The project identifies how the female owners of small and medium sized businesses deal with the issue of work and family balance in Vietnam – a developing country in Asia.

The sport industry is a popular and competitive career field with employees drawn to work in a dynamic, yet often untraditional work environment. The challenge of achieving work-life balance has received considerable study in sport, as employees often find a conflict in balancing their job and other life responsibilities, such as family (work-family conflict) and outside activities. This study introduces a new area of potential conflict (work-extracurricular conflict), the outside activities that may be neglected due to a job, which may impact employees. This area may be especially pertinent to a younger segment of the industry which has not been studied, graduate assistants who work in athletic departments while continuing their education. The purpose of this exploratory study was to assess work-life balance in graduate assistants (GAs) and their supervisors by comparing their levels of work-family conflict, work-extracurricular conflict, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction. Secondly, the study introduced the work-extracurricular conflict construct. Data were collected from GAs and supervisors (N = 47) working in five Division I university athletic departments. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA revealed significant differences between GAs’ and supervisors’ job satisfaction, while determining they did not differ on work-family conflict, work-extracurricular conflict and life satisfaction levels. They reported moderate levels of family and extracurricular conflict. Sport managers can utilize this information to better understand the work-life balance of GAs and establish dialogue on ways to improve GAs experience in hopes of keeping these sport professionals in the industry long-term.

Work and family lives are two inseparable domains for employees in the organizations. That causes a lot of research attention on studying work-family linkage and conflict, and on how job satisfaction being affected. The highlight of this research is to understand the impact of employees¡¦ relationship and closeness with their family members, defined as relationship quality, on the relationship between work-family linkage, work-family conflict, and job satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to find out the following questions: 1. How perceived work-family linkage is affecting work-family conflict, and how relationship quality is moderating? 2. How perceived work-family linkage is affecting job satisfaction, and how relationship quality is moderating? 3. How can work-family conflict affect job satisfaction? The result indicates a strong relationship between work-family conflict and job satisfaction. Moreover, relationship quality plays a significant role in influencing the relationship between work-family linkage and work-family conflict. Therefore, if the organization intends to improve job satisfaction, they should really work on eliminating work-family conflict. In the meantime, employees¡¦ relationships with their family members should be valued so that work-family conflict can be decreased.

In recent years, the working environment and structure have changed as a result of environmental changes and societal improvement. The job market in the past that contained mainly male no longer exists. More and more women join the working space to compete with men. Because there are more opportunities for women to participate in jobs, there are relatively more opportunities for men to participate in family chores. Therefore, both men and women must face problems in work-family conflict. The research done by Frone, Russell & Copper (1992) showed that work-family conflict not only causes negative psychological and physical effects on individuals, but also affects work negatively. Accordingly, in order for a company to retain excellent staff and keep their competitivity, it needs to consider how to help the staff decrease work-family conflict. Among the questions to consider is whether the work-family policy helps the staff decrease work-family conflict and improve their organizational commitment. This study is to investigate whether the implementation of work-family policy helps the staff decrease work-family conflict and improve their organizational commitment. It also studies whether the staff¡¦s work-family conflict and organizational commitment are negatively correlated; whether providing work-family policy affects the staff¡¦s organizational commitment due to the mediating effect of work-family conflict. This research surveyed 3 major sectors including the top 50 companies from the top one thousand manufacturers, top five-hundred service companies and top one hundred finance companies, according to the investigation of the 2005 CommonWealth Magazine. Totally 1600 copies of the questionnaire were released; 296 valid copies were returned with a valid sample return rate of 18.5%. Through statistical analyses such as t-test analysis of independence, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson¡¦s product moment correlation and multiple regression, the results of the investigation demonstrate the following important findings: 1.There exist some significantly different cognitions amongst different people and industries on work-family policy, work-family conflict and organizational commitment. 2.Work-family policy and work-family conflict are partially negatively correlated. 3.Work-family conflict and organizational commitment are partially negatively correlated. 4.Work-family policy and organizational commitment are partially positively correlated. 5.Work-family conflict was found to have partially mediating effects between work-family policy and organizational commitment.

