Τα δομικά χαρακτηριστικά των μαγνητικών κολλοειδών με βάση το οξείδιο του σιδήρου είναι ιδιαίτερα σημαντικά κατά την χρήση τους σε βιοϊατρικές εφαρμογές όπως η απεικόνιση σε μαγνητικό τομογράφο (MRI), η μεταφορά φαρμάκων, η μαγνητική υπερθερμία και στόχευση. Ιδιαίτερα για την μαγνητική στόχευση, η αύξηση της μαγνήτισης κορεσμού των κολλοειδών είναι ιδιαίτερης σημασίας. Συνεπώς, η μελέτη της σχέσης δομής-ιδιοτήτων είναι απαραίτητη για την περαιτέρω βελτίωση της απόδοσης των εν λόγω συστημάτων στις προαναφερθείσες εφαρμογές. Με στόχο τη βελτίωση της μαγνήτισης κορεσμού αυτών των υλικών έχει μελετηθεί στο παρελθόν μια στρατηγική αντικατάστασης ενός ποσοστού ιόντων σιδήρου στη δομή του νανοκρυστάλλου με άλλα μεταλλικά ιόντα. Οι μελέτες αυτές έχουν δείξει πως αναλόγως της συνθετικής πορείας άλλοτε επιτυγχάνεται το επιθυμητό αποτέλεσμα και άλλοτε όχι. Σε αυτά τα πλαίσια, σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας ήταν η εφαρμογή αυτής της στρατηγικής σε μία συνθετική πορεία ανάπτυξης μαγνητικών νανοκολλοειδών στην οποία δεν έχει εκτιμηθεί μέχρι τώρα η επιτυχία της. Το ενδιαφέρον έγκειται στο γεγονός ότι η συγκεκριμένη συνθετική πορεία οδηγεί σε νανοκρυσταλλίτες οξειδίου του σιδήρου με αυξημένες μαγνητικές ιδιότητες σε σχέση με τη βιβλιογραφία, οι οποίες θα μπορούσαν (πιθανώς) να βελτιωθούν ακόμα περισσότερο με μερική ιοντική αντικατάσταση. Τα νανοκολλοειδή παρασκευάστηκαν με την μέθοδο της υδρολυτικής αλκαλικής καταβύθισης από μία πρόδρομη ένωση σιδήρου (FeCl2 ή FeSO4), με προσμίξεις διαφόρων αναλογιών με Zn(Cl2/SO4) ή Mn(Cl2/SO4). Η χημική τροποποίηση της επιφάνειας των μαγνητικών νανοκολλοειδών έγινε με στοχευμένη προσθήκη του φυσικού βιοπολυμερούς του αλγινικού νατρίου κατά τη διαδικασία κρυστάλλωσης του ανόργανου μαγνητικού πυρήνα. Η μελέτη των φυσικοχημικών χαρακτηριστικών και της δομής των νανοφορέων πραγματοποιήθηκε με την χρήση των παρακάτω αναλυτικών τεχνικών: Ηλεκτρονική Μικροσκοπία Σάρωσης (SEM) σε συνδυασμό με Φασματομετρία Ενεργειακής Διασποράς Ακτινοβολίας-X (EDS), Περίθλαση Ακτινοβολίας-X (XRD), Θερμοσταθμική Ανάλυση (TGA), Δυναμική Σκέδαση Φωτός (DLS), Ηλεκτροκινητικές Μετρήσεις, Μαγνητομετρία Δονούμενου Δείγματος (VSM), Μαγνητοφόρηση και Μαγνητική Υπερθερμία Δείγματος. / Structural characteristics of magnetic ferrite nanocolloids are particularly important in biomedical applications such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), drug delivery, magnetic hyperthermia and targeting. Particularly about magnetic targeting, increasing saturation magnetization is crucial. Therefore, studying the structure-properties relation of colloids is necessary, in order to improve further the performance of these systems in the above applications. In order to enhance the saturation magnetization of those materials, substitution of a percentage of iron ions in the structure of the nanocrystal with other metal ions has been previously studied. Results have shown that the desired properties are obtained under certain circumstances, depending on the synthetic route. Within this frame, the goal of the present work is to test this strategy on a synthetic route which has not been so far evaluated. The interest lies in the fact that this synthetic route leads to iron oxide nanocrystallites with increased magnetic properties compared to the literature, which could (possibly) be further improved with partial ionic replacement. Nanocolloids were synthesized by hydrolytic alkaline precipitation from a single iron molecular precursor (FeCl2 or FeSO4), doped at different ratios with Zn(Cl2/SO4) or Mn(Cl2/SO4). The surface modification of the magnetic nanocolloids was performed by in-situ grafting of the natural biopolymer of sodium alginate, during the crystallization process of the inorganic magnetic core. The evaluation of the structural, magnetic and physicochemical characteristics of the nanocarriers was performed with the use of the following analytical techniques: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry (EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Electrokinetic Measurements, Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), Magnetophoresis and Magnetic Hyperthermia of the Sample.

