Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) come in many sizes and degrees of hybridization. Mild hybrid systems, where a simple idle stop strategy is employed, eliminate fuel use for idling. Multiple motor hybrid systems with complex electrically continuously variable transmissions in passenger cars, SUVs and light duty trucks have large increases in fuel economy. The plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) takes the electrification of the automobile one step further than the HEV by increasing the battery energy capacity. The additional capacity of the battery is used to propel the vehicle without using onboard fuel energy. Commercial software of great complexity and limited availability is often used with sophisticated models to simulate powertrain operation. A simple method of evaluating technologies, component sizes, and alternative fuels is the goal of the model presented here. The objective of this paper is to define a PHEV model for use in the EcoCAR competition series. E85, gaseous hydrogen, and grid electricity are considered. The powertrain architecture selected is a series plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (SPHEV). The energy for charge sustaining operation is converted from fuel in an auxiliary power unit (APU). Compressed hydrogen gas is converted to electricity via the use of a fuel cell system and boost converter. For E85, the APU is an engine coupled to a generator. The results of modeling the vehicle allow for the comparison of the new architecture to the stock vehicle. In combination with the GREET model developed by Argonne National Lab, the multiple energy sources are compared for well to wheel energy use, petroleum energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions. / Master of Science

Yes / Area level factors, such as deprivation and urban/rural settings, have been associated with variation in local resources and services and health inequality in later life. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential impact of deprivation and urban/rural areas on capability to live well with dementia and to examine whether availability of informal carers modified the associations. The analysis was based on a large cohort study of 1547 community-dwelling people with dementia across Great Britain. Quality of life, life satisfaction, and well-being were measured as indices of "living well." Multivariate modelling was used to investigate differences in living well measures across deprivation quintiles and urban/rural areas adjusting for sociodemographic factors and number of comorbidities and stratifying by three groups: those living with a carer, those with a noncoresident carer and those without a carer. Negative dose-response relationships between deprivation and measures of quality of life (-2.12; 95% CI: -3.52, -0.73), life satisfaction (-1.27; 95% CI: -2.70, 0.16), and well-being (-5.24; 95% CI: -10.11, -0.36) were found in participants living with a carer. The associations were less clear in those with a noncoresident carer and those without a carer but these two groups generally reported lower scores on living well indicators than participants living with a carer. There was no urban/rural difference. The findings suggest inequalities in living well with dementia according to levels of deprivation. Additional resources are needed to improve postdiagnostic care in highly deprived areas and support those who have no informal carer.

Yes / . Negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with dementia have been widely-documented, but most studies have relied on carer reports and few have compared responses to information collected before the pandemic. Objective. We aimed to explore the impact of the pandemic on community-dwelling individuals with mild-to-moderate dementia and compare responses with pre-pandemic data. Methods. During the second wave of the pandemic we conducted structured telephone interviews with 173 people with dementia and 242 carers acting as informants, all of whom had previously participated in the IDEAL cohort. Where possible we benchmarked responses against pre-pandemic data. Results. Significant perceived negative impacts were identified in cognitive and functional skills and ability to engage in self-care and manage everyday activities, along with increased levels of loneliness and discontinuity in sense of self and a decline in perceived capability to ‘live well’. Compared to pre-pandemic data there were lower levels of pain, depression and anxiety, higher levels of optimism, and better satisfaction with family support. There was little impact on physical health, mood, social connections and relationships, or perceptions of neighbourhood characteristics. Conclusion. Efforts to mitigate negative impacts of pandemic-related restrictions and restore quality of life could focus on reablement to address the effects on participation in everyday activities, creating opportunities for social contact to reduce loneliness, and personalised planning to reconnect people with their pre-COVID selves. Such efforts may build on the resilience demonstrated by people with dementia and carers in coping with the pandemic. / ‘Identifying and mitigating the individual