Investigating the Relationship of Work-Family Conflicts Through the Self-Determination Theory Abstract: Interpersonal climates influence motivation of both family and work-related activities in the family and the workplace. Within the family, the feeling of being valued by one's partner directly affects a person¡¦s self-determination, while at the same time within the workplace, the feeling of being autonomy-supported by one's employer will affect one¡¦s self-determined motivation towards work related activities. If people had a high level of self-determination, they would be able to decide for themselves which activities to devote themselves to and would do so in high spirits, thus making it difficult for family alienation to occur. Nevertheless, once the phenomenon of family alienation occurs, one is no longer able to obtain family support and approval, thus is stripped of self-merit. Moreover, this phenomenon will also produce feelings of loneliness, frustration, which in turn influences the experience of work-family conflict. Ultimately in the end, work-family conflict leads to job burnout. This research uses Kaohsiung high school teachers as the subject of study, focusing primarily on how personal relationships affect self-determined motivation within the family and the workplace. Moreover, low levels of self-determined motivation in both the family and the work place leads to family alienation. Furthermore in discussing the relations among family alienation, work-family conflicts, job burnout, the factors of gender, age, position and the nature of the school were used to investigate and analyze the effects of interference of feeling valued by one's partner, feeling of being autonomy-supported by one's employer, motivation towards family activities, motivation towards work, family alienation, work-family conflicts, and job burnout. This research uses the method of survey questionnaire, and is analyzed with various methods of statistical analysis. The important discoveries are stated as follows: A. It was found that Kaohsiung teachers who had a strong feeling of being valued by one's partner within the family environment, also had a high level of self-determined motivation and therefore lessened the occurrence of family alienation. B. It was found that Kaohsiung teachers who did not have a strong feeling of being autonomy-supported by one's employer within the workplace but had adequate acceptance, possessed a lower self-determined motivation and less motivation towards work; Thereby making it easier for family alienation to occur. C. Taking care of children was the main factor leading to work-family conflict for Kaohsiung teachers¡¦. D. Family-work interference was the main factor leading to job burnout for Kaohsiung teachers. E. It was found that family alienation produces work-family conflicts and thus ultimately leading to job burnout. F. The interference effect of gender. 1. The interaction of motivation towards work activities and gender has an interference effect on family alienation. 2. The interaction of self-determined motivation towards work and gender has an interference effect on family alienation, work-family conflicts, and job burnout. G. The interference effect of occupational position 1. The interaction of Motivation towards family activities and occupational position has an interference effect on family alienation. 2. The interaction of self-determined motivation towards family and occupational position has an interference effect on family alienation, work-family conflicts, and job burnout. H. The interference effect of age 1. The interaction of motivation towards family activities and age has an interference effect on family alienation. 2. The interaction of self-determined motivation towards work and age has an interference effect on job burnout. I. It was found that effects of cultural difference between western and eastern culture created different methods for solving work-family conflicts. J. It was found that differing results produced from eastern and western cultural caused variations towards gender. Keyword: self-determined motivation, family alienation, work-family conflict, job burnout

Idag möter många människor svårigheter med att balansera arbetslivet och privatlivet. Att tiden och energin inte riktigt räcker till för alla delar i livet. En grupp som särskilt möter dessa svårigheter är skiftarbetare. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur skiftarbetare som arbetar utifrån två olika arbetstidsmodeller upplever och hanterar balansen mellan arbete och fritid. För att besvara syftet har åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med undersköterskor från Norrlands universitetssjukhus. Resultatet från studien visar att samtliga undersökningspersoner generellt sätt upplever en god balans mellan arbete och fritid. Trots det upplever de stundtals konflikter däremellan. De främsta skillnaderna mellan hur undersköterskor som arbetar utifrån de två arbetstidsmodellerna upplever balansen är kopplade till ansvar, återhämtning samt kontroll över arbetsschemat. För att hantera konflikter mellan arbete och fritid använder sig undersökningspersonerna av olika strategier. Några av dessa är att planera och prioritera, söka stöd från omgivningen samt att acceptera läget.

Remote work has become a popular topic within organizations and the popular press. However, academic research has been inconclusive as to whether remote work is related to benefits of increased job performance and lessened work-family conflict. This study examined remote work resources to gain an in-depth understanding of how remote work relates to job performance and work-family conflict. One hundred fifty-one salespeople participated in two time-lagged surveys regarding remote work resources (autonomy, feedback, access to information and interaction with one’s supervisor), outcomes (subjective and objective job performance and work family-conflict) and demographics. Remote work resources were not significantly related to job performance. Contrary to hypotheses, more control over work schedule and control over work process were related to more FIW. In support of hypotheses, more interaction with one’s supervisor was related to less FIW and more access to information was related to less WIF. There was no support for hypothesized mediation or moderation but exploratory analyses revealed that proactive personality moderated the relationship between interaction with one’s supervisor and objective job performance such that the relationship was stronger for less proactive employees than for more proactive employees. Overall, findings support the value of fine-grained analysis of remote work’s resources to provide a nuanced look into their relationships with outcomes.