Les récentes découvertes sur les phénomènes hyperfréquences et nonlinéaires dans les structures minces ferromagnétiques actives planaires ont fait émerger un grand nombre de nouvelles études et applications pratiques prometteuses. La conversion de l'énergie magnétoélastique peut être beaucoup plus efficace à proximité de la transition de réorientation de spin (TRS). Les structures minces ferromagnétiques actives planaires fournissent un grand nombre de caractéristiques haute fréquence uniques : par exemple, les conditions pour l'effet Doppler anomal peuvent être satisfaites. Les cristaux magnoniques représentent également un domaine prometteur pour les futures investigations.Dans le présent travail nous avons établi la description théorique de la propagation des ondes hyperfréquences et non-linéaires dans les structures minces ferromagnétiques actives planaires de compositions différentes. Il a été démontré expérimentalement et théoriquement que les vibrations basse fréquence d'un cantilever peuvent être amplifiées quand la résonance ferromagnétique est excitée par un champ électromagnétique HF à proximité de la TRS. En outre, l'effet de la démodulation magnétoélastique peut être complété par un effet magnétoélectrique nonlinéaire. La possibilité de l'apparition de l'effet Doppler anomal lors de la propagation d'une onde de surface magnétostatique dans une structure ferrite-diélectrique-métal, dans une certaine plage de paramètres du système, est démontrée. La dispersion d'une onde magnétostatique de surface se propageant dans un film dont l'épaisseur varie linéairement, et possédant une structure périodique sous la forme de bandes parallèles gravées, a été calculée

No description available.

<p>Tematika disertacije obuhvata projektovanje, izradu i karakterizaciju pasivnih induktivnih RF komponenti u PCB i LTCC tehnologiji, kao i poboljšanje njihovih performansi. Izvršena je i karakterizacijarazličitih tipova dielektričnih i feritnih&nbsp; LTCC materijala koji su korišćeni za izradu komponenti. Ukupno je projektovano i izrađeno 37 struktura, 14 induktora i 23 transformatora. Na poboljšanje karakteristika projektovanih struktura, koje se ogleda prvenstveno u povećanju induktivnosti zavojaka, uticalo se izradom projektovanih struktura na supstratima izrađenih od različitih materijala, supstratima formiranih od kombinacije materijala različitih karakteristika, redizajnom osnovnih (polaznih) geometrija struktura i optimizcijom parametara LTCC postupka izrade.</p> / <p>Topic of this theases focuses on design, fabrication and characterization of industive passive RF components in PCB and LTCC technology, as well as on improvement of their performances. Characterization of different types ofdielectric and ferrite LTCC materials that were implemented for component fabrication was also performed. In total, 37 structures were designed and fabricated, of those 14 are inductor structures and 23 are transformers. Performance improvement of designed structures that is manifested through increase of inductance value of structures windings implied fabrication of designed components on substrates formed from different materials, or from combination of two or more materials with different properties, redesign of original design and optimization of LTCC fabrication process parameters.</p>

The work of this dissertation is centered on two non-conventional synthetic approaches to ferromagnetic nanomaterials: high-throughput experimentation (HTE) (polyol process) and continuous flow (CF) synthesis (aqueous reduction and the polyol process). HTE was performed to investigate phase control between FexCo1-x and Co3-xFexOy. Exploration of synthesis limitations based on magnetic properties was achieved by reproducing Ms=210 emu/g. Morphological control of FexCo1-x alloy was achieved by formation of linear chains using an Hext. The final study of the FexCo1-x chains used DoE to determine factors to control FexCo1-x, diameter, crystallite size and morphology. [Ag] with [Metal] provide statistically significant control of crystallite size. [OH]/[Metal] predict 100 % FexCo1-x at > 30. To conclude section 1, a morphological study was performed on synthesis of Co3-xFexOy