The US put Taiwan into the list of drug trafficking country in 1990. The image of Taiwan has been seriously damaged so our government changed the ¡§Drug Purging Statute of Suppressing Rebellion Period¡¨ to ¡§Statute of Drug Purging¡¨ in July 1992. The purpose of the law especially to get rid of the drug abuse, prevent from drug harm, save guard the health of the people, sustain the social order and avoid the country falling into danger. But the effect of the anti-drug abuse policy is so limited, the drug abuse issues are still getting worse. The cases are increasing day by day. Due to the complicated causes of drug abuse criminals, the criminals couldn't be corrected by prison¡¦s education and management. Therefore it's necessary to review and discuss the drug abuse prevention policy. Government formally announced ¡§to Fight against Drugs Abuse¡¨, on 12 May 1993 and ¡§Central Meeting Report¡¨ organization was set up. Nationwide anti-drug abuse meeting was held in June 1994. The means of anti-drug abuse were proposed in the meeting, which were to cut the suppliers and reduce the needs. Three key important work of the strategy of anti-drug are to crack down, reject ant quit drug. Then Government promulgated ¡§Drug Risk Prevention Stipulate¡¨ and revoked the ¡§Drug Purging Statute¡¨. For the drug abusers, first to force them to quit drug, accept therapy, exonerate from criminal law but guilt and pay attention to medical therapy. This was a revolution change of drug abuse prevention policy. ¡§Narcotic & Drug Control Stipulate¡¨ was amended¡¨ to ¡§Drug Control & Management Statute¡¨ on 2 June 1999 and changed the ¡§Division of Drug Management¡¨ to ¡§Bureau of Drug Control &Management¡¨. Owing to Taiwan¡¦s hard work on anti-drug, the US International Narcotics Control Strategy Report expelled Taiwan from the list of the world main production and trafficking country. However after issue of the ¡§Drug Risk Prevention Stipulate¡¨, thousands drug abusers are in and out of the Observing & Quitting Asylum or Quitting & Therapy Asylum every year. The degree of flooding of drug abuse has affected to society, economy, polity and regulation policy, so ¡§Drug Risk Prevention Stipulate¡§ was modified again to meet the real need and guarantee the human right in Sept. 2004. Since the newly amended law, ¡§Drug Risk Prevention Stipulate¡§, went into effect on 9 Sept. 2004, the drug crimes and related ferocious criminal cases have been happened frequently. Prisons are filled with drug criminals. That drug abuse is harmful not only to the people¡¦s mental but to the health is still exist, so the legislation and realization of Drug Prevention Statute is still dubious to the people. Through this approach, suggestions are supplied for reference about the legislation and adaptability situation of the Drug Prevention and hopefully to make our drug abuse flooding situation improved and controlled.

A quitting game is an undiscounted sequential stochastic game, with finitely many players. At any stage each player has only two possible actions, continue and quit. The game ends as soon as at least one player chooses to quit. The players then receive a payoff, which depends only on the set of players that did choose to quit. If the game never ends, the payoff to each player is zero. In this thesis we give a detailed introduction to quitting games. We examine the existing results for the existence of equilibria and improve an important result from Solan and Vieille stated in their article “Quitting Games” (2001). Since there is no software for the analysis of quitting games, or for stochastic games with more than two players, we provide algorithms and programs for symmetric quitting games, for a reduction by dominance and for the detection of a pure, instant and stationary epsilon-equilibrium.

4-H members quit. It is part of every 4-H program, and according to the research, it is even part of growing up. If only we knew why they quit, we could possibly do something about it. To date, the reasons youth join 4-H have been more thoroughly researched than the reasons they quit. This study explores why youth choose to discontinue membership in 4-H, and goes a step further, asking current members what they know about the discontinuers, to explore whether current 4-H members can provide information to guide programmatic adjustments to decrease discontinuance. This study identified a need for better communication and implementation of 4-H enrollment procedures, as 51.9% of discontinuers indicated they were in 4-H, while Texas 4-H enrollment records indicated otherwise. This study also revealed a divergence from the literature. The more active a 4-H member is the more likely they are to re-enroll, according to the literature. In contrast, this study found that 54% of discontinuing 4-H members described themselves as active in their 4-H club, and another 45% describe themselves as active at the county level. The literature also suggests that youth may not be interested in 4-H programs, finding them un-cool or old fashioned, while this study found less than 8% of discontinuing 4-H members described 4-H as un-cool or old fashioned. This study asked whether any or all of nine different factors influenced the discontinuer to leave, and none was found to be a significant trigger for discontinuance on its own. Most discontinuers agreed with one to four of the factors, implying it takes no more than four factors for a decision to discontinue. There is no one single reason for discontinuance, but it only takes a few reasons to decide to leave. Responses from current 4-H members about why others leave statistically failed to accurately identify the reasons for discontinuance. This study developed a model of "knowingness" that provides a foundation for understanding how well a current member needs to know a discontinuer in order to accurately describe their reasons for leaving.

