Aços de alta resistência e baixa liga (ARBL) são uma alternativa atraente em aplicações estruturais. Devido ao baixo teor de carbono e de elementos de liga (Ni, V e Ti), os aços ARBL apresentam bons níveis de tenacidade e de resistência mecânica, além de boa soldabilidade, permitindo assim, o uso de componentes estruturais mais leves, a economia no consumo de combustível, bem como o desenvolvimento de construções ambientalmente corretas. A boa combinação de propriedades mecânicas permite que os aços ARBL sejam amplamente utilizados na construção naval, na indústria petrolífera e na indústria automotiva. Para estas aplicações, a tecnologia de soldagem é inevitável, a qual produz alterações microestruturais localizadas e redução dos níveis de resistência mecânica, tensões residuais e defeitos indesejáveis, que geram problemas potenciais de segurança e de confiabilidade. Estes defeitos de soldagem acentuam o processo de falha de fadiga, quando componentes mecânicos são submetidos a cargas cíclicas. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a influência do processo de soldagem por arco elétrico com atmosfera de proteção gasosa (GMAW) na microestrutura, propriedades mecânicas e resistência à fadiga do aço ARBL DIN EN 10149 S700MC, aplicando três velocidades de soldagem e dois diferentes metais de adição (AWS ER 70 S – 6 e AWS E 110C-G-M). Para isso, corpos de prova deste aço ARBL e juntas soldadas desses dois metais de adição foram estudadas por meio de análises microestruturais, ensaios de tração uniaxial, microdureza e ensaios de fadiga por tração uniaxial. Os resultados mostraram que a velocidade de soldagem não causou alterações significativas na microestrutura do metal de solda e da zona termicamente afetada, na microdureza e na resistência à tração, quando foi utilizado o mesmo metal de solda. Porém, maiores velocidades de soldagem causaram o aumento do defeito de mordedura. Além disso, verificou-se um aumento da vida em fadiga do componente com a diminuição da velocidade de soldagem. Quando comparadas as amostras soldadas com uma mesma velocidade de soldagem, observou-se um aumento da proporção de ferrita acicular no metal de solda, um aumento da tensão de ruptura e, consequentemente, uma melhora da vida em fadiga do componente, em função do aumento da resistência mecânica do metal de solda. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-05-10T18:40:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Rui Gustavo Lippert Schwanke.pdf: 11672515 bytes, checksum: 14a40d04483fb3216e392d56449ded89 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-10T18:40:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Rui Gustavo Lippert Schwanke.pdf: 11672515 bytes, checksum: 14a40d04483fb3216e392d56449ded89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico. / High strength and low alloy steels (HSLA) are attractive alternative in structural applications. Due to the low carbon and alloying elements (Ni, V and Ti) contents, HSLA steels show good levels of toughness and mechanical strength, besides good weldability, allowing use of lighter structural components, fuel economy, as well as the development of environmentally-friendly constructions and sustainable societies. The good combination of mechanical properties allows HSLA steels to be widely used in shipbuilding oil industry and automotive industry. For these applications, welding technology is inevitable, however it produces localized microstructural changes and reduction in the levels of mechanical strenght, residual stresses and undesirable defects, which generate potential problems of security and reliability. These welding defects accentuate the fatigue failure process when mechanical components are subjected to cyclic loads. In this work, the influence of the gas metal arc welding process (GMAW) on microstructure, mechanical properties and fatigue life of the HSLA DIN EN 10149 S700MC steel was studied, applying three welding speeds and two different addition metals (AWS ER 70 S-6 and AWS E 110C-G-M). For this purpose, samples of this HSLA steel and welded joints of these two addition metals were studied by microstructural analysis, uniaxial tension tests, microhardness tests and uniaxial tension fatigue tests. The results showed that the welding speed did not cause significant changes in the microstructure of the weld metal and of the heat-affected zone, in the microhardness and in the tensile strength, when the same weld metal was used. However, higher welding speeds caused the increase of the undercut defect. Besides that, an increase in fatigue life of the component with the decrease in welding speed was verified. When welded samples produced with the same welding speed were compared, an increase in the ratio of acicular ferrite in the weld metal zone, in the tensile stress and, consequently, an improvement in the fatigue life of the component was observe as a function of the increase in mechanical resistance of the weld metal.