using the polyol process. Co3-xFexOy micropillars were synthesized at various sizes. The close proximity of the particles in the nanostructure produced an optical anisotropy and was magnetically induced which is evidence for the magneto-birefringence effect. The second non-conventional synthetic approach involves continuous flow (CF) chemistry. Co nanoparticles (Ms=125 emu/g) were newly synthesized by aqueous reduction in a microreactor and had 30 ±10 nm diameter and were produced at >1g/hr, a marker of industrial-scale up viability. The final work was the CF synthesis of FexCo1-x. The FexCo1-x was synthesized with limitation to the composition. The maximum FexCo1-x phase composition at 20 % resulted from the aqueous carrier solvent triggering oxide formation over FexCo1-x.

O uso das ferritas de manganês zinco em fontes de potência de carregadores de bateria vem crescendo nos últimos anos, devido a suas baixas perdas magnéticas em induções da ordem de 0,2 T. Estas ferritas pertencem à categoria de ferritas moles, são óxidos ferrimagnéticos, policristalinos com estrutura cúbica tipo espinélio. Pós desse material foram compactados em prensa uniaxial e em prensa automática de produção para anel e toróide, respectivamente. Foram realizados dois ciclos de queima variando o teor de oxigênio entre 5 e 15%, no patamar de sinterização, com o propósito de avaliar seu efeito na densidade, microestrutura, perdas magnéticas em altas induções (0,2 T) e permeabilidade. Amostras sinterizadas em posições mais quentes do forno resultaram em maior densidade e maior tamanho de grão, conforme esperado, mas resultaram em maiores perdas a 25 °C. O aumento do teor de oxigênio entre 5 e 15% não alterou sistematicamente a densidade, mas resultou num pequeno aumento do tamanho de grão. Já a correlação entre teor de oxigênio e perdas foi complexa. Foi observado que existe uma temperatura de mínimo nas perdas totais por volta de 60 °C. O mesmo comportamento foi observado na curva da perda histerética, compatível com a variação da constante de anisotropia magnetocristalina (K1). Foram realizados ensaios de curvas de histerese a partir de 25 até 100 °C, a 0,2 T com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da temperatura nas duas parcelas da perda histerética. Amostras sinterizadas a 1290 °C com a menor pressão de oxigênio apresentaram menor temperatura de mínimo de perda. As técnicas de análise química do teor de Fe2+ não foram capazes de estabelecer, inequivocamente, a esperada relação entre essa variável e o teor de oxigênio da atmosfera de sinterização. / The use of manganese zinc ferrite in power sources of battery chargers is growing, due to its low magnetic power losses at inductions around 0.2 T. These ferrites belong to the soft magnetic materials group, they are polycrystalline ferromagnetic oxides with face centered cubic structure. Powders of this material were compacted in uniaxial press and in automatic press of production, by ring and toroidal form, respectively. Two firing cycles, varying the atmosphere oxygen content between 5 and 15%, were applied to evaluate its effect on microstructure, density, magnetic losses in high induction and permeability. Samples sintered in warmer positions inside the furnace resulted in higher density and larger grain size, as expected, but higher losses at 25 °C were achieved. Increasing the atmosphere oxygen content from 5 to 15% did not alter density significantly, but resulted in a slight increase in grain size. On the other hand, the correlation between oxygen content and losses was complex. There are lower losses, at 60 °C. Similar behavior was observed with hysteresis loss, which is compatible with the change in magnetocrystalline magnetic anisotropy (K1). Measurements were performed from 25 to 100 °C, at 0.2 T, aiming at the evaluation of the effect of temperature on the two parcels of hysteresis loss. Samples sintered at 1290 °C with low atmosphere oxygen content showing a minimum on the losses versus temperature curve. The available techniques to analyze Fe2+ content were not capable of establishing, unequivocally, the expected relation between this variable and the oxygen content of the sintering atmosphere.

