconel 718 had equal to or greater weldability than the compared materials. In the fourth test, the Inconel 718 demonstrated lower weldability than the compared alloy systems, however, Inconel 718 operates in different conditions specifically, the high temperature and pressure conditions mentioned above.

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A microestrutura e a composição química dos aços inoxidáveis duplex são responsáveis pela sua resistência mecânica e sua resistência à corrosão que, geralmente, é superior aos aços inoxidáveis ferríticos e austeníticos convencionais. A soldagem destes materiais causa tanto alteração de microestrutura como de composição química, que podem ser alteradas dependendo dos processos de soldagem, dos parâmetros de soldagem, da utilização ou não de metal de adição e da composição química do gás de proteção, nos processos que utilizam proteção gasosa. No caso dos aços inoxidáveis duplex baixa liga, a solidificação é completamente ferrítica, podendo produzir tamanho de grão exagerado no metal de solda e na ZAC. O objetivo deste trabalho é de avaliar o efeito da freqüência de pulsação do processo TIG autógeno na soldagem de aços inoxidáveis duplex baixa liga. Foram soldadas chapas de aços inoxidáveis duplex baixa liga UNS S32304 e UNS S32101 (lean duplex), sem metal de adição e empregando-se argônio como gás de proteção. A soldagem foi executada com o processo TIG, mantendo-se a energia de soldagem constante, de 340 J/mm, e variando-se a freqüência de pulsação entre 1, 5, 10 e 20 Hz. As microestruturas resultantes tanto no metal de solda, região central e região sem mistura, bem como na zona afetada pelo calor foram caracterizadas através de microscopia ótica. Os resultados mostraram que, na soldagem autógena, independente de ter ou não a pulsação da corrente, ocorre um aumento no tamanho do grão da zona fundida devido a solidificação ferrítica deste aço. Comparando-se os resultados do tamanho do grão e da fração volumétrica de ferrita no metal de solda, notouse um aumento no tamanho de grão e na fração volumétrica da ferrita com o aumento da freqüência de pulsação. / The microstructure and chemical composition of duplex stainless steel are responsible for their mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. The welding of these materials produces a change in the microstructure and chemical composition. These changes depend on: welding processes, welding parameters, the use or absence of filler metal and composition of shielding gas in processes that use shielding gas. In the case of lean duplex stainless steel the solidification is fully ferritic, which may produce an excessive grain size in the weld metal and in the heat affected zone (HAZ). The main goal of this paper is to evaluate the effect of pulse frequency in autogenous TIG welding process of lean duplex stainless steel. In this sense, plates of UNS S32304 and UNS S32101 lean duplex were welded without filler metal and using argon as shielding gas. The welds were made using the GTAW process, keeping the heat input constant at 340 J/mm and varying the pulse frequency between 1,5,10 and 20 Hz. The results showed that, independent of pulse frequency, grain growth in the fusion zone took place since this duplex stainless steel type has a ferritic solidification mode. Comparing the grain size and ferrite volumetric fraction in the weld bead, an increase in the mean value of grain size in the central region and unmixed region of weld beads was related to an increase of pulse frequency.