and dyadic impact of COVID-19 and life under physical distancing on people with dementia and carers (INCLUDE)’ was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) through grant ES/V004964/1. Investigators: Clare, L., Victor, C., Matthews, F., Quinn, C., Hillman, A., Burns, A., Allan, L., Litherland, R., Martyr, A., Collins, R., & Pentecost, C. ESRC is part of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI). ‘Improving the experience of Dementia and Enhancing Active Life: living well with dementia. The IDEAL study’ was funded jointly by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) through grant ES/L001853/2. Investigators: L. Clare, I.R. Jones, C. Victor, J.V. Hindle, R.W. Jones, M. Knapp, M. Kopelman, R. Litherland, A. Martyr, F.E. Matthews, R.G. Morris, S.M. Nelis, J.A. Pickett, C. Quinn, J. Rusted, J. Thom. ESRC is part of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI). IDEAL data were deposited with the UK data archive in April 2020 and will be available to access from April 2023. Details of how the data can be accessed after that date can be found here: http://reshare.ukdataservice.ac.uk/854293/ ‘Improving the experience of Dementia and Enhancing Active Life: a longitudinal perspective on living well with dementia. The IDEAL-2 study’ is funded by Alzheimer’s Society, grant number 348, AS-PR2-16-001. Investigators: L. Clare, I.R. Jones, C. Victor, C. Ballard, A. Hillman, J.V. Hindle, J. Hughes, R.W. Jones, M. Knapp, R. Litherland, A. Martyr, F.E. Matthews, R.G. Morris, S.M. Nelis, C. Quinn, J. Rusted. L. Clare acknowledges support from the NIHR Applied Research Collaboration South-West Peninsula. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the ESRC, UKRI, NIHR, the Department of Health and Social Care, the National Health Service, or Alzheimer’s Society. The support of ESRC, NIHR and Alzheimer’s Society is gratefully acknowledged.

Type I Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is a major health problem and a burden for affected young individuals, as well as for society. It is among the most prevalent paediatric disorders, affecting an estimated 1.7 per 100 children and adolescents. Given the complexity of diabetes treatment regimens, it is not surprising that children, adolescents, and their families often have difficulty adhering to these regimens. Studies have found that the overall adherence rate among children and adolescents with diabetes is about 50%. It has also been found that adherence to T1DM often tends to decrease when the adolescent begins to assume most of the responsibility for managing the disease and the parents‟ role starts to decline. However, literature indicates that adolescent patients‟ adherence is poor and an important strategy to improving their metabolic control is to increase self-care. The most common age of onset for T1DM is between 10-14 years. The adolescent population is highly neglected in current research on diabetes, because the focus tends to favour children and not adolescents. It is widely recognised that glycaemic control in adolescents is complex, challenging and dependent on interconnected relationships between numerous inputs at individual, family, community and health service levels. Optimal care of adolescents with diabetes has not been subjected to rigorous scientific studies, and research results related to optimal glycaemic control are conflicting. Development and continuous evaluation of best practices pertaining to diabetes mellitus remains one of the major objectives of diabetes care, possibly allowing a delay in and/or prevention of later complications. Research indicates that adolescence is the one age group where there has been no discernible improvement in health over the last 20 years. A great number of research studies on the subject of diabetes are done globally, but less literature, especially in the South African context, can be found that focuses on and explain the experiences of adolescents with T1DM with regard to their treatment adherence. This qualitative study explored the experiences of adolescents with T1DM. A purposive sample (n=7) of young adolescents between the ages of 13 and 15 willingly participated in the research study to explore and describe their experiences with managing their treatment regimen. In-depth interviews were conducted to collect rich descriptive data, followed by participants‟ verbal reflections once a week for the duration of a month. After the in-depth interviews and weekly reflections, the researcher held a focus group interview with all the participants. Transcribed data were analysed by means of thematic analysis from which themes and subthemes were derived. The participants expressed both positive and negative emotions associated with their diabetes; they experienced a lack of understanding by significant others because of a lack of knowledge, interest or support regarding their diabetes; they mentioned that they continually need age-appropriate support and parental involvement, even though they manage diabetes through their own processes; and lastly, participants struggled with a fear of friends‟ and peers‟ perceptions. From the findings it is clear that in order to cope, the adolescents need not only medical treatment