Atualmente com o advento da nanociência e nanotecnologia, as nanopartículas magnéticas têm encontrado inúmeras aplicações nos campos da biomedicina, diagnóstico, biologia molecular, bioquímica, catálise, etc. As nanopartículas magnéticas funcionalizadas são constituídas de um núcleo magnético, envolvido por uma camada polimérica com sítios ativos, que podem ancorar metais ou compostos orgânicos seletivos. Estas nanopartículas são consideradas materiais híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos de grande interesse em aplicações comerciais devido à particularidade das propriedades obtidas. Entre as aplicações importantes podemos citar: tratamento por magnetohipertermia, carregadores de fármacos para áreas específicas do corpo, seleção de moléculas específicas, biossensores, melhoria da qualidade de imagens por RMN, etc. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas partes: 1) a síntese do núcleo constituído de nanopartículas superparamagnéticas de ferrita de cobalto e, 2) o recobrimento do núcleo por um polímero bifuncional o 3-aminopropiltrietoxissilano. Os parâmetros estudados na primeira parte da pesquisa foram: pH, concentração molar da base, tipo de base, ordem de adição dos reagentes, modo de adição dos reagentes, velocidade de agitação, concentração inicial dos metais, fração molar de cobalto e tratamento térmico. Na segunda parte estudou-se: o pH, a temperatura, o catalisador, a concentração do catalisador, o tempo de reação, a relação H2O/silano, o tipo de meio, o agente umectante e a eficiência do recobrimento em relação ao pH. Os produtos obtidos foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de difratometria de raios-X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS), espectroscopia de emissão atômica (ICP-AES), espectroscopia por infravermelho (FTIR), análises termogravimétricas (TGA/DTGA), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e curvas de magnetização (MAV) / Nowadays with the appear of nanoscience and nanotechnology, magnetic nanoparticles have been finding a variety of applications in the fields of biomedicine, diagnosis, molecular biology, biochemistry, catalysis, etc. The magnetic functionalized nanoparticles are constituted of a magnetic nucleus, involved by a polymeric layer with active sites, which ones could anchor metals or selective organic compounds. These nanoparticles are considered organic-inorganic hybrid materials and have great interest as materials for commercial applications due to the specific properties. Among the important applications it can be mentioned: magnetohyperthermia treatment, drugs delivery in specific local of the body, molecular recognition, biossensors, enhancement of nuclear magnetic ressonance images quality, etc. This work was developed in two parts: 1) the synthesis of the nucleus composed by superparamagnetic nanoparticles of cobalt ferrite and, 2) the recovering of nucleus by a polymeric bifunctional 3-aminepropyltriethoxysilane. The parameters studied in the first part of the research were: pH, hydroxide molar concentration, hydroxide type, reagent order of addition, reagent way of addition, speed of shake, metals initial concentrations, molar fraction of cobalt and thermal treatment. In the second part it was studied: pH, temperature, catalyst type, catalyst concentration, time of reaction, relation ratios of H2O/silane, type of medium and the efficiency of the recovering regarding to pH. The products obtained were characterized using the following techniques X-ray powder diffraction (DRX), transmission electronic microscopy (MET), scanning electronic microscopy (MEV), spectroscopy of scatterbrained energy spectroscopy (DES), atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), themogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and magnetization curves (VSM)

Visando uma opção de substituição, onde for possível e aplicável, do motor de indução monofásico, este trabalho relata o estudo teórico, a construção, o acionamento e os ensaios de um motor bifásico com ímã permanente no rotor, de baixa potência, utilizando imãs de ferrita na confecção do rotor. / This work shows the theoretical studies, building, driving systems and tests of a small-power double-phase motor with ferrite permanent-magnet in the rotor, based on the original structure of a single-phase induction motor. The objective is to create an option to replace the single-phase induction motor where it is possible and applicable.