Aços de alta resistência e baixa liga (ARBL) são uma alternativa atraente em aplicações estruturais. Devido ao baixo teor de carbono e de elementos de liga (Ni, V e Ti), os aços ARBL apresentam bons níveis de tenacidade e de resistência mecânica, além de boa soldabilidade, permitindo assim, o uso de componentes estruturais mais leves, a economia no consumo de combustível, bem como o desenvolvimento de construções ambientalmente corretas. A boa combinação de propriedades mecânicas permite que os aços ARBL sejam amplamente utilizados na construção naval, na indústria petrolífera e na indústria automotiva. Para estas aplicações, a tecnologia de soldagem é inevitável, a qual produz alterações microestruturais localizadas e redução dos níveis de resistência mecânica, tensões residuais e defeitos indesejáveis, que geram problemas potenciais de segurança e de confiabilidade. Estes defeitos de soldagem acentuam o processo de falha de fadiga, quando componentes mecânicos são submetidos a cargas cíclicas. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a influência do processo de soldagem por arco elétrico com atmosfera de proteção gasosa (GMAW) na microestrutura, propriedades mecânicas e resistência à fadiga do aço ARBL DIN EN 10149 S700MC, aplicando três velocidades de soldagem e dois diferentes metais de adição (AWS ER 70 S – 6 e AWS E 110C-G-M). Para isso, corpos de prova deste aço ARBL e juntas soldadas desses dois metais de adição foram estudadas por meio de análises microestruturais, ensaios de tração uniaxial, microdureza e ensaios de fadiga por tração uniaxial. Os resultados mostraram que a velocidade de soldagem não causou alterações significativas na microestrutura do metal de solda e da zona termicamente afetada, na microdureza e na resistência à tração, quando foi utilizado o mesmo metal de solda. Porém, maiores velocidades de soldagem causaram o aumento do defeito de mordedura. Além disso, verificou-se um aumento da vida em fadiga do componente com a diminuição da velocidade de soldagem. Quando comparadas as amostras soldadas com uma mesma velocidade de soldagem, observou-se um aumento da proporção de ferrita acicular no metal de solda, um aumento da tensão de ruptura e, consequentemente, uma melhora da vida em fadiga do componente, em função do aumento da resistência mecânica do metal de solda. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico. / High strength and low alloy steels (HSLA) are attractive alternative in structural applications. Due to the low carbon and alloying elements (Ni, V and Ti) contents, HSLA steels show good levels of toughness and mechanical strength, besides good weldability, allowing use of lighter structural components, fuel economy, as well as the development of environmentally-friendly constructions and sustainable societies. The good combination of mechanical properties allows HSLA steels to be widely used in shipbuilding oil industry and automotive industry. For these applications, welding technology is inevitable, however it produces localized microstructural changes and reduction in the levels of mechanical strenght, residual stresses and undesirable defects, which generate potential problems of security and reliability. These welding defects accentuate the fatigue failure process when mechanical components are subjected to cyclic loads. In this work, the influence of the gas metal arc welding process (GMAW) on microstructure, mechanical properties and fatigue life of the HSLA DIN EN 10149 S700MC steel was studied, applying three welding speeds and two different addition metals (AWS ER 70 S-6 and AWS E 110C-G-M). For this purpose, samples of this HSLA steel and welded joints of these two addition metals were studied by microstructural analysis, uniaxial tension tests, microhardness tests and uniaxial tension fatigue tests. The results showed that the welding speed did not cause significant changes in the microstructure of the weld metal and of the heat-affected zone, in the microhardness and in the tensile strength, when the same weld metal was used. However, higher welding speeds caused the increase of the undercut defect. Besides that, an increase in fatigue life of the component with the decrease in welding speed was verified. When welded samples produced with the same welding speed were compared, an increase in the ratio of acicular ferrite in the weld metal zone, in the tensile stress and, consequently, an improvement in the fatigue life of the component was observe as a function of the increase in mechanical resistance of the weld metal.

The diploma thesis is focused on the determination of the mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of the weld joint X5CrNiCuNb16-4 steel prepared by using electron beam technology. The theoretical part is based on summarization of the relevant information about welding, principle of electron beam welding and testing methods of welded joints. The experimental part of the thesis contains results of practical measurements and analyses, realized for evaluation of the mechanical and structural properties of the base material and weld.

Petr Čermák: Service time assessment of the welded frame for the hydraulics of RONDOPRESS press machine The goal of this thesis is to assess durability of the welded frame for the hydraulics of RONDOPRESS press machine, which is used at the bakery sector in the food industry. The press machine chamber is made of stainless steel, because of food (dough) processing. But the strengthened part of the press machine consists of a carbon steel frame with a hydraulic cylinder. For the life of the RONDOPRESS machine is determining the rigidity and durability of the frame. Therefore it is necessary to carry out a study of carbon steel weldability, choose a suitable welding method and then make an evaluation of welded frame construction used in terms of weld joints in analyzed areas. Practical part consists of the frame computer model design, stress calculations and the service time calculation for required 1,825,000 cycles, choosing the appropriate welding method and avoiding undesired deformations. The final output is an operational frame of the RONDOPRESS press machine that meets the required service time specified by the number of production process cycles.

