Culture has been demonstrated in the literature to have an effect on tourism behavior, including the way that tourists perceive their travel experience; different cultures often hold different values (LeBlanc, 2004 & Sussman and Rashcovsky, 1997). Thus, understanding visitors’ values in comparison to those of the host destination may alter how tourism businesses should relate to tourists, how a tourist may perceive their experience, as well as a tourist’s motivation to travel to a destination (Devesa, Laguna & Palacios, 2010). The combination of heritage and tourism, specifically the UNESCO world heritage site designation, has had a significant impact on tourist motivation as well through the prestige that the designation presents (Parks Canada, 2009). Current research lacks a focus on the individual in relation to the UNESCO world heritage site designation (Marcotte & Bourdeau, 2006). There is also a lack of research with a Canadian focus as well as comparisons amongst cultures (Kay, 2009). Although there has been some focus on Canada, the demographics have been skewed toward English speaking individuals; a lack of demographic information and data concerning native tongue has been collected (Gibson, McKelvie & DE MAN, 2008). The current study will take a Canadian focus by situating the research within Canada, specifically the UNESCO world heritage site of Quebec City, and compare the Anglophone and Francophone cultures. Anglophone and Francophone tourists are defined in this study as “people whose mother tongue is French (Francophone) or English (Anglophones)” (Gibson et al., 2008, p. 137). This study uses a questionnaire; which combines the questionnaires found in Lee, Lee and Wicks (2004) and Kozak (2001), in order to collect data on tourist travel motivations and satisfaction. The survey was conducted during October 2011, and involved the researcher travelling to different tourist sites, such as the Citadel and Le Musee de la Civilisation. The final data set consisted of 375 cases, and an effective response rate of 443. The objectives of this study were: 1.To examine the motivational differences between Canadian Anglophone and Francophone visitors. 2.To examine whether there are cultural differences in the travel needs of Francophone and Anglophone travelers.3.To examine whether tourism sites and businesses in Quebec City are meeting the needs and desires of tourists. To accomplish these objectives, the following research questions were asked: 1. Why do people visit heritage sites? Specifically, what motivates people to visit heritage sites? 2. Do Canadian Anglophone and Francophone cultures have different motivations for travelling? Sub-questions could include: in general, do different cultures have different motivations for travelling? For example, tourists may aim to connecting with their ancestral roots and culture. 3. Are Anglophone and Francophone tourists satisfied by their travel experience to Quebec City? In particular, are there differences in satisfaction levels between Anglophone and Francophone tourists? The computer program SPSS (version 19) was used to conduct statistical tests on, and interpret, the data that was collected. Independent samples t-tests, one-way ANOVAs,Two-way ANOVAs and frequencies, modes and medians were performed in order to reach the research objectives and answer the research questions. This study provides insight into the travel motivations and satisfaction levels of Anglophone, Francophone, and bilingual visitors to Quebec City. The main implications of this study concern marketing, interpretation of sites, and service provision. The findings of this study present conflicting results surrounding the influence of family and culture on travel motivations of tourists. However, the findings of this study suggest that gender has a strong influence on tourist motivation, and marketing efforts should be targeting females as they were more significantly affected by the motivations examined in this study. There are also implications related to interpretation as there were significant differences found between Anglophone and Francophone participants on the motivation factor ‘cultural exploration experiences offered’. Finally there are implications surrounding service provision as the findings suggest that activities may be more geared towards the Anglophone travelers. This study will expand on these implications further.

The relationships between participation in structured leisure (SL) activities (e.g., sports, prosocial activities) and adolescent adjustment were investigated. SL activities have been associated with various developmental benefits but there has been a limited number of studies that have investigated the potential negative aspects of participation. Questionnaire data were collected from 210 boys and girls (between grades 10 and 12). Fourteen students participated in focus groups to obtain a phenomenological perspective on SL participation. Adjustment variables included a well-being composite (comprised of depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and life satisfaction), a school orientation composite (comprised of students levels of school involvement and their values regarding school), academic achievement, and self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism. Three hypotheses were examined. First, it was predicted that there would be a curvilinear relationship between the extent of SL participation and the various adjustment variables. Second, aspects of play and leisure were expected to have moderating effects on the relationships between SL participation and outcomes. Third, aspects of perfectionism were hypothesized to play a moderating role on the relationship between SL and adolescent adjustment. <p>Although the present investigation yielded some insightful observations about participation in SL activities, the results provided no direct support for the hypotheses. Regression analyses indicated positive relationships between SL participation and self-oriented perfectionism, and SL participation and academic achievement. Negative relationships were found between the degree of playfulness in SL activities and socially prescribed perfectionism, and between academic achievement and global intrinsic leisure motivation. Notable focus group themes included a distinction between the fun experienced in SL activities and the fun experienced in nonstructured contexts, significant positive and negative experiences related to SL participation, and differences and similarities between the SL context and other contexts such as school. It is argued that leisure theory can contribute to a better understanding of the developmental implications of SL participation and that the relationship between SL participation and perfectionism merits further investigation.

Abstract On June 23, 2009, the Ministry of the Interior approved the proposal of Kaohsiung County and City to merge. The merger of Greater Kaohsiung Municipality which will take place on December 25, 2010 has finally been actualized after 20 years of waiting for Kaohsiung residents. The merger of Kaohsiung County and City will have a positive influence on regional development and competitive strength. The population will reach 2,770,000 with an area of 2,946 square kilometers after the merger. This merger will endow Greater Kaohsiung with substantial strength to compete with other cities in the world. At present, Kaohsiung City is unable to further develop its transportation systems due to insufficient land, although it already possesses a convenient traffic network consisting of an international harbor and airport, the high-speed rail, Kaohsiung Rapid Transit System and Taiwan Railways. Fortunately, Kaohsiung County possesses extensive land, industrial foundations and abundant natural resources. The integration of Kaohsiung City and County will empower the development of Greater Kaohsiung. As the merger of Kaohsiung County and City has been approved, the aim of this study is to examine how real estate developers and people who are fond of purchasing leisure cottages with the rural landscape make good use a new setting and conditions after the merger, to develop and/or select ideal leisure cottages with the rural landscape in terms of a convenient traffic network, the picturesque landscape, and a superior geographical environment based up a reasonable price, extensive leisure facilities and other criteria. The study provides real estate developers with an understanding of selection criteria in leisure cottages with the rural landscape through the ranking of seven factors (quality control, price, convenient transportation network, geographical environment, leisure facilities, landscape and cottage characteristics) by discussing three selected construction projects of leisure cottages with the rural landscape located in Greater Kaohsiung (He Fong Ting, Meinung-Moonlight Villa and Da Kuai Shan Hu). The respondents include: 1) three government officials: Mr. Jhong-Yuan Su, Deputy Director-general of Tourism & Traffic Department of Kaohsiung County; Mr. Siao-Jhih Yang, Chief of Agriculture Section of Meinung Township Office; and Mr. Wun-Hao Wu, Board Director of Landscape Engineering Association of Kaohsiung City; 2) three industrial representatives: Mr. Jin-Tong Lin, President of Moonlight Villa; Mr. Cing-Rong Chen, President of Ever Top Construction of Developing Enterprise; and Mr. Jin-Chih Wang, Project Manager of Meinung Cing Jing Villa; 3) three academic representatives: Mr. Sin-Jing Huang, Chairperson of Department of Horticulture, National Chiatung Agricultural Vocational Senior School; Mr. Lian-Bao Chen, Instructor of Department of Sport, Health & Leisure, Cheng Shiu University; and Architect Mr. Wei-Jhe Chen; 4) three consumer representatives for each of three selected construction projects in Greater Kaohsiung. A total of 18 respondents from four categories receive an in-depth interview to collect qualitative and quantitative data to analyze and to further understand the selection criteria on developing leisure cottages with the rural landscape in Greater Kaohsiung. Keywords: rural landscape, leisure cottage, Greater Kaohsiung, key factor.

Adjustments for agriculture in Taiwan tend to be made to the entire economic activities in different stages. With the relentless domestic demands for leisure tourism, the development of leisure farms has been gradually gaining ground as an option not only of the revival of agriculture but of the solution to meet the demands. With the transformation in demands, leisure farm operation turns out to be a major focus of the promotion of agricultural tourism by the government. However, the poor command of the management as well as the use of the core resources of the farms by some of the leisure farm operators incurs developmental stagnation. As a result, this study will first explore the logic of leisure farm management and second attempt to provide advice to operators on decision-making over diverse strategies.

This study is an exploratory look at the social world of indoor rock climbers, specifically, those at Texas A&M University. A specific genre of rock climbing originally created to allow outdoor rock climbers a place to train in the winter, indoor climbing has now found a foothold in areas devoid of any natural rock and has begun to develop a leisure social world of its own providing benefit to the climbers, including social world members. This study explored this social world of indoor rock climbing using a naturalistic model of inquiry and qualitative methodology, specifically Grounded Theory (Spradley, 1979; Strauss & Corbin, 2008). This research borrows from the literature on social world theory, serious leisure as well as specialization. This study confirmed indoor rock climbing to be a form of serious leisure for some participants. Furthermore, it found the social world of indoor rock climbing at Texas A&M provides a deep sense of belonging to some members who were found to coalesce at a mesostructural level into a confederacy of peers (R. A. Stebbins, 1993). Bouldering was found to be an avenue for social world entry for men but the female experience in social world entry was found to be different. The most prominent finding of the study was that the facility itself provides a place of belonging for social world members, even diverse and different groups which, outside of the social world, may be expected to come into conflict. Lastly, it was found that the social world has the ability to mediate conflict or negative experiences arising from competition and feelings of risk and fear. This exploratory study is expected to provide a framework for which to conduct further, more in depth studies into phenomena affecting the lives and experiences of indoor rock climbers. Furthermore this study has practical significance in assisting climbing wall managers to better understand the culture that surrounds and utilizes the facilities they operate. A review of the current literature on rock climbing, research questions that guided the study and methodologies, as well as the study results and conclusions are discussed in this paper.

The purposes of this study are to investigate the customers¡¦ perception of the service quality and their continuative consuming behavior of leisure floral farms after their visit two farms of Taiwan Sugar Corporation. Based on the results of this study, suggestions are offered to managers of leisure floral farms. Survey research was conducted for this study. The subjects included 640 visitors from each area in two farms of Taiwan Sugar Corporation. And 498 acceptable questionnaire were collected. The acceptance rate was 80.76%. The questionnaire includes service quality volume and behavior intention volume proposed by PZB. The data are analyzed include analysis of association between background items and consumer experience items, t-test , one-way ANOVA, and stepwise multiple regression. The conclusions of this study are as follows: 1. There is positive correlation between service quality, royalty and pay-more intention, and irrelevancy to switch intention. 2. There is correlation between customer demand and floral information, price. 3. Most consumers who visit leisure floral farms are interested in flowers and plants. It indicates that leisure floral farms with potentiality to assimilate visitors into customers, particularly for diversified farms.

In order to meet the demand of expanding leisure tour market and to reduce the impact on agriculture because of joining the World Trade Organization (WTO), the government actively promotes the policy of 'recreation agriculture' and hopes to upgrade the agriculture by ways of adopting the managerial concept and idea of travel service. Because 'recreation agriculture' has been lacking a set of approval procedures and rating standards, leisure farm visitors maybe choose the inferior leisure farms with poor service quality in lack of ample information. The tourists with bad experiences about leisure farms will not visit leisure farms in the future. That will greatly influence the future development of ' recreation agriculture '. This study aims at setting up a service quality measure of leisure farms and offers it to the government for reference in setting up the authentication and rating system. In addition, this study also investigates the interrelationships among customer¡¦s perceived service quality, satisfaction and behavioral intention. By understanding and endeavoring to improve those defects of service, the leisure farms can promote visitors' satisfaction and revisiting willingness effectively and subsequently enforce their competitiveness. In order to prove the fitness of the construct model to ' recreation agriculture ', this research adopts statistical software SPSS to verify the reliability of the measure and make the factor analysis. This study also uses software AMOS as a tool to build and analysis the linear structure model for the latent constructs of perceived service quality, customer¡¦s satisfaction and behavioral intention. The objects of this study are visitors of the tropical agricultural products exhibition of Ping-Tong, The investigation method adopted for this study is granting the questionnaire to visitors at random. The analysis result shows, visitors are most unsatisfied about following service items, including insufficient equipments for the disability person and other auxiliary equipments, such as pavilion and sun-shading seats, the attendants of the leisure farm lack the professional knowledge about agriculture and service. Another finding of this study is that students of elementary school and junior high school are apparently more satisfied with 'perceived service quality' and 'customer¡¦s satisfaction' than other visitors. Because visitors from Ping-Tong county pay lower ticket price than that for visitors from other counties, visitors from Ping-Tong county feel more satisfied about the construct of ' service value '. Path analyses verify the following hypothesis, 'perceived service quality' can positively influence 'customer¡¦s satisfaction', and 'customer¡¦s satisfaction' can positively influence 'behavioral intention', but 'perceived service quality' can not directly influence 'behavioral intention'. The managerial implications based on this study are: 1.The manager of the leisure farm should devote to improve the auxiliary equipments and attendants' agricultural knowledge and service skills in solving the service disputes. 2.Strengthen marketing for students of elementary school and junior high school to increase visitors. 3.Narrow the disparity of ticket price for visitors from Ping-Tong county and other counties to encourage people of other counties to visit the leisure farm.

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This study estimates the demand for domestic air travel services in the United States in order to calculate the fare and expenditure elasticities of demand. We segmented the market according to number of operating airlines, distances and traveler types. Using Seemingly Unrelated Regression to estimate the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), we find that the expenditure and uncompensated own-fare elasticities are around unity and consistent with the previous literature. Results reveal a tendency of uncompensated own-fare elasticity to decrease as distance increases, and a tendency of uncompensated own-fare elasticity to increase as number of airlines increases. Due to few observations, business travelers' results are not reliable to make any conclusion. Leisure travelers' results are closer to all travelers' results.

This study examines women's use of leisure as politics, especially as related to leisure as resistance, leisure and social worlds, and women's body image. Interviews were conducted with fifteen participants and coaches in two all-women's triathlon training groups in Austin, Texas. Both training groups prepared women for participation in the Austin Danskin Triathlon. Qualitative methods, grounded theory and constant comparison guided the interviewing and data analysis process. It was determined that Danskin trainees formed a social world which allowed them to redefine their bodies and redefine the tenets of organized sport. This finding centered around three major areas: initial involvement, community building and resistance. Most participants became involved initially for social reasons even though they often were out of shape or had not previously participated in athletics. Several participants experienced barriers to involvement commonly discussed in gender leisure studies including weight issues, "ethic of care" concerns and fear of not deserving leisure time. During participation in their training programs, the majority of trainees formed a community with their fellow participants which provided them with a safe place and a support structure. As a result, many Austin Danskin triathlon trainees were able to communally resist cultural and societal norms surrounding women's bodies and competitive athletics. As a group, trainees redefined the way women should look and placed function above form. Furthermore, they reclaimed sport from the male norm and instead demanded that it go beyond bigger, better, faster or stronger and instead focus on community, support and teamwork. The results of this study urge leisure providers to create programs that appeal to the whole person - not just the physical. As a result of the data, several hypotheses may be suggested for future study: Do women's only recreation programs provide a crucial link between social world formation and leisure as resistance? What other programs may produce similar results and why?