O objetivo deste trabalho é viabilizar o uso conjunto, em um mesmo sistema de tubulação, na indústria de óleo e gás, dos aços inoxidáveis superduplex UNS S32750 e UNS S32760. Atualmente as especificações de projeto limitam o uso de um ou outro para um dado sistema, implicando em menor flexibilidade de fornecimento e maiores custos. Adicionalmente será avaliado o processo de soldagem automatizado com arame tubular com matriz metálica (metal cored) e com proteção gasosa. Este processo de soldagem possui grande produtividade e rendimento. Foram estudadas a resistência à corrosão, a resistência mecânica e possíveis danos causados à microestrutura do metal de solda e das zonas afetadas pelo calor (ZAC) dos aços inoxidáveis superduplex UNS S32750 e UNS S32760. A junta foi realizada com chanfro em meio \"V\", com geometria de 300 mm por 200 mm por 6,35 mm e com os seguintes parâmetros de soldagem: tensão de 25 V, corrente de 150 A, velocidade de soldagem de 6,35 mm/s, velocidade de alimentação do arame de 135 mm/s e distância de trabalho de 20 mm. As juntas foram caracterizadas por microscopia óptica, eletrônica de varredura, ensaio de tração, ensaio de dobramento, ensaio Charpy V a - 46 °C e ensaio de corrosão segundo a norma ASTM G48. A base para os critérios de aprovação será o disposto normativo da Norsok Standard M-601, Welding and inspection of piping, na sua mais recente edição (2008). Os resultados mostraram que não existem diferenças significativas entre as soldagens similares e dissimilares com relação às propriedades testadas. / The objective of this work is to enable the use in the same piping system, used in the oil and gas industry, of UNS S32750 and UNS S32760 superduplex stainless steels. Currently, the design specifications limit the use of one or the other for a given system, resulting in less flexibility in supply and higher costs. Additionally, it will be evaluated automated welding process with metal cored using a shielding gas. This welding process has high productivity and efficiency. It was studied corrosion resistance, mechanical strength and possible damage to the weld metal microstructure and heat affected zones (HAZ) of stainless steels superduplex UNS S32750 and UNS S32760. The joint was welded using a half \"V\" bevel geometry, with 300 mm by 200 mm by 6.35 mm and the following welding parameters: voltage 25 V, current 150 A, welding speed of 6.35 mm/s, wire feed speed of 135 mm/s and 20 mm working distance. The joints were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, tensile test, bending test, Charpy V test at - 46 °C and corrosion test according to ASTM G48. The basis for the criteria for approval is the normative provisions of Norsok Standard M-601, Welding and inspection of piping in its latest edition (2008). The results showed that there are no significant differences between similar and dissimilar welds with respect to the tested properties.

Le matériau principal de cette étude est l’acier inoxydable austénitique 316L(N) (X2CrNiMo17-12-2 à teneur en azote contrôlée) envisagé dans la conception de la cuve et des structures du circuit primaire des futurs réacteurs de quatrième génération refroidis au sodium. Pour assembler des composants de forte épaisseur, il faut réaliser des soudages multipasses avec métal d'apport. Lors du soudage, il a parfois été constaté des défauts de fissuration à chaud de solidification au refroidissement dans la zone pâteuse, près du bain de fusion. Ces fissures sont des décohésions du matériau apparaissant à haut température le long des joints de grains lorsque la déformation dépasse un seuil critique. Il est donc nécessaire de prévenir ce risque en utilisant un critère de fissuration à chaud. L'approche utilisée dans cette étude est double : développer un essai de fissuration à chaud à chargement extérieur, puis simuler numériquement ces expériences pour déterminer un seuil critique en déformation en utilisant un critère proposé par Kerrouault. Une version améliorée d’un essai de fissuration à chaud (Controlled Restraint Weldability (CRW) test) a été proposé dans cette étude afin d'analyser la susceptibilité à la fissuration de solidification du matériau 316L(N) et d’un métal d'apport de nuance Thermanit 19-15H. L'objectif de ce test est, en fonction de l'intensité du chargement extérieur, d'amorcer une fissure dans un régime thermique établi, puis d’arrêter la propagation de cette fissure si les conditions thermomécaniques locales sont remplies. Le modèle de comportement du matériau choisi est une loi élasto-visco-plastique à écrouissage mixte. Des essais thermomécaniques sur un simulateur Gleeble ont été réalisés à haute température afin d'identifier et d’améliorer la loi de comportement du matériau 316L(N). Le grossissement des grains dans la zone affectée thermiquement a été modélisé et intégré dans ce modèle. Les intervalles de fusion et de solidification du matériau 316L(N) ont été déterminés par des essais ATD (Analyse Thermique Différentielle). Des analyses des microstructures de solidification ont été également menées afin de mieux comprendre le phénomène de fissuration à chaud. Certains essais CRW ont ensuite été modélisés et simulés par éléments finis en utilisant les logiciels Cast3M et Abaqus afin valider le critère de fissuration à chaud et de déterminer un seuil critique de fissuration pour l'acier 316L(N). / The austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L(N) (X2CrNiMo17-12-2) with controlled nitrogen content is widely used for manufacture of vessel and primary circuit structures of the 4th Generation sodium- cooled fast reactors. Multi-pass welds with an appropriate filler metal is used to assemble thick components. Solidification cracks may occur in the mushy zone near the melting weld poor during solidification when a liquid film is distributed along grains boundaries and interdendritic regions and the shrinkage strains across the boundaries cannot be accommodated. It is therefore necessary to prevent this defect using a hot cracking criterion. The approach used in this study is to initiate experimentally a hot crack by a weldability test, and then to simulate these tests to identify a critical strain using a hot crack criterion for the prediction of solidification cracking. Therefore, a hot cracking test (Controlled Restraint Weldability (CRW) test) is proposed in the present study to analyze the susceptibility to hot cracking for base metal 316L(N) and its filler metal 19-15H Thermanit grade. This test is designed to initiate a hot crack in thermal steady state, and then to stop the crack once the local thermomechanical conditions are met. The initiation and stop of the crack depend on external mechanical preload. The material constitutive equations chosen for the material is a visco-plastic model with isotropic and kinematic hardening. The Gleeble thermomechanical tests have been performed at high temperature in order to identify material parameters. The increase of the grain size in the thermally affected zone was modeled and integrated into constitutive equations. The temperature range of melting and solidification of 316L(N) were determine by using the Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). The analysis of the solidification microstructures were also carried out in order to better understand the phenomenon of hot cracking. Some CRW tests were then simulated by finite element method using the Cast3M and Abaqus software in order to valid the hot cracking criterion and to determine a thermomechanical criterion of hot cracking for 316L(N).