Abstract Finance is the mother of a country. Public finance has a great influence on the whole country. Governmental finances are mainly from taxes. The Department of Finance, Taiwan Middle Area, the Bureau of National Tax was founded in September, 1992. Its controls area covers 6 counties and cities- Miao-li, Taichung county, Nan-tou, Chang-hua, Yun-lin, and Taichung city. Besides headquarters, there are 6 counties/cities branches and 13 tax bureaus. A total of 1,159 officials work here as tax collector. Because of too much work, officials are under great pressure. Their pressure includes: conflicts between taxing/ serving (role-playing) and conflicts of an official¡¦s job expectation/ family expectation/ personal career plan. Because of the above reasons, the rate of quitting job becomes higher each year. Therefore, this research was made on officials of the Department of Finance, Taiwan Middle Area, the Bureau of National Tax. Besides researching, we also compare the influence and the relationship with conflicts of role-playing/ job pressure/ quitting job. And from those data, we want to know that whether the conflict of role-playing is influenced by job pressure and quitting job or not. Concern with this survey, we sent 200 questionnaires and received 162 ones back. After analyzing by the statistical correlation, variance, regression, and level regression, we got the following results: 1. Conflicts of role-playing, job pressure and the trend of quitting job seem to correlate. Job pressure and the trend of quitting job have a close correlation. 2. About the conflict of role-playing (5 aspects): concern with the conflicts of job expectation/ family expectation and the conflict of personal expectation, women are higher than men. 3. About job pressure (3 aspects): Age and tiredness have no remarkable difference. About low self-esteem, tiredness, and depression, women are higher than men. 4. The trend of quitting job: women are higher than men. The position of non-supervisors is higher than the position of supervisors. 5. The conflicts of job expectation/ personal expectation and the conflicts of personal expectation vs. low self-esteem have positive influence. The conflicts of job expectation/ family expectation and the conflicts of personal expectation vs. tiredness have positive influence. The conflicts of job expectation/ family expectation, the conflicts of job expectation/ personal expectation, and the conflict of personal expectation vs. depression have positive influence. By contrast, the conflicts of family expectation/ personal expectation vs. depression have negative influence. 6. The conflicts of job expectation/ family expectation, the conflicts of job expectation/ personal expectation, and the conflict of personal expectation vs. the trend of quitting job have positive influence. 7. Tiredness, and depression of job pressure vs. the trend of quitting job have positive influence. 8. Because of tiredness, the conflicts of job expectation/ family expectation, the conflicts of job expectation/ personal expectation, and the conflict of personal expectation vs. the trend of quitting job have influence.

