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Master of Regional and Community Planning / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / John W. Keller / Form-based codes are gaining in popularity and provide a much needed and adequate alternative to more commonly used zoning regulations. Analysis shows the inadequacies and negative consequences that zoning regulations have created over the past 100 years of use within the United States. The focus being that traditional zoning regulations create undesired and unsustainable communities. A progression of form-based codes from their origins to the use of form-based codes today shows how they can be used to influence and shape the built environment. Further examination of the evolution of form-based codes reveals the guiding principles and elements of more modern codes. When compared to traditional zoning regulations, form-based codes can assist in designing a better quality built environment by creating more conscious, significant and sustainable places and spaces within our communities. By looking at current ways in which form-based codes are implemented we can begin to define best management practices and speculate on the future of form-based codes.

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

published_or_final_version / Real Estate and Construction / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Call number: LD2668 .P7 1973 G56

The corner store represents a significant part of New Orleans' history and neighborhoods. From essential grocery providers to bars and restaurants full of local character, these buildings have held a number of roles in the community. These roles have changed in response to development patterns, market pressures, and land-use regulation. A number of these traditional businesses still exist today as neighborhood cultural institutions throughout the city. Many more, however, have faced conversions to residential buildings, abandonment, or demolition. This case study addresses the significance of the corner store, identifies a number of factors leading to its decline, and suggests that a newly revised Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance in the city of New Orleans should reserve a place for these neighborhood businesses.

A pesquisa busca compreender o percurso histórico, conceitual e metodológico de criação das Zonas Especiais de Preservação Cultural na cidade de São Paulo - desde a Z8-200, criada em 1975 para integrar a Lei Geral de Zoneamento de 1972, à atual Zepec, criada no Plano Diretor Estratégico (PDE) em 2002 e detalhada na lei que unifica o Zoneamento e os Planos Regionais em 2004. A partir de então, são analisadas as práticas preservacionistas e conflitos associados à sua implementação. Neste caminho, o trabalho problematiza as relações entre o planejamento urbano e a preservação do patrimônio cultural na cidade, na figura de seus principais instrumentos, o zoneamento e o tombamento, respectivamente. A análise proposta, fundamentada nos processos históricos do patrimônio nacional, procura não apenas descrever o trajeto de instituição destes instrumentos, mas também refletir sobre questões fundamentais do campo como atribuição de valor, salvaguarda do patrimônio urbano e perspectiva de construção social do patrimônio. Ao avançar até a revisão do PDE e do Zoneamento, respectivamente em 2014 e 2016, a pesquisa também aponta novas perspectivas e desafios em relação às Zonas Especiais de Preservação Cultural. / This research aims to understand the historical, conceptual and methodological path that led to the creation of Special Zones for Cultural Preservation in the city of São Paulo - from the Z8-200, created in 1975 to integrate the Zoning Law of 1972, to the current Zepec, created in the Strategic Master Plan of 2002. From then on, we analyze the preservation practices and conflicts associated with its implementation. The paper also problematizes the relations between urban planning and cultural heritage preservation, through their key instruments, zoning ordinance and heritage list, respectively. This analysis is based on the historical processes of the national heritage, and not only describes the institution of these urban instruments for heritage protection, but also discusses fundamental concepts such as urban heritage and social values. The research reaches the recent review of the Planning Laws in 2014 and 2016, pointing out new perspectives and challenges concerning the Special Zones for Cultural Preservation in São Paulo.

Zoning is premised upon the segregation of land uses. Rudimentary zoning ordinances originated in New York around 1916 as a means of separating the lower class fabric markets from the upscale retailers of 5th Avenue nearby, and to reduce density. The Standard Enabling Acts of the 1920s granted governments the broad authority to enact zoning ordinances to reduce population densities in cities for the purposes of health, safety, and well being. The United States Supreme Court upheld this authority as constitutional in the landmark case of Euclid v. Ambler Realty (1926). In the roughly eighty years since the Euclid decision, zoning has become the planning profession's primary tool to regulate land use. While an effective policy response to issues at that time of a rapidly industrializing America, Euclidean zoning has unintentionally shaped the US landscape into a sprawling, auto-dependent society characterized by segregated communities of isolated populations. Euclidean zoning makes it extremely difficult to mix uses. As a result, 'traditional' development patterns with high-density housing, nearby commercial, and pedestrian-friendly walkways are virtually impossible to create. Many critics suggest that zoning promulgates sprawl. In short, Euclidean zoning prevents 'good' urban design. In recent years, new trends have emerged to address these problems to varying degrees of success. Form-Based Codes are one of the most recent planning innovations. With origins in the New Urbanist school of development, Form-Based Codes elevates physical design in city planning, as opposed to the 'use-based' restrictions of Euclidean zoning. This paper examines whether or not Form-Based Codes could be a viable solution to the ills associated with Euclidean zoning. Benefits and drawbacks of both Euclidean zoning and Form-Based Codes are debated, including a case study analysis, as well as a discussion of legal ramifications and future scenarios in land use planning. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

Decorridos 14 anos da promulgação do Estatuto das Cidades, com todos seus instrumentos de intervenção no território, o zoneamento ainda permanece como a principal ferramenta de planejamento de nossas cidades. É o grande foco das disputas entre os diversos atores e seus interesses, que agem na produção do espaço urbano. No Brasil, este instrumento recebeu a influência do \"zoning\" norte-americano que, agindo basicamente na proteção e valorização do modelo de habitação singular, segrega os demais usos, que seriam supostamente incompatíveis com a habitação. Com as mudanças econômicas a partir dos anos 70, o setor terciário assume posição de destaque na economia dos grandes centros, a reboque do novo modo de produção flexível, passando a evidenciar novas formas de consumo que, juntamente com as facilidades de transporte e comunicação, promovem outras dinâmicas no uso do espaço urbano e outras manifestações locacionais. Estas dinâmicas, próprias da inserção do setor terciário no tecido urbano, se chocam com um modelo de ordenamento do território inspirado nas premissas do urbanismo funcional modernista do IV CIAM, explicitadas na Carta de Atenas, e no \"zoning\" norte-americano. Ao mesmo tempo em que herdamos esta cultura de planejamento, focada no zoneamento, nunca tivemos a capacidade institucional (e tampouco a vontade política) para garantir sua aplicação efetiva. Este modelo encontrará numa sociedade de raiz patrimonialista (acostumada à cultura do jeitinho, do privilégio e do tráfico de influência), um viés diverso do norte-americano, muito mais sujeito aos interesses dos detentores do poder ou dos grupos com capacidade econômica e força política para negociar em prol de seus interesses específicos. Apesar deste regramento restritivo, o setor terciário representa uma parcela cada vez maior, na geração de riqueza e de postos de trabalho nas grandes cidades. Ele busca as oportunidades locacionais, de acordo com a disponibilidade e viabilidade para cada atividade. E, onde a legislação demonstra defasagem com a dinâmica urbana, o setor terciário vai se instalar, com os seus agentes buscando (politicamente, quando possível) as adequações nesta legislação, ou então simplesmente ignorando-a. O presente trabalho, servindo-se do exemplo da cidade de Campinas/SP, procura demonstrar a inadequação do modelo de zoneamento restritivo, como principal ferramenta de ordenação do território, em especial quanto à distribuição espacial das atividades do setor terciário. / Fourteen years after the enactment of the City Statute, with all its instruments Intervention in the territory, zoning still remains the main Planning tool for our cities. It is the main focus of disputes Between the various actors and their interests, who act in the production of the urban space. In Brazil, this instrument was influenced by the US \"zoning\" Which, basically acting in the protection and valuation of the singular housing model, Segregates the other uses, which would supposedly be incompatible with the dwelling. With economic changes starting in the 1970s, the tertiary sector Position in the economy of large centers, in the wake of the new New forms of consumption, which together With the facilities of transportation and communication, promote other dynamics in the Use of urban space and other locational manifestations. These dynamics, Of the insertion of the tertiary sector in the urban fabric, collide with an ordering model Territory inspired by the premises of the modernist functional urbanism of the IV CIAM, explained in the Charter of Athens, and in the \"zoning\" of the United States. To the same Time we inherited this planning culture, focused on zoning, never We had the institutional capacity (and also the political will) to ensure Effective application. This model will find in a patrimonialist society (Accustomed to the culture of the way, the privilege and the traffic of influence), a bias Different from the American, much more subject to the interests of the holders of power Groups with the economic capacity and political force to negotiate for the Of their specific interests. Despite this restrictive rule, the tertiary sector Represents an increasing share, in the generation of wealth and jobs in the big cities. It seeks out locational opportunities, according to Availability and feasibility for each activity. And, where legislation demonstrates With the urban dynamic, the tertiary sector will establish itself, with its Agents seeking (politically, when possible) the adjustments in this legislation, Or simply by ignoring it. The present work, using the example Of the city of Campinas / SP, seeks to demonstrate the inadequacy of the zoning model Restrictive, as the main tool for spatial planning, in particular Regarding the spatial distribution of activities in the tertiary sector.

Zoneamentos ambientais (ZA) são instrumentos utilizados em diversas áreas como instrumento de planejamento territorial e para ordenamento de atividades econômicas. Sua utilização como ferramenta de apoio a outros instrumentos da Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente (PNMA), como o licenciamento ambiental, deve incorporar aspectos ecológicos visando à incorporação da preocupação com a conservação da biodiversidade em fases estratégicas da tomada de decisão. O estudo de caso sobre a expansão do setor sucroalcooleiro de São Paulo representa a integração entre os processos de licenciamento ambiental (etapa de triagem) e o denominado \"Zoneamento Agroambiental do Setor Sucroalcooleiro do Estado de São Paulo\" (ZAA-SP), onde a localização dos pedidos em relação ao mapa elaborado indica o tipo de estudo a ser realizado para avaliação do projeto. Foi estabelecido um panorama para seleção de critérios e indicadores voltados à conciliação entre preocupações com a conservação da biodiversidade e o desenvolvimento do setor por meio da abordagem DPSIR (Força motriz, Pressão, Estado, Impacto, Resposta), que permite uma avaliação causal entre o processo produtivo e as características ambientais por ele afetadas, além de permitir adaptações que foram necessárias para o seu desenvolvimento. Posteriormente, foram desenvolvidas análises espaciais na região Noroeste do estado de São Paulo, onde se criaram 8 (oito) cenários para avaliar: (i) a influência da escala dos dados adotados em cada critério avaliado e (ii) a decisão pelos valores de referência para estes indicadores. Os resultados indicaram um acréscimo de \'áreas inadequadas\' e \'adequadas com restrições\' em um total superior a 2Mha no cenário \"ideal\". O rigor quanto ao indicador de declividade foi responsável pelo maior acréscimo de áreas \'inadequadas\' – o que neste estudo representa um aspecto relevante tanto para a conservação e manutenção de recursos hídricos e do solo, mas também define o método de colheita, manual ou mecanizada – e as áreas indicadas para novas áreas protegidas influenciaram na delimitação das áreas \'adequadas com restrições\', a partir da delimitação das zonas de amortecimento de Unidades de Conservação de Proteção Integral. Estes cenários foram confrontados com a localização de unidades industriais de novos pedidos de licenciamento, além de suas áreas de influência, procurando avaliar se os estudos exigidos para o projeto em questão eram condizentes com as recomendações do ZAA-SP. Considerando o mapa do cenário ideal (com novas bases de dados e novos parâmetros), dos pedidos avaliados por Relatório Ambiental Preliminar (RAP) por estarem em zonas mais adequadas no ZAA-SP, 36,6% deveriam ter sidos reavaliados quanto a esta decisão, com a possibilidade de elaboração de estudos completos (Estudo de Impacto Ambiental e Relatório de Impacto Ambiental – EIA/RIMA), sendo que duas destas propostas já deveriam ter sido negadas por terem sido alocadas em zonas \'inadequadas\' neste último mapa. Considerando as áreas de plantio (áreas de influência) dos empreendimentos analisados houve um incremento superior a 340% de alocação de \'áreas inadequadas\' entre o ZAA-SP e o cenário mais conservador das análises, equivalente a mais de 1Mha em áreas absolutas. Isto é preocupante, pois as atividades agrícolas do setor ensejam uma série de impactos sobre a biodiversidade e os ecossistemas. Desta forma, baseados na adaptação e atualização do instrumento, a consideração equivocada das características do território pode prejudicar os processos de avaliação de impactos quando estes não exigirem estudos mais completos. A partir do estudo de caso, percebe-se que a integração de instrumentos da PNMA deve ser conduzida com parcimônia para que cada instrumento adote critérios e indicadores adequados ao seu objetivo, pois decisões erradas já nas primeiras etapas de avaliação de projetos prejudicam a capacidade dos instrumentos envolvidos de exercer seu papel dentro dos sistemas de gestão ambiental. / Environmental zoning (EZ) are instruments applied by many fields such as territorial planning and for planning of economic activities. Its use as a support tool to other instruments of the National Environmental Policy (NEP), as the environmental licensing, must incorporate ecological aspects for conservation of biodiversity in strategic phases of decision making. The study case about the expansion of sugarcane sector of São Paulo representes an integration between the environmental licensing process (screening stage) and the so-called \"Agro-Environmental Zoning of Sugarcane Industry of the State of São Paulo\" (ZAA-SP), where location of requests in the elaborated map indicates the type of study to be conducted for evaluating the project. A framework was established for selection of criteria and indicators aimed at reconciling concerns about biodiversity conservation and the development of the sector through the DPSIR approach (Driving force, Pressure, State, Impact, Response), allowing a causal evaluation between production process and the environmental characteristics affected by it, and allowed adjustments which were necessary for its development. Later, spatial analyzes were developed in the northwestern region of the state of São Paulo, where were created eight (8) scenarios to assess: (i) the influence of the scale of databases used in each criteria and (ii) the decision by reference values for these indicators. The results indicated an increase of \'unsuitable areas\' and \'suitable with restrictions\' in a total of more than 2Mha in the \"ideal\" scenario. Slope restrictions indicator was responsible for the largest increase of inappropriate areas - which in this study is an important issue both for conservation and maintenance of water resources and soil, but also sets the harvest method, manual or mechanized - and indicated areas for new protected areas influenced the definition of \'suitable with restrictions\' zones, derived from definition of Full Protection Conservation Units buffer zones. These scenarios were confronted with the location of industrial units of new applications, as well as their areas of influence, seeking to assess whether the studies required for the project in question were consistent with the ZAA-SP\'s recommendations. Considering the map of the \"ideal\" scenario (with new databases and new parameters), the applications evaluated by Preliminary Environmental Report (PER) for being in more suitable areas in ZAA-SP, 36.6% should be reassessed about this decision, with the possibility of preparing more complete studies (Environmental Impact Statement - EIS), and two of these proposals should have been denied because they were allocated into \'inadequate\' zones in the latter map. Considering the plantation areas (areas of influence) of the analyzed enterprises, there was an increase of more than 340% of allocation in the \'unsuitable areas\' between the ZAA-SP and the most conservative scenario analyzes, equivalent to more than 1Mha in absolute areas. This is worrying because the agricultural activities of the sector cause impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems. Thus, based on the adaptation and updating of the instrument, the erroneous consideration of the characteristics of the territory can hinder the assessment of impacts when they do not require more comprehensive studies. From the study case, we can see that the integration of NEP instruments should be conducted sparingly so that each instrument can adopt appropriate criteria and indicators to your goal, because wrong decisions within the first steps of project evaluation undermine the ability of instruments involved to exercise its role within the environmental management systems.