A microestrutura e a composição química dos aços inoxidáveis duplex são responsáveis pela sua resistência mecânica e sua resistência à corrosão que, geralmente, é superior aos aços inoxidáveis ferríticos e austeníticos convencionais. A soldagem destes materiais causa tanto alteração de microestrutura como de composição química, que podem ser alteradas dependendo dos processos de soldagem, dos parâmetros de soldagem, da utilização ou não de metal de adição e da composição química do gás de proteção, nos processos que utilizam proteção gasosa. No caso dos aços inoxidáveis duplex baixa liga, a solidificação é completamente ferrítica, podendo produzir tamanho de grão exagerado no metal de solda e na ZAC. O objetivo deste trabalho é de avaliar o efeito da freqüência de pulsação do processo TIG autógeno na soldagem de aços inoxidáveis duplex baixa liga. Foram soldadas chapas de aços inoxidáveis duplex baixa liga UNS S32304 e UNS S32101 (lean duplex), sem metal de adição e empregando-se argônio como gás de proteção. A soldagem foi executada com o processo TIG, mantendo-se a energia de soldagem constante, de 340 J/mm, e variando-se a freqüência de pulsação entre 1, 5, 10 e 20 Hz. As microestruturas resultantes tanto no metal de solda, região central e região sem mistura, bem como na zona afetada pelo calor foram caracterizadas através de microscopia ótica. Os resultados mostraram que, na soldagem autógena, independente de ter ou não a pulsação da corrente, ocorre um aumento no tamanho do grão da zona fundida devido a solidificação ferrítica deste aço. Comparando-se os resultados do tamanho do grão e da fração volumétrica de ferrita no metal de solda, notouse um aumento no tamanho de grão e na fração volumétrica da ferrita com o aumento da freqüência de pulsação. / The microstructure and chemical composition of duplex stainless steel are responsible for their mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. The welding of these materials produces a change in the microstructure and chemical composition. These changes depend on: welding processes, welding parameters, the use or absence of filler metal and composition of shielding gas in processes that use shielding gas. In the case of lean duplex stainless steel the solidification is fully ferritic, which may produce an excessive grain size in the weld metal and in the heat affected zone (HAZ). The main goal of this paper is to evaluate the effect of pulse frequency in autogenous TIG welding process of lean duplex stainless steel. In this sense, plates of UNS S32304 and UNS S32101 lean duplex were welded without filler metal and using argon as shielding gas. The welds were made using the GTAW process, keeping the heat input constant at 340 J/mm and varying the pulse frequency between 1,5,10 and 20 Hz. The results showed that, independent of pulse frequency, grain growth in the fusion zone took place since this duplex stainless steel type has a ferritic solidification mode. Comparing the grain size and ferrite volumetric fraction in the weld bead, an increase in the mean value of grain size in the central region and unmixed region of weld beads was related to an increase of pulse frequency.