Η νικοτίνη είναι ένα φυσικό συστατικό, αλκαλοειδές που συναντάται στην οικογένεια των φυτών Solanaceae και πήρε το όνομά της από το φυτό Nicotiana tabacum. Είναι ένα δηλητήριο που προσβάλει το ΚΝΣ και το ΠΝΣ. Εισέρχεται στον οργανισμό από τους πνεύμονες, κυρίως, αλλά και από το μάσημα του καπνού ή τσιχλών που την περιέχουν. Έτσι, εισέρχεται στο κυκλοφορικό σύστημα και φτάνει μέχρι τον αιματοεγκεφαλικό φραγμό, τον οποίο διαπερνά για να προχωρήσει στο ΚΝΣ (μέσα σε 10-20 δευτερόλεπτα μετά από την εισπνοή). Εκεί, ενεργοποιεί τους νικοτινικούς υποδοχείς της Ach, δρώντας ως αγωνιστής. Η νικοτίνη διεγείρει τη βιοδιαθεσιμότητα των νευροδιαβιβαστών ντοπαμίνη και σεροτονίνη, με αποτέλεσμα να επιταχύνει τη λειτουργία της καρδιάς και να αυξάνει την πίεση του αίματος. Επίσης, η νικοτίνη δρα στους εγκεφαλικούς μηχανισμούς ανταμοιβής, εμμέσως με την ενεργοποίηση των ενδογενών οπιοειδών (opioids) και άμεσα μέσω μηχανισμών της ντοπαμίνης. Οι μηχανισμοί αυτοί είναι το αίτιο εθισμού προς το κάπνισμα, αλλά και κάθε άλλου είδους εθισμού. Η διακοπή του καπνίσματος είναι μια δύσκολη διαδικασία και ενώ υπάρχουν τρόποι και θεραπείες, δεν βοηθούν όλα τα άτομα που θέλουν να διακόψουν το κάπνισμα. Τα πιο αξιοσημείωτα φάρμακα που χρησιμοποιούνται για την διακοπή του καπνίσματος είναι η βαρενικλίνη και η βουπροπιόνη. Στην παρούσα εργασία, μελετήθηκε η γενετική συσχέτιση πολυμορφισμών που πιθανώς εμπλέκονται στον εθισμό στη νικοτίνη (rs1329650), στην προδιάθεση της έναρξης (rs6265) και διακοπής (rs3025343) του καπνίσματος, αλλά και στην ανταπόκριση στη θεραπεία με βαρενικλίνη (rs2072659). Το πληθυσμιακό δείγμα, τόσο των καπνιστών (101 άτομα), όσο και της ομάδας αναφοράς - μη καπνιστών (75 άτομα) που χρησιμοποιήθηκε, προέρχεται από τον ελληνικό πληθυσμό. Οι μέθοδοι γονοτύπησης που εφαρμόσθηκαν περιλαμβάνουν τον προσδιορισμό αλληλουχίας κατά Sanger, την PCR-RFLP και την ARMS-PCR, σε συνδυασμό με ηλεκτροφόρηση σε αγαρόζη. Μια στατιστική τάση συσχέτισης (p=0,0279) ανιχνεύθηκε για τον πολυμορφισμό rs1329650 μεταξύ των καπνιστών και τον μη καπνιστών για την προδιάθεση στην εξάρτηση στη νικοτίνη. Για τους υπόλοιπους πολυμορφισμούς που μελετήθηκαν, δεν παρατηρήθηκαν στατιστικά σημαντικές συσχετίσεις με τα ερωτήματα που τέθηκαν στην παρούσα εργασία. / Nicotine is a natural ingredient (alkaloid), which is found in the plant’s family Solanaceae. Nicotine is named after the plant Nicotiana tabacum. Nicotine is a poison that affects both the CNS and PNS. It enters the body mainly through the lungs, though chewing tobacco or a nicotine-containing gum also helps on nicotine “administration”. Nicotine comes into the circulatory system, overcomes the blood brain barrier and reaches the CNS (within 10-20 seconds after inhalation), where it activates the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nicotine is an agonist). Nicotine stimulates the bioavailability of neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin and therepy, it accelerates the heart rate and increases the blood pressure. Also, nicotine acts on the brain reward mechanisms, indirectly by the activation of the endogenous opioids and via the mechanisms of dopamine. These mechanisms are the cause of addiction to smoking, but also to any other type of addiction. Quitting smoking is a difficult process and while there are several ways and treatments, they do not help all the people who want to stop smoking. The most notable drugs being used for smoking cessation is varenicline and bupropion. Herein, we study the genetic correlation of polymorphisms that are possibly involved in nicotine addiction (rs1329650), the predisposition of individuals to begin (rs6265) or quit (rs3025343) smoking and response to varenicline treatment (rs2072659). The sample population studied involved two groups; smokers (101 people), and non-smokers (75 people) derived from the Greek population. The genotyping methods applied include Sanger sequencing and PCR-RFLP or ARMS-PCR followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. A statistical trend (p = 0.0279) becomes evident regarding rs1329650, when smokers and non-smokers were compared. The rest polymorphisms studied showed no statistically significant correlation.

A conceptual model examining positive affectivity as a moderator of the influence of burnout on extra-role performance and quitting intentions is developed and tested. Data obtained from employees in the hotel industry in Turkey were used to assess the model. As hypothesized, burnout influences extra-role performance deleteriously and exacerbates quitting intentions. The results of the Chow test also reveal that positive affectivity serves as a moderator in reducing the detrimental impact of burnout on extra-role performance and quitting intentions. The findings and their implications are discussed.