and education about diabetes (T1DM), but emotional support, supervision and repeated reinforcement to achieve effective self-management. The basic suggestion is that diabetes care for children and young people should include routine assessment of the psychological and social pressures on the adolescent and the family so that strategies can be put in place to give support and education as needed and as appropriate. The researcher also recommends that school personnel must be educated about diabetes so that they can understand the changing medical and psychosocial needs of the adolescent and can help him/her to participate fully in all the available work, sport, and leisure activities. Models of legislation and training programmes for school staff specifically addressing the needs of children with diabetes in school have been developed in a number of countries such as Greece, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, Sweden, the UK and the USA. These programmes should be considered as an example to other countries. These best practices can serve as a foundation for national improvement. / MA (Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Type I Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is a major health problem and a burden for affected young individuals, as well as for society. It is among the most prevalent paediatric disorders, affecting an estimated 1.7 per 100 children and adolescents. Given the complexity of diabetes treatment regimens, it is not surprising that children, adolescents, and their families often have difficulty adhering to these regimens. Studies have found that the overall adherence rate among children and adolescents with diabetes is about 50%. It has also been found that adherence to T1DM often tends to decrease when the adolescent begins to assume most of the responsibility for managing the disease and the parents‟ role starts to decline. However, literature indicates that adolescent patients‟ adherence is poor and an important strategy to improving their metabolic control is to increase self-care. The most common age of onset for T1DM is between 10-14 years. The adolescent population is highly neglected in current research on diabetes, because the focus tends to favour children and not adolescents. It is widely recognised that glycaemic control in adolescents is complex, challenging and dependent on interconnected relationships between numerous inputs at individual, family, community and health service levels. Optimal care of adolescents with diabetes has not been subjected to rigorous scientific studies, and research results related to optimal glycaemic control are conflicting. Development and continuous evaluation of best practices pertaining to diabetes mellitus remains one of the major objectives of diabetes care, possibly allowing a delay in and/or prevention of later complications. Research indicates that adolescence is the one age group where there has been no discernible improvement in health over the last 20 years. A great number of research studies on the subject of diabetes are done globally, but less literature, especially in the South African context, can be found that focuses on and explain the experiences of adolescents with T1DM with regard to their treatment adherence. This qualitative study explored the experiences of adolescents with T1DM. A purposive sample (n=7) of young adolescents between the ages of 13 and 15 willingly participated in the research study to explore and describe their experiences with managing their treatment regimen. In-depth interviews were conducted to collect rich descriptive data, followed by participants‟ verbal reflections once a week for the duration of a month. After the in-depth interviews and weekly reflections, the researcher held a focus group interview with all the participants. Transcribed data were analysed by means of thematic analysis from which themes and subthemes were derived. The participants expressed both positive and negative emotions associated with their diabetes; they experienced a lack of understanding by significant others because of a lack of knowledge, interest or support regarding their diabetes; they mentioned that they continually need age-appropriate support and parental involvement, even though they manage diabetes through their own processes; and lastly, participants struggled with a fear of friends‟ and peers‟ perceptions. From the findings it is clear that in order to cope, the adolescents need not only medical treatment and education about diabetes (T1DM), but emotional support, supervision and repeated reinforcement to achieve effective self-management. The basic suggestion is that diabetes care for children and young people should include routine assessment of the psychological and social pressures on the adolescent and the family so that strategies can be put in place to give support and education as needed and as appropriate. The researcher also recommends that school personnel must be educated about diabetes so that they can understand the changing medical and psychosocial needs of the adolescent and can help him/her to participate fully in all the available work, sport, and leisure activities. Models of legislation and training