O uso das ferritas de manganês zinco em fontes de potência de carregadores de bateria vem crescendo nos últimos anos, devido a suas baixas perdas magnéticas em induções da ordem de 0,2 T. Estas ferritas pertencem à categoria de ferritas moles, são óxidos ferrimagnéticos, policristalinos com estrutura cúbica tipo espinélio. Pós desse material foram compactados em prensa uniaxial e em prensa automática de produção para anel e toróide, respectivamente. Foram realizados dois ciclos de queima variando o teor de oxigênio entre 5 e 15%, no patamar de sinterização, com o propósito de avaliar seu efeito na densidade, microestrutura, perdas magnéticas em altas induções (0,2 T) e permeabilidade. Amostras sinterizadas em posições mais quentes do forno resultaram em maior densidade e maior tamanho de grão, conforme esperado, mas resultaram em maiores perdas a 25 °C. O aumento do teor de oxigênio entre 5 e 15% não alterou sistematicamente a densidade, mas resultou num pequeno aumento do tamanho de grão. Já a correlação entre teor de oxigênio e perdas foi complexa. Foi observado que existe uma temperatura de mínimo nas perdas totais por volta de 60 °C. O mesmo comportamento foi observado na curva da perda histerética, compatível com a variação da constante de anisotropia magnetocristalina (K1). Foram realizados ensaios de curvas de histerese a partir de 25 até 100 °C, a 0,2 T com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da temperatura nas duas parcelas da perda histerética. Amostras sinterizadas a 1290 °C com a menor pressão de oxigênio apresentaram menor temperatura de mínimo de perda. As técnicas de análise química do teor de Fe2+ não foram capazes de estabelecer, inequivocamente, a esperada relação entre essa variável e o teor de oxigênio da atmosfera de sinterização. / The use of manganese zinc ferrite in power sources of battery chargers is growing, due to its low magnetic power losses at inductions around 0.2 T. These ferrites belong to the soft magnetic materials group, they are polycrystalline ferromagnetic oxides with face centered cubic structure. Powders of this material were compacted in uniaxial press and in automatic press of production, by ring and toroidal form, respectively. Two firing cycles, varying the atmosphere oxygen content between 5 and 15%, were applied to evaluate its effect on microstructure, density, magnetic losses in high induction and permeability. Samples sintered in warmer positions inside the furnace resulted in higher density and larger grain size, as expected, but higher losses at 25 °C were achieved. Increasing the atmosphere oxygen content from 5 to 15% did not alter density significantly, but resulted in a slight increase in grain size. On the other hand, the correlation between oxygen content and losses was complex. There are lower losses, at 60 °C. Similar behavior was observed with hysteresis loss, which is compatible with the change in magnetocrystalline magnetic anisotropy (K1). Measurements were performed from 25 to 100 °C, at 0.2 T, aiming at the evaluation of the effect of temperature on the two parcels of hysteresis loss. Samples sintered at 1290 °C with low atmosphere oxygen content showing a minimum on the losses versus temperature curve. The available techniques to analyze Fe2+ content were not capable of establishing, unequivocally, the expected relation between this variable and the oxygen content of the sintering atmosphere.