Research purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of work pressure on work-family conflict as reported by South African academic research. Furthermore, the study examines the influence of employees working in gendered industries on the association between work pressure and work-family conflict. Motivation for study There is currently no meta-analytic study employing just South African samples to investigate work-family conflict As researchers are often confronted with conflicting findings from different studies, this study aims to make sense of work-family conflict in South Africa by reporting on its current status using all available published literature. Research design, approach and methods This study followed a meta-analytic approach in order to investigate the current state of work-family conflict in South Africa according to the published quantitative academic literature. As such, correlations between sources of work pressure and work-family conflict reported in articles were used in order to calculate overall estimations of the association between work pressure, industry, and work-family conflict. Main findings Results indicate that various sources of work pressure, as well as overall work pressure, are positively associated with work-family conflict. Regarding industry, results indicate that the industry, that is, whether industries are numerically male- or female-dominated, moderates the association between work pressure and workfamily conflict in such a way that employees in male-dominated industries experience increased work-family conflict compared to employees in femaledominated industries. Limitations Results should be interpreted bearing in mind that the types of industries in which samples were collected were very limited, and as such, results might not be applicable to all male- or female-dominated industries in South Africa. Also impinging on the true nature of the work-family conflict relationship with work pressure and industry, is the limited number of articles included in the study because there are a limited number of published studies which have been conducted in South Africa. Lastly, the manner in which samples were categorised as male- or femaledominated does not guarantee a masculine or feminine culture within those organisations respectively. Future research It is suggested that similar studies regarding work-family conflict and industry conducted in the future categorise industries as male- or female-dominated according to the nature of the cultures in those organisations--either masculine or feminine. Classifying organisations as male- or female-dominated in this manner should provide more representative results of the true nature of the association between work-family conflict and industry. Researchers should also try to obtain a more representative sample of male- and female-dominated industries in order to make the results applicable to a wider range of sectors. Conclusion Insight was given into the current nature of work-family conflict in South Africa as reported by the available published academic literature. The association between work pressure, industry, and work-family conflict is reported. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / tm2016 / Human Resource Management / MCom / Unrestricted

For many young women, the transition from late childhood to early adulthood is a challenging time (Arnett, 2000). It is a time spent exploring different career opportunities and relationships and considering future family aspirations. Thinking about one’s future work and family can evoke many concerns amongst emerging adults, especially female students who plan to pursue demanding careers. This is a global phenomenon and South African female students are no exception (Bagraim & Harrison, 2013). Anticipated work-family conflict (AWFC) has received some attention amongst researchers due to the potential impact AWFC can have on students’ decision making (Barnett, Gareis, James, & Steele, 2003; Coyle, Van Leer, Schroeder, & Fulcher, 2015; Michael, Most, & Cinamon, 2011; Westring & Ryan, 2011). Over the past few decades, there has been a global increase in women entering the workforce (Blau & Kahn, 2007; Goldin, 2014). This has resulted in an increase in dual-earner families as both men and women have become co-breadwinners. Despite a shift in shared work responsibilities, many women still feel that taking care of their family is their primary responsibility (Askari, Liss, Erchull, Staebell, & Axelson, 2010). The added pressure that women experience in balancing both work and family domains highlights the importance of better equipping female students with the necessary resources and support as they transition into early adulthood. Not all students experience the same levels of AWFC (Barnett et al., 2003; Coyle et al., 2015). Identifying the key contributors to students’ AWFC has therefore generated a small body of research, which still requires further development. The limited research on students’ perceptions of the work-family interface includes research on several influencing factors, such as gender (e.g. Weer, Greenhaus, Colakoglu, & Foley, 2006); maternal employment (Barnett et al., 2003; Weer et al., 2006), parental education (O'Shea & Kirrane, 2008), self-efficacy to manage future work-family conflict (Cinamon, 2006) and parental role sharing of childcare and housework (Cinamon, 2006). A common thread across the literature is the influence of parents on their children’s perceptions of work and family. Socialisation into the work-family interface begins from early childhood and continues beyond adolescence, with parents shaping their children’s views of work and family life (Levine & Hoffner, 2006; Wiese & Freund, 2011).

This study develops and tests a model where work-family conflict is posited as a mediator between work overload and burnout (exhaustion and disengagement), and positive affectivity as a moderator of the relationships between work overload, and work-family conflict and burnout. Data for the study were collected from a sample of 620 full-time frontline hotel employees in Turkey. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was employed in analyzing the data. The results show that work-family conflict fully mediates the impacts of work overload on exhaustion and disengagement. Also positive affectivity reduces the effect of work-family conflict on disengagement. Implications of the empirical results and directions for future research are delineated in the study. In this study we develop a model and test eight hypotheses that are based on the precepts of the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory [16]. We contend that work overload is a predictor of work-family conflict which influences the two dimensions of burnout (exhaustion and disengagement). In other words, our model proposes that work-family conflict acts as a full mediator between work overload and the burnout dimensions. In the remainder of the paper, we present our hypotheses. This is followed by discussions of the method and findings of our empirical study. We conclude with implications of the results and directions for future research.