Le chapitre métropolitain de Besançon compte quarante-cinq chanoines dirigés par un doyen. Ce corps social a pour fonctions de desservir les deux cathédrales de Besançon, d'élire et de conseiller l'archevêque.L'étude de leurs origines géographiques et sociales, de leurs carrières et de leurs actions politiques permet de comprendre les relations de ce chapitre et de l'Etat bourguignon au XVème siècle. Cette étude est essentiellement réalisée par le biais des actes et des délibérations capitulaires. Elle s'accompagne de deux annexes proposopographiques.Le quartier capitulaire est un premier indice du mode et du niveau de vie des chanoines. La seconde moitié du XVème siècle est florissante : les maisons canoniales, souvent ruinées laissent la place à des bâtiments de meilleur qualité, les salles communes et les cathédrales subissent des travaux de réfection et d'embellissement.Entre 1404 et 1477, la collation ordinaire des quarante cinq prébendes canoniales reste majoritaire. Mais les ducs de Bourgogne, émettent des recommandations qui infléchissent le recrutement : la noblesse comtoise est remplacée par des membres de l'administration ducale, souvent d'origine bourgeoise, comtoise ou bourguignonne.Les cumuls et l'absentéisme sont fréquents à partir de 1440, entraînant une moins bonne discipline et des difficultés à desservir correctement le culte. Paradoxalement, la présence des membres de l'administration bourguignonne dans la chapitre élève la culture juridique et améliore la gestion du temporel.Au XVème siècle, l'espace comtois s'articule autour d'une capitale religieuse, Besançon, d'un pôle économique et financier, Salins et d'une capitale politique, Dole. On constate qu'une grande part des dignitaires du chapitre bisontin a une carrière antérieure à la collégiale Saint-Anatoile de Salins et a des liens familiaux avec les membres du Parlement dolois.Le chapitre et les archevêques font face à des luttes violentes avec la Commune entre 1390 et 1452. Les archevêques Alors que Girard d'Athies et Thiébaut de Rougemont sont des courtisans qui imposent leur puissance, Jean de Rochetaillée, diplomate de talent allié aux cercles polinois négocie le traité de Rouen de 1435. Son décès entraîne une crise de succession où le concile de Bâle est mêlé. Les relations du chapitre avec Quentin Ménard, que le duc impose, restent très froides. Enfin, le chapitre se montre capable de s'opposer aux volontés du duc en s'appuyant sur le Parlement de Dole et en trouvant un allié en Charles de Neuchâtel, un grand noble comtois, archevêque entre 1463 et 1498. / Besançon's urban chapter was a social unit composed of forty-five canons, led by a Dean. This order's role was to organize the service in Besançon's cathedrals, to elect the archbishop, and to advise him on important matters. Studying the social background and careers of its members allows us to better understand how Besançon's chapter fit into the political life of the state of Burgundy in the 15th century. This study's main sources are the chapter's deliberations and official records. Two prosopographical appendices supplement them.Studying the chapter's district yields the first clues as to the canons' lifestyle and social status. Built on a hillside, it was surrounded by a fortified wall. The Sainte-Brigide hospital, the capitular rooms and the archives were all shared buildings. The second half of the 15th century was also characterised by important works of renovation and improvement of their houses ans of both cathedrals.From 1404 to 1477, the usual mode of recruitment was through cooptation; the dukes of Burgundy would issue recommendations, which would in turn influence the selective process through which canons were nominated. The nobility of Franche-Comté which served the state of Burgundy was gradually replaced by members of the Duchy's civil service, often originating from Burgundy's or Franche-Comté's middle-classes. From 1440 onwards, it became more and more common for canons to hold several jurisdictions, or to fail to attend meetings regularly. This led to a loosening of discipline as well as difficulties in holding religious services. However, a growing relationship with Burgundy's administration led to the improvement of the chapter's legal knowledge as well as the management of worldly matters.Throughout the 15th century, three cities were at the heart of Franche-Comté: Besançon, its religious capital, Salins, its financial and economic centre, and, finally, Dole, its political heart. Most of the chapter's dignitaries had started their careers in the collegiate church Saint-Anatoile of Salins, and had family ties with members of the Parliament in Dole.Between 1390 and 1452, the chapter and the archbishops had to face violent struggles with the town authorities. The archbishops Girard d'Athies and Thiébaut de Rougemont were courtiers who had no qualms in imposing their own power. Jean de Rochetaillée, who came after them, was a diplomat allied to the political circles in Poligny, and had artfully negociated the Treaty of Rouen in 1435. His death led to conflicts regarding his succession, in which the Basel council got involved. The chapter's relationship with Quentin Ménard remained very distant, since his presence had been imposed by the Duke. The chapter finally demonstrated it was capable of resisting the Duke's will by relying on the Dole Parliament and by forging an alliance with Charles de Neuchâtel, who belonged to the Franche-Comté nobility and was archbishop from 1463 to 1498.