Hot-pressed aluminium and silicon coated boron steel is used in the car industry where high tensile strength is of great importance, such as in the safety cage of a car where deformation has to be kept to a minimum in case of a collision. After hot-pressing the AlSi-boron steel shows excellent properties with high tensile strength, minimal spring back and also shows good protection against corrosion. A thickness of the AlSi coating of 150 [g/m2] for AlSi coated boron steel is typically used by the car industry today. However the coating thickness would be desirable to be minimized to 80 [g/m2]. Welding of this boron steel with 80 [g/m2]have shown difficulties; and it’s not clear why this occurs. In this report the metallurgical properties of the different coating layers will be investigated, simulations with Thermocalc module Dictra will be used, SEM/EDS will be used to characterize phases in coating layers and correlate to weldability. Resistance spot welding tests will also be performed where the welding parameters of pre-pulse, pulse time, time in between pulses and current will be varied to achieve desirable weld plug diameter without expulsion. Hardness testing in form of micro Vickers will executed. The Materials used will be USIBOR® 1500, AS80 with four different annealing times and one sample of AS150.

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Increased understanding of improving the weld-bonding process is essential in order for the automotive industry to constantly develop their designs and production processes for the energy-efficient vehicles of the future. The joining method of weld-bonding, a hybrid method of adhesive joining and resistance spot welding, has introduced new challenges in the manufacturing and design of auto bodies. At the same time as adhesives are more incorporated in the joint configurations’, continuous development and implementation of ultra-high-strength steels, the complexity of the weld-bonding process increases. This thesis presents new approaches of parameter set-up and testing methods for weld-bonded joints. Aiming to displace the adhesive from the welding zone new parameters are tested by producing 1-D weld lobes that are analyzed in a screening matrix to find the factor with greatest effect on the weldability. Laser displacement measurement is a new method used to measure the amount of adhesive present in the joint during the welding cycle. The amount of adhesive plays an important role in the process and the intention is to get an assessment of how different thicknesses affect the weldability. The results showed that the different parameters have different influential behavior depending on the sheet thickness of the welded material. From the main effect screening, cap type has the greatest influence on the weld current range followed by the addition of an extra pre-pulse. The measured amount of adhesive present immediately before the weld pulse is very small. An interesting observation is that samples showing the largest increase in weld current range, compared to the corresponding reference were the samples which had most adhesive present in the contact area. The study showed that there are new parameters that improve the weldability of a weld-bonded joint that can be utilized using existing welding equipment. Finally, the study has shown that many possibilities exists to continue exploit within the field of weld-bonding, to be able to further utilize the effectiveness of weld-bonded joints in future lightweight autobody design. / Ökad förståelse och förbättring av weld-bonding processen (limpunktsvetsning) är väsentligt för att fordonsindustrin ska kunna fortsätta utveckla sina konstruktioner och tillverkningsprocesser för framtidens energieffektiva fordon. Fogningsmetoden weld-bonding, en hybridmetod av limning och punktsvetsning, har tillfört nya utmaningar i tillverkningen och konstruktionen av fordonskarosser. Samtidigt som limfogar används i allt större utsträckning så sker ständig utveckling och tillförande av ultrahöghållfast stål i karosserna som ytterligare påverkar weld-bonding processens komplexitet. Det här examensarbetet introducerar nya sätt att konfigurera processparametrarna och testmetoderna för weld-bondförband. Målet att tränga bort så mycket lim som möjligt från fogen med hjälp av de nya processparametrarna, testas genom att ta fram svetslober som analyseras i ett parameterkartläggande flerfaktorförsök för att hitta de faktorer som har störst inverkan på svetsbarheten. Avståndsmätning med laser är en ny metod som används för att mäta mängden lim som finns i fogen under svetscykeln. Mängden lim har en betydande roll i processen och målsättningen är att få en uppskattning om hur olika limtjocklekar påverkar svetsbarheten. Resultatet visar att olika parametrar har olika inverkan på processens beteende beroende på vilken materialtjocklek som svetsas. Parameterkartläggande flerfaktorförsöket visar att de faktorer som har störst inverkan på svetsfönstrets storlek är elektrodhätta följt av tillförandet av en extra förpuls. Den uppmätta limtjockleken i fogen precis före huvudsvetspulsen är väldigt liten. En intressant observation är att svetsproverna som påvisade den största ökningen av svetsfönstrets storlek, jämfört med referensproverna utan lim, var de prover som hade mest lim kvar i kontaktytan innan svetspulsen. Arbetet i uppsatsen visar att det finns nya svetsparametrar som ökar svetsbarheten hos weld-bondingfogar och som kan tillämpas i existerande svetsutrustningar. Slutligen har arbetet visat att det existerar många möjligheter att fortsätta utveckla weld-bondingprocessen ytterligare för att fortsättningsvis utnyttja fogens effektivitet i framtidens konstruktion av lätta fordonskarosser.

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