O objetivo deste trabalho é viabilizar o uso conjunto, em um mesmo sistema de tubulação, na indústria de óleo e gás, dos aços inoxidáveis superduplex UNS S32750 e UNS S32760. Atualmente as especificações de projeto limitam o uso de um ou outro para um dado sistema, implicando em menor flexibilidade de fornecimento e maiores custos. Adicionalmente será avaliado o processo de soldagem automatizado com arame tubular com matriz metálica (metal cored) e com proteção gasosa. Este processo de soldagem possui grande produtividade e rendimento. Foram estudadas a resistência à corrosão, a resistência mecânica e possíveis danos causados à microestrutura do metal de solda e das zonas afetadas pelo calor (ZAC) dos aços inoxidáveis superduplex UNS S32750 e UNS S32760. A junta foi realizada com chanfro em meio \"V\", com geometria de 300 mm por 200 mm por 6,35 mm e com os seguintes parâmetros de soldagem: tensão de 25 V, corrente de 150 A, velocidade de soldagem de 6,35 mm/s, velocidade de alimentação do arame de 135 mm/s e distância de trabalho de 20 mm. As juntas foram caracterizadas por microscopia óptica, eletrônica de varredura, ensaio de tração, ensaio de dobramento, ensaio Charpy V a - 46 °C e ensaio de corrosão segundo a norma ASTM G48. A base para os critérios de aprovação será o disposto normativo da Norsok Standard M-601, Welding and inspection of piping, na sua mais recente edição (2008). Os resultados mostraram que não existem diferenças significativas entre as soldagens similares e dissimilares com relação às propriedades testadas. / The objective of this work is to enable the use in the same piping system, used in the oil and gas industry, of UNS S32750 and UNS S32760 superduplex stainless steels. Currently, the design specifications limit the use of one or the other for a given system, resulting in less flexibility in supply and higher costs. Additionally, it will be evaluated automated welding process with metal cored using a shielding gas. This welding process has high productivity and efficiency. It was studied corrosion resistance, mechanical strength and possible damage to the weld metal microstructure and heat affected zones (HAZ) of stainless steels superduplex UNS S32750 and UNS S32760. The joint was welded using a half \"V\" bevel geometry, with 300 mm by 200 mm by 6.35 mm and the following welding parameters: voltage 25 V, current 150 A, welding speed of 6.35 mm/s, wire feed speed of 135 mm/s and 20 mm working distance. The joints were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, tensile test, bending test, Charpy V test at - 46 °C and corrosion test according to ASTM G48. The basis for the criteria for approval is the normative provisions of Norsok Standard M-601, Welding and inspection of piping in its latest edition (2008). The results showed that there are no significant differences between similar and dissimilar welds with respect to the tested properties.

The diploma thesis is dealing with the repair procedure of the cracked ram of the press – machine parts made from gray cast iron by casting. The ram is a part of the repaired forming press LET 160. The presented work contains an overview and analysis of the technologies of repair of cast iron by welding. On the basis of the theoretical part is designed the procedure of repairing. The aim of the experimental tests is selecting the most suitable additional materiál and verifying the proposed welding process. The welding method was selected by a low preheating manual metal arc. All the pWPS were prepared for the welding of all test specimens. Experimental samples were subjected to visual, macroscopic, microscopic analysis and hardness measurement. Based on the results of the experiments was suggested a welding repair procedure with a pWPS.

FŇUKALOVÁ VERONIKA: Comparison of MAG and plasma welding. My master´s thesis describes questions of welding of high-firmed and high-abrasion resistant steels with welding processes MAG (Metal Active Gas) and plasma. The weldability of CREUSABRO 8000 steel was passed judgement on, based on literary study of high-abrasion resistant steel question. The technology, characteristics of welding, kind of additional material were proposed. Tensile tests, brittleness tests for determination of strength characteristics and hardness tests of welding joints were implemented and analyzed experimentally. Further were analyzed macrostructure and microstructure. Other alternatives of high-firmed and abrasion resistant steels are part of my master’s thesis.