This investigation involved three procedural areas. The first was the development of a "Grief Work Treatment Program" designed for smokers who wanted to quit or reduce smoking. The second was the use of the program in experimental research in order to distinguish a relationship between structured grief work and cigarette-smoking reduction. The third area of investigation concerned evaluation of the program in terms of the subjects' goals for their smoking behavior. Results of the study indicated that the Grief Work Treatment Program was effective. A statistical comparison of treatment and control subjects using Analysis of Covariance, with number of cigarettes smoked daily at the beginning of the program as the covariate, produced a significant F at the 0.05 level on measures taken immediately after the treatment and four weeks later. Thus, in terms of the subjects’ respective goals, the grief work program was effective in assisting subjects to quit or reduce smoking. In addition, correlational tests concerning the treatment group indicated significant relationships existed between the variable, decrease in number of cigarettes smoked daily, and the variables: length of time a subject smoked prior to treatment; importance of cigarettes to the subject; and number of cigarettes smoked daily at the outset of the program. On comparisons of these variables, significant Spearman-Rank and Pearson Product Moment Correlational Coefficients ranged from 0.67 to 0.85.

A quitting game is an undiscounted sequential stochastic game, with finitely many players. At any stage each player has only two possible actions, continue and quit. The game ends as soon as at least one player chooses to quit. The players then receive a payoff, which depends only on the set of players that did choose to quit. If the game never ends, the payoff to each player is zero. In this thesis we give a detailed introduction to quitting games. We examine the existing results for the existence of equilibria and improve an important result from Solan and Vieille stated in their article “Quitting Games” (2001). Since there is no software for the analysis of quitting games, or for stochastic games with more than two players, we provide algorithms and programs for symmetric quitting games, for a reduction by dominance and for the detection of a pure, instant and stationary epsilon-equilibrium.

There is widespread recognition of the need for preventive healthcare to support people in adopting healthy lifestyles that will reduce their risk of long term conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. In recent years, a number of observational studies have shown that social networks may play an important role in health behaviour change. Thus far, however, there has been limited success in translating these findings into effective interventions, suggesting a failure to tap into real-world social processes. The aim of my thesis is to develop our understanding of the role that social networks play in one key area of health behaviour change, namely smoking cessation, with a view to gaining insights into how networks can be better utilised to improve quit outcomes. Whilst most research into health behaviour change is rooted in psychological theory, this study draws on a somewhat different perspective, that of social network studies in health. More specifically, it uses a longitudinal qualitative approach to investigate the role of social networks in giving up smoking. Thirteen participants from diverse sociodemographic backgrounds were recruited through three stop smoking services in central Scotland, and interviewed four weeks after quitting; nine participants took part in a follow-up interview two months later. In-depth interviews combined an interactive network mapping exercise with a detailed exploration of the complex inter-relationships between participants’ social networks and their experiences of quitting. A thematic data analysis was undertaken. Quitting was found to be enmeshed in an intricate web of social relationships and interactions. Quitters were not, though, powerless in the face of these social forces, but rather actively sought to navigate their social networks. Existing theorisations tend to view the social network as acting on a passive individual and, as such, overlook the importance of subjective meaning and dynamic interaction in shaping the quit attempt. My thesis demonstrates, however, that the mechanisms of subjectivity and interaction operate in complex ways, encompassing a myriad of overlapping sources of meaning which include the immediate context of interactions, the wider nature of individual relationships, and the overall construction of the social network. These processes jointly unfold, moreover, as the quit attempt proceeds. Efforts to develop network-based cessation interventions must, therefore, move away from attempts to “fix” the network, and must instead seek to find ways of helping quitters to more effectively navigate their social networks.

This thesis deals with the possibility of using psychological coaching as a support method for smoking cessation. The theoretical section provides an overview of key information on the topics of coaching and smoking, with an emphasis primarily on the aspects applied in the qualitative research project, the description of which constitutes the content of the empirical section. On the basis of the author's preconceived original design which, in addition to the diagnostic and evaluation phases, comprised the essential stage of the three-month long coaching of nine smokers in different stages of the cessation process, the author sought to map the potential benefits, advantages and other aspects of the use of coaching as an innovative method, thusfar not commonly included among the established alternatives offered as smoking cessation intervention techniques. Keywords: coaching, smoking, tobacco dependence, smoking cessation, quitting smoking