A utilização do eletrodo tubular no processo de soldagem a arco submerso leva a um aumento na produtividade com um custo relativamente baixo, pois não requer investimentos complementares em equipamentos. A mudança do eletrodo sólido para o tubular acarreta variações microestruturais no metal de solda que influenciam as propriedades mecânicas, tais como dureza, tração e tenacidade ao impacto. Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal estudar a tenacidade à fratura dinâmica do metal de solda, mostrando que o uso do eletrodo tubular diminui a propagação de trincas ao impacto, além de melhorar as propriedades de dureza e tração. Para a confecção da junta soldada foi utilizado o aço ASTM-A516 com espessura de 37,5 mm; para o metal de solda, o eletrodo sólido AWS EM12K, com diâmetro de 4,0 mm, e fluxo AWS F6A4 e o eletrodo tubular AWS E71T-5, com diâmetro de 4,0 mm, fabricado em caráter experimental, untamente com os fluxos AWS F6A4 e AWS F7A8 (Fluxo Neutro). Os ensaios de impacto, dureza e tração foram realizados em corpos de prova com e sem alívio de tensão, e o ensaio Charpy instrumentado em corpos de prova entalhados e em corpos de prova entalhados e com trinca por fadiga, nas temperaturas de 25, 200, 400 e 600OC. O metal de solda utilizando eletrodo sólido foi o que mostrou menor percentual de ferrita acicular (54%), enquanto que o utilizando eletrodo tubular e fluxo AWS F6A4 foi o que mostrou maior percentual de ferrita acicular (89%). Os ensaios de dureza mostraram uma influência do microconstituinte ferrita acicular: maior dureza para o maior percentual de ferrita acicular. Os limites de resistência e de escoamento também sofreram o efeito deste microconstituinte, apresentando maiores valores quando os percentuais de ferrita acicular foram maiores. Para a análise da tenacidade para o início de propagação da trinca foram utilizados os métodos da variação da taxa da flexibilidade elástica, o método da energia da carga máxima revisada e o método da energia da carga máxima. Foram calculados os valores de JId e de KJd (K derivado de J). Os únicos valores validados, de acordo com a norma, foram os de JId calculados pelo método da variação da taxa da flexibilidade elástica. Os resultados encontrados, utilizando este método, mostraram, à 600OC, a influência da ferrita acicular, sendo que o metal de solda com maior percentual deste microconstituinte forneceu maior valor de tenacidade. Os valores de JId utilizando o método da variação da taxa da flexibilidade elástica para os corpos de prova com trinca por fadiga ficaram próximos aos resultados encontrados quando o ensaio foi realizado em corpos de prova somente entalhados. Os resultados mostraram que a substituição do eletrodo sólido pelo tubular levou à maior tenacidade e a propriedades mecânicas superiores. / The cored wire application in the submerged arc welding process leads to a increase productivity with relative low cost, because it doesn’t require complementary investments in equipments. Changing from solid to cored wire promotes microstructural modification in the weld metal that enhances mechanical properties, such as hardness, stretching and impact toughness. The principal aim of this work is to study the dynamic fracture toughness of the weld metal. The use of cored wire reduces the impact crack propagation, as well as hardness and strength properties. The welded plate was composed of ASTM-A516 steel with 37.5 mm thickness and for making the weld metal was utilized AWS EM12K wire, with 4.0 mm diameter, and AWS F6A4 flux, and AWS E71T-5 cored wire, with 4.0 mm diameter, making in experimental mode, with AWS F6A4 and AWS F7A8 (Neutral Flux) fluxes. Impact, hardness and tensile tests were carried out in specimens with and without stress relief. The instrumented Charpy tests were carried out at notch and notch plus fatigue crack specimens, at 25, 200, 400 and 600OC temperatures. The solid wire weld metal produced 53.9% of acicular ferrite, while the cored wire weld metal and AWS F6A4 flux produced 88.8% of acicular ferrite. The hardness values were influenced by acicular ferrite and showed higher hardness for acicular ferrite higher values. Tensile strength and yield stress data suffered the same effect of this micro constituent also, they had bigger amount when the acicular ferrite percentiles were bigger. For toughness analysis to crack propagation start were utilized the compliance changing rate method, the energy revised method, and the maximum load energy method. JId and KJd (K derived of J) values were calculated according to the standards. The results met for this method had acicular ferrite influence at 600OC, where the weld metal with the biggest micro constituent had bigger toughness value. The JId values utilized the compliance changing rate method for the precracked specimen got values near to the notched specimen. The change solid wire by the cored wire had better toughness, and it gets better the other mechanical properties.