programmes for school staff specifically addressing the needs of children with diabetes in school have been developed in a number of countries such as Greece, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, Sweden, the UK and the USA. These programmes should be considered as an example to other countries. These best practices can serve as a foundation for national improvement. / MA (Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The aim of this research study was to explore the relationship between academic work stress, psychological well-being and social life of university master students. It was also examined whether the presence of control variables i.e. gender and living status had an influence on the relationship between the variables mentioned above. A total of 100 participants both male (N=56) and female (N=44) were conveniently drawn from master students pursuing different master programmes in the university and the spearman’s correlation results of how academic work stress is related to psychological well-being showed a significant strong negative correlation between the variables (rs=-.448, p < .001) which suggests that students who experienced a high level academic work stress, experienced a lower level of psychological well-being. In addition, the results on the relationship between academic work stress and social life showed a significant negative correlation between variables (rs=-.293, p < .001) meaning that a high level of academic work stress is negatively correlated with a lower level of social life among students. Also, the inclusion of living status as a control variable did not have an influence on the above relationship but including gender had a positive significant impact. Lastly, theoretical implications of the study as well as the conclusion were presented.

4 pp. / Following on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's "Arsenic Rule" decision to require public water systems to lower the allowable arsenic content in drinking water from 50 parts per billion (ppb) to 10 ppb by January 23, 2006, private well owners across the state have realized the importance of testing their own water supply for arsenic. Under Arizona law, it is the sole responsibility of the private well owner to determine the quality (potability) of their private well water. This article discusses the geologic prevelance of arsenic across the state, and options available to the well owner to address this water quality concern. Expected to be the first in a 3-part series on ground water quality issues common in Arizona.

6 pp. / Well Owners' Guide to Ground Water Resources in Yavapai County. AZ1451 / Private well owners are responsible for the safety and quality of their water supply. The nearly 6,000 exempt wells in Gila County are not regulated by any state or federal agency, and lot splits and subdivisions may result in an unregulated water supply serving several homes. This publication is one in a series of county-based publications that identifies well maintenance and testing procedures for the well owner, with an emphasis on water quality concerns for Gila County.

Storm water sediment runoff from disturbed landscapes has the potential to impair aquatic environments. Small construction sites of 1-5 acres in the United States are currently regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency to minimize storm water runoff damages to the environment. Gas well construction sites are similar to other construction sites in how the landscape is altered, but are not similarly regulated. This study identified sediment runoff from gas well development sites by collecting it in traps and weirs, and by measuring sediment debris lobes. Sediment primarily consisted of silt and clay sized particles. Sediments from two gas well sites formed five debris lobes that ranged in size from 325 to 3,290 square feet. Sediment loadings estimated from the debris lobes averaged 57.1 tons per year/acre. Future studies should focus on further quantification of sediment movement off of gas well sites and identify effective erosion control methods.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / In this thesis, the performance of a step quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP), which was designed to detect a laser spot at 1.05 m æ and IR radiation between 9.5 m æ to 10.5 m æ, was evaluated. In the far infrared (FIR), the maximum responsivity of the test detector at 10 K was measured at 1.02 A/W with a peak wavelength of 10.3 æm under a negative bias of 0.83 V. The D* at background limited infrared performance (BLIP) was measured at 9 8.0 10 cm Hz /W with 180o field of view. The BLIP temperature was found to be about 55 K. In addition, the FIR detection wavelength found shift with the amount of bias across the device. The amount of shift observed was 0.21 meV/KVcm-1 which is due to linear Stark effect associated with the step quantum well. The quantum well infrared detectors made of square quantum wells found to have an order of magnitude lower Stark shift originated from second order effects. This suggests that the step well infrared detector can have applications in tunable wavelength infrared detectors. / Major, Republic of Singapore Navy