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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

In vivo characterization of Ca2+ dynamics in pancreatic β-cells of Zebrafish

Delgadillo Silva, Luis Fernando 11 October 2021 (has links)
Glucose homeostasis is fundamental for all living organisms. In vertebrates, the hormone insulin regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. In order to sustain the glucose homeostasis, the pancreatic β-cells, which produce and secrete insulin, must coordinate their efforts to secrete the right amounts of insulin required by the organism. In vitro studies, have suggested that a subpopulation of β-cells, referred to as “hub-cells”, coordinate islet Ca2+ dynamics during insulin secretion. However, it is unclear whether the hub-cell model pertains to an in vivo scenario, where the islet is densely vascularized and innervated. In this thesis, we employed the genetically-encoded calcium indicator GCaMP6, confocal imaging and optogenetics, to characterize the Ca2+ dynamics of the zebrafish β-cells in vivo. We found that pancreatic β-cells present endogenous Ca2+ spikes in vivo under basal conditions. These Ca2+ spikes are rapidly suppressed after lowering glucose levels via insulin administration. In addition, the temporal inhibition of blood flow decreases the Ca2+ spikes, suggesting that β-cells are systemically connected. Furthermore, β-cells show a synchronized response to a pericardial glucose injection. Specifically, we found that Ca2+ spikes originate and emanate from a subset of β-cells that are the first to respond to a glucose stimulus. We define these cells as “leader-cells”. We tested if these cells could coordinate the islet in vivo by employing 2-photon laser ablation. Whereas ablation of control cells had no significant effect on the amplitude and duration of the subsequent Ca2+ spikes responses, ablation of leader cells led to a reduction in the Ca2+ response. Furthermore, we developed systems for optogenetic interrogation of β-cells in vivo. We show that the light-gated Cl- ion pump halorhodopsin (NpHR) can be applied to inhibit β-cell depolarization in the zebrafish. We also present the optically orthogonal system of the red Ca2+ indicator K-GECO1 in combination with the blue-shifted channelrhodopsin CheRiff to activate individual β-cell in vivo. Using these new tools, we provide examples where the activation of individual β-cells showed heterogeneous potential to trigger influx of Ca2+ in the rest of the β-cells. Overall, our results led us to propose a hierarchical model of islet coordination. In contrast to the majority of β-cells, which occupy the bottom of the hierarchy since they present low capability to recruit other cells, the leader cells occupy the top levels, being capable to coordinate a majority of the islet’s β-cells.:List of figures xii List of Tables xiii 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Diabetes and insulin 1 1.2. The endocrine pancreas 2 1.3. The diabetes pandemic 4 1.4. β-cell development in zebrafish and mammals 4 1.5. β-cells function and heterogeneity 6 1.6. β-cell coordination 8 1.7. Genetically-encoded calcium indicators 10 1.8. Genetically-encoded optogenetic actuators 13 1.9. Models to study In vivo β-cell coordination 16 2. In vivo β-cell Ca2+ dynamics 19 2.1. β-cells present endogenous Ca2+ spikes in vivo, which are not present ex vivo 19 2.2. Insulin injection reduces endogenous β-cell Ca2+ activity 22 2.3. Pharmacological inhibition of β-cell Ca2+ spikes interferes with glucose control 24 2.4 Transient blood flow interruption decreases β-cell calcium spikes 26 2.5 Glucose bolus leads to a synchronous response of β-cells 29 3. Leader β-cells coordinates Ca2+ dynamics in vivo 32 3.1. High speed 2D and 3D imaging reveals “leader” β-cells 32 3.2. Pan-islet response to glucose is impaired after leader β-cells ablation 41 4. Optically orthogonal toolset for in vivo optogenetics and Ca2+ imaging 46 4.1. Development of optogenetics actuators systems in zebrafish β-cells 46 4.2. Red fluorescent calcium reporters in zebrafish β-cells 47 4.3. In vivo temporal optogenetic silencing of β-cells 50 4.4. In vivo temporal optogenetic silencing of a subset of β-cells can inhibit the islet response 52 4.5. In vivo temporal optogenetic activation of β-cells 55 5. Discussion and future directions 61 5.1. β-cell calcium spikes are systemically influenced 61 5.2. First responder β-cells are present in vivo 64 5.3. Leader β-cells coordinate Ca2+ influx in vivo 66 5.4. β-cell optogenetic interrogation shows heterogeneous potential of individual β-cells for islet coordination 68 6. Materials and methods 75 6.1. Zebrafish strains and husbandry 75 6.2. Transgenic lines generation 76 6.3. Glucose measurements 77 6.4. Pericardial injection of glucose and insulin 77 6.5. Live imaging 77 6.6. Fast whole islet live imaging 78 6.7. Selective two-photon laser ablation of leader cells in the zebrafish islet. 78 6.7. Selective one-photon optogenetic interrogation of β-cells in the zebrafish islet. 79 6.8. Islet blood flow imaging 80 6.9. Mechanical heart stop 80 6.10. Immunostaining 80 6.11. TUNEL assay 81 6.12 Image analysis of GCaMP6s fluorescence intensity from in vivo imaging. 82 6.13 Quantification of GCaMP6s fluorescence intensity 82 6.14 Spatial drift correction images. 83 6.15 Statistical analysis 84 7. References 85 8. Annexes 90 9. Acknowledgments 97 / Die Glukosehomöostase ist für alle lebenden Organismen von grundlegender Bedeutung. Bei Wirbeltieren reguliert das Hormon Insulin den Stoffwechsel von Kohlenhydraten, Fetten und Proteinen. Um die Glukosehomöostase aufrechtzuerhalten, müssen die β-Zellen der Bauchspeicheldrüse, welche Insulin produzieren und absondern, ihre Bemühungen koordinieren, um die richtigen Mengen an Insulin zu sekretieren, die der Organismus benötigt. In-vitro-Studien haben gezeigt, dass eine Subpopulation von β-Zellen, die als „Hub-Zellen“ bezeichnet werden, die Insulinsekretion der Inseln koordiniert. Es ist jedoch unklar, ob sich die Hub-Cell-Theorie auf ein in-vivo-Szenario bezieht, bei dem die Insel dicht vaskularisiert und von Neuronen innerviert ist. In dieser Arbeit verwendeten wir den genetisch kodierten Calcium-Indikator GCaMP6, konfokale Bildgebung und Optogenetik, um die Ca2+-Dynamik der Zebrafisch-β-Zellen in vivo zu charakterisieren. Wir fanden heraus, dass Pankreas-β-Zellen in vivo unter basalen Bedingungen endogene Ca2+-Spitzen aufweisen. Diese Ca2+-Spitzen werden nach Senkung des Glukosespiegels durch Insulinverabreichung schnell unterdrückt. Darüber hinaus verringert die zeitliche Hemmung des Blutflusses die Ca2+-Spitzen, was darauf hindeutet, dass β-Zellen systemisch verbunden sind. Darüber hinaus zeigen β-Zellen eine synchronisierte Reaktion auf die perdikale Glukoseinjektion. Insbesondere fanden wir heraus, dass Ca2+-Spitzen von den β-Zellen hervorgerufen werden, die zuerst auf den Glukosestimulus reagieren. Wir definieren diese Zellen als 'Leader-Zellen'. Wir haben in vivo durch den Einsatz einer 2-Photonen-Laserablation getestet, ob diese Zellen die Insel koordinieren können. Während die Ablation von Kontrollzellen keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Amplitude und Dauer der nachfolgenden Ca2+-Spitzenreaktionen hatte, führte die Ablation von Leader-Zellen zu einer signifikanten Verringerung der GCaMP-Reaktion. Darüber hinaus haben wir Systeme für die optogenetische Abfrage von β-Zellen in vivo entwickelt: Wir zeigen, dass die lichtgesteuerte Cl—Ionenpumpe Halorhodopsin (NpHR) angewendet werden kann, um die Depolarisation von β-Zellen in vivo zu hemmen. Wir präsentieren auch das optisch orthogonale System des roten Ca2+-Indikators K-GECO1 in Kombination mit dem blauverschobenen Channelrhodopsin CheRiff, um einzelne β-Zellen in vivo abzufragen. Unter Verwendung dieser neuen Werkzeuge liefern wir Beispiele, bei denen die Aktivierung einzelner β-Zellen ein heterogenes Potenzial für die Auslösung des Ca2+-Einstroms in die übrigen β-Zellen in vivo zeigte. Insgesamt bietet diese Studie Hinweise darauf, dass eine Untergruppe von β-Zellen ein hohes Potenzial zur Koordination der Ca2+-Dynamik der Insel in vivo aufweist.:List of figures xii List of Tables xiii 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Diabetes and insulin 1 1.2. The endocrine pancreas 2 1.3. The diabetes pandemic 4 1.4. β-cell development in zebrafish and mammals 4 1.5. β-cells function and heterogeneity 6 1.6. β-cell coordination 8 1.7. Genetically-encoded calcium indicators 10 1.8. Genetically-encoded optogenetic actuators 13 1.9. Models to study In vivo β-cell coordination 16 2. In vivo β-cell Ca2+ dynamics 19 2.1. β-cells present endogenous Ca2+ spikes in vivo, which are not present ex vivo 19 2.2. Insulin injection reduces endogenous β-cell Ca2+ activity 22 2.3. Pharmacological inhibition of β-cell Ca2+ spikes interferes with glucose control 24 2.4 Transient blood flow interruption decreases β-cell calcium spikes 26 2.5 Glucose bolus leads to a synchronous response of β-cells 29 3. Leader β-cells coordinates Ca2+ dynamics in vivo 32 3.1. High speed 2D and 3D imaging reveals “leader” β-cells 32 3.2. Pan-islet response to glucose is impaired after leader β-cells ablation 41 4. Optically orthogonal toolset for in vivo optogenetics and Ca2+ imaging 46 4.1. Development of optogenetics actuators systems in zebrafish β-cells 46 4.2. Red fluorescent calcium reporters in zebrafish β-cells 47 4.3. In vivo temporal optogenetic silencing of β-cells 50 4.4. In vivo temporal optogenetic silencing of a subset of β-cells can inhibit the islet response 52 4.5. In vivo temporal optogenetic activation of β-cells 55 5. Discussion and future directions 61 5.1. β-cell calcium spikes are systemically influenced 61 5.2. First responder β-cells are present in vivo 64 5.3. Leader β-cells coordinate Ca2+ influx in vivo 66 5.4. β-cell optogenetic interrogation shows heterogeneous potential of individual β-cells for islet coordination 68 6. Materials and methods 75 6.1. Zebrafish strains and husbandry 75 6.2. Transgenic lines generation 76 6.3. Glucose measurements 77 6.4. Pericardial injection of glucose and insulin 77 6.5. Live imaging 77 6.6. Fast whole islet live imaging 78 6.7. Selective two-photon laser ablation of leader cells in the zebrafish islet. 78 6.7. Selective one-photon optogenetic interrogation of β-cells in the zebrafish islet. 79 6.8. Islet blood flow imaging 80 6.9. Mechanical heart stop 80 6.10. Immunostaining 80 6.11. TUNEL assay 81 6.12 Image analysis of GCaMP6s fluorescence intensity from in vivo imaging. 82 6.13 Quantification of GCaMP6s fluorescence intensity 82 6.14 Spatial drift correction images. 83 6.15 Statistical analysis 84 7. References 85 8. Annexes 90 9. Acknowledgments 97
2

Study of novel molecular defects in human pancreas dysfunction

Müller, Laura Mara 31 March 2021 (has links)
Diabetes ist ein weltweites Problem, das durch den Verlust oder die Dysfunktion der Insulin-produzierenden β-Zellen des Pankreas verursacht wird. In seltenen Fällen entsteht Diabetes durch eine Mutation in einem einzigen Gen. Diese monogenetischen Formen des Diabetes können zur Identifizierung neuer Regulatoren der β-Zellen-Entwicklung und -Funktion beitragen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit habe ich neue putative Diabetes-assoziierte Gene untersucht, die zuvor durch „Next-Generation“ Sequenzierung in einer Gruppe von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit idiopathischem Diabetes festgestellt wurden. Insbesondere analysierte ich neuartige Mutationsvarianten in Genen kodierend für Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), Glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1) und Glioma-associated oncogene homolog 2 (GLI2). Basierend auf den folgenden Kriterien wurden diese Transkriptionsregulatoren zur weiteren funktionellen Analyse priorisiert: Genetische Information, Patientenphänotyp und Expressionsprofil der Kandidaten Gene in Mauspankreas-Vorläuferzellen. Um die Rolle der Varianten während der pankreatischen Zelltypspezifizierung zu untersuchen, nutzte ich die CRISPR-Cas9 Methode in Kombination mit Stammzellendifferenzierung. Im Detail generierte ich diverse Stammzellen mittels CRISPR-Cas9, die die Mutationsvarianten der Patienten trugen und differenzierte diese zu β-ähnlichen Zellen. Weitere in vitro und Transkriptionsanalysen zeigten, dass die Variante c.C4661T in GLI2 die Entwicklung der β-ähnlichen Zellen beeinträchtigte, was für eine genetische Prädisposition zur Entwicklung von Diabetes verