Syftet med detta arbete är söka svar på hur elever i de tidiga skolåren löser praktiska problem inom matematikområdena, mätning och vägning. Det har gjorts en jämförande studie av elevernas lösningsstrategier för att undersöka huruvida det sker någon förändring med stigande ålder och därmed förväntade ökade kunskaper i matematik. Genom undervisningsförsök med kompletterande löpande observationer har vi sökt svar på hur förskoleklasselevernas lösningsstrategier skiljer sig i jämförelse med elevernas i skolår 4. Försöken har genomförts av elever i förskoleklass och skolår 4. Eleverna har varit indelade i grupper om 4-6 i varje och alla undervisningsförsök har genomförts utomhus. Undersökningen har bestått av två övningar, ett försök i mätning och ett försök i vägning. Resultatet visar att eleverna i de olika åldrarna uppskattar att lösa matematiska problem, på ett praktiskt sätt. Det finns märkbara skillnader mellan de yngre och de äldre elevernas sätt att lösa de olika praktiska problemen. De yngre eleverna har ännu inte tillägnat sig formella kunskaper i matematik i lika stor utsträckning som de äldre eleverna har.

Problemformulering: Små företag kan ha svårt att slå sig in på en marknad på grund av en begränsad marknadsföringsbudget och konkurrens från andra aktörer. Dessa företag måste därför i många fall använda andra mindre kostsamma metoder än traditionell marknadsföring för att etablera sig på en marknad. Syfte: Att undersöka hur ett mindre företag kan etablera sig på en marknad genom användandet av andra marknadsföringsstrategier än traditionell reklam. För att besvara vårt syfte två delar ur 4 P undersökts, plats och påverkan (distribution och marknadskommunikation). Metod: En fallstudie har gjorts av företaget Gooh där fyra personer på Gooh har intervjuats genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Analys: Gooh har gått från en exklusiv distribution till en mer intensiv distribution för att nå ut till fler kunder och konsumenter. I sin marknadskommunikation har Gooh använt sig av olika aktiviteter som viral och buzz marketing för att generera word-of- mouth både bland konsumenter och kunder. Resultat: Gooh har ökat omfattningen av distributionen samtidigt som de ökat omfattningen av marknadskommunikationen för att nå ut till fler kunder och konsumenter och etablera sig på marknaden för färdigmat. Slutsats: Gooh har använt sig av en kombination av distribution och marknadskommunikation i sin marknadsföring och genom detta fått ett stort antal kunder och konsumenter och därmed etablerat sig på marknaden genom icke- traditionell marknadsföring.

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From the chemical investigation of a Formosan soft coral Lemnalia philippinensis, we had discovered seven new sesquiterpenoids, including three ylangene-type sesquiterpenoids lemnaphilins A-C ( 1-3 ), two eremophilane-type sesquiterpenoids lemnaphilins D-E ( 4-5 ), one neolemnane-type sesquiterpenoid lemnaphilin F (6), and one 4,5-cycloneolemnane-type sesquiterpenoid lemnaphinolide (7), along with eight known compounds, lemnalol(8) , 11,12-dihydroxy-6,10-eremopi -laiene (9),4(S*)-acetoxy,10(S*)-hydroxy,5-oxo,l(S*),12(S*)neolemna¡V2(Z), 8¡Vdiene (10), laevinone A (11), 2-oxolemnacarnol(12), lemnal-1(10)- ene-2,12-dione (13), 2,7 -nardosinoxanedione (14), elongatol B (15). The structures of these compounds were established by the detailed spectral analysis (IR, MS, 1D, 2D NMR) and by comparison of the spectral data with those of the related known compounds. The cytotoxicity of fifteen compounds (1¡V15) against with three cell lines, including HepG2 (human liver hepatocellular carninoma cells)¡BMDA-MB231(human breast cancer cells) and A549(human respiratory epithelial cells)was also determined. Only lemnaphilin A exhibited cytotoxicity, with IC50 values 15.99¡B16.31and 15.81 £gg/mL.

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether higher levels of 4-H leadership positively correlate with higher levels of emotional intelligence. Also, this study sought to determine whether the Texas 4-H program enhances emotional intelligence through their character education program. A final purpose was to determine if these traits were reflected in the leadership of the 2005-2006 Texas 4-H Council. When character development variables were measured against gender, only three were found to be significantly different. There was also little significance when the character development variables were measured against the type of school (public, private, home) the Council members attended. There was no relationship between character development and years in the 4-H program. The Total EQ score obtained by the Texas 4-H Council members was about average (97). Usually a score in this range is obtained by a group that functions very well in some or most areas of emotional intelligence. A score of 100 represents effective emotional functioning. Overall, females on Council had higher scores for all five of the Emotional Quotient domains and, therefore, for the Total Emotional Quotient score. There was no relationship between emotional intelligence and years in the 4-H program and no difference in character education and emotional intelligence levels for Texas 4-H Council officers versus Texas 4-H Council members. However, the author did find that there was a positive relationship between character education and emotional intelligence.

4-H members quit. It is part of every 4-H program, and according to the research, it is even part of growing up. If only we knew why they quit, we could possibly do something about it. To date, the reasons youth join 4-H have been more thoroughly researched than the reasons they quit. This study explores why youth choose to discontinue membership in 4-H, and goes a step further, asking current members what they know about the discontinuers, to explore whether current 4-H members can provide information to guide programmatic adjustments to decrease discontinuance. This study identified a need for better communication and implementation of 4-H enrollment procedures, as 51.9% of discontinuers indicated they were in 4-H, while Texas 4-H enrollment records indicated otherwise. This study also revealed a divergence from the literature. The more active a 4-H member is the more likely they are to re-enroll, according to the literature. In contrast, this study found that 54% of discontinuing 4-H members described themselves as active in their 4-H club, and another 45% describe themselves as active at the county level. The literature also suggests that youth may not be interested in 4-H programs, finding them un-cool or old fashioned, while this study found less than 8% of discontinuing 4-H members described 4-H as un-cool or old fashioned. This study asked whether any or all of nine different factors influenced the discontinuer to leave, and none was found to be a significant trigger for discontinuance on its own. Most discontinuers agreed with one to four of the factors, implying it takes no more than four factors for a decision to discontinue. There is no one single reason for discontinuance, but it only takes a few reasons to decide to leave. Responses from current 4-H members about why others leave statistically failed to accurately identify the reasons for discontinuance. This study developed a model of "knowingness" that provides a foundation for understanding how well a current member needs to know a discontinuer in order to accurately describe their reasons for leaving.

ABSTRACT PEEK matrix reinforced by carbon fibers as one thermoplastic composite material is studied. Thermoplastic composites have the advantages of high specific stiffness and strength, longer fatigue life, good resistance to moisture absorption and high temperature condition. The thesis is aimed to investigate the mechanical properties and fracture mechanism of the centrally notched AS-4/PEEK composite laminates subjected to tension-tension fatigue loading at elevated temperature. We use three common types of laminates, such as cross-ply , quasi-isotropic and angle-ply . After centrally notched, we first obtain the base-line data of mechanical properties by tensile tests at five different temperatures, such as 25¢J¡B75¢J¡B100¢J¡B125¢J¡B150¢J. Then, the fatigue tests are conducted, we receive the fatigue strength and life and establish the stress-life curves. The fatigue characteristics and fracture mechanism of a centrally notched composite laminate at elevated temperature are also recorded and observed. The empirical results can be concluded as follows. At the same temperature, the laminate of cross-ply possesses the largest ultimate strength and fatigue strength, quasi-isotropic the second angle-ply the smallest. As for the elastic modulus, the laminate of cross-ply is larger than that of quasi-isotropic. However, the large strain of angle-ply is within the plastic range that is out of the limit of the study. Thus, a further investigation is needed for angle-ply laminates alone. After centrally notched, the net area is reduced of the specimen, and then the elastic modulus is raised and the ultimate strength and fatigue strength of composite materials are lower. As the temperature increasing, the ultimate strength, fatigue strength and elastic modulus are all decreasing.

The objectives of this research were to obtain the optimum operating conditions for a catalytic wet air process and to investigate their reaction kinetics. Either the ferrouscyanide (Fe(CN)64¡Ð) or the 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) solution was treated by the catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) process using three metal ions (Cu2+, Ce3+, and Mn2+) as catalysts or with the Mn/Ce composite oxide catalysts, respectively. In addition, the biodegradability of the effluent derived from the CWAO (2,4-DCP) process was studied. Results show that the effect of addition of the Cu2+ ion on the wet air oxidation (WAO) of Fe(CN)64¡Ð solution is significant because the Cu2+ ion plays in a role of catalyst, which may lower the activation energy (Ea) during the first-stage of the CWAO process. However, either the Ce3+ or Mn2+ ion did an adverse effect on the Fe(CN)64¡Ð removal, even they had a worse removal than that did by the WAO run without any catalyst addition. The Ea value of the first-stage in the WAO of the Fe(CN)64¡Ð solution process was calculated to be 40.5 KJ mol¡Ð1. On the other hand, the Ea values of the CWAO process with an addition of the Cu2+, Ce3+, or Mn2+ ion, were reduced to 14.1, 16.0, and 20.4 KJ mol¡Ð1, respectively. Obviously, the values of Ea can be reduced to promote the pollutants removal by an addition of suitable catalysts into the WAO process. It was observed that 2,4-DCP is difficult to be decomposed in the thermal pyrolysis process, but the conversion of 2,4-DCP is significant in the WAO process. With an application of the Mn/Ce composite oxide catalyst in the CWAO process to treat the 2,4-DCP solutions resulted in a better removal than that did by the WAO process. The higher the reaction temperature was applied, the higher 2,4-DCP removal was obtained. Also, the catalyst in a higher Mn/Ce molar ratio would increase the removal of 2,4-DCP during the CWAO runs, while the catalyst in a Mn/Ce molar of 7:3 showed the best 2,4-DCP removal of 96.5%. It is suggested that the reaction temperature of the CWAO process could be controlled 40 K lower than that required in the WAO run to reach an equivalent 2,4-DCP removal efficiency. The Ea value of the WAO of 2,4-DCP process performed in a semi-batch type reactor were 13.6 and 23.7 KJ mol¡Ð1, respectively, for the first-stage and the second-stage reactions. However, the Ea values of the both reaction stages in the CWAO of 2,4-DCP run were reduced to 9.1 and 5.7 KJ mol¡Ð1, respectively. If the CWAO of 2,4-DCP was performed in an up-flowing fixed -bed reactor, a second-order formula was found. Also, the activation energy and the frequency constant of the CWAO of 2,4-DCP run were calculated to be 11.9 KJ mol¡Ð1 and 0.96 sec¡Ð1. In the Microtox® toxicity tests, the TUa,15 values of the effluent from the CWAO run were below 8.26, when the CWAO process was operated at 433 K and at a space velocity of less than 11.0 hr¡Ð1, and the Mn/Ce (7:3) composite oxide as a catalyst. On the other hand, the toxicity of the 2,4-DCP could be reduced greatly by being treated in the CWAO process over the Mn/Ce (7:3) composite oxide catalyst. It is possible to treat the 2,4-DCP solution in a concentration less than 500 mg L¡Ð1 to meet the discharging regulation standards using a CWAO run, and followed by an activated sludge unit in which the retention time of the wastewater could be sorter than twelve hours.

Polyaniline (PAn) is an important conjugated conducting polymer because of its good environmental stability. However, the conductive form of polyanilune is difficult to processed because it is insoluble in common organic solvent. This property limits its processibility and application. In the study, we developed a feasible route for preparing polyaniline/surfactant core-shell latex to solve the insoluble problem. The polyaniline latex was made by emulsion polymerization of aniline monomer, using ionic polymer (poly(4-vinylpyridine)-methanesulfonic acid; P4VP(MSA)) as the surfactant and dopant. And then, the nano-size and core-shell morphologies of polyaniline latex was studied by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique. The best conductivity of polyaniline film is approach to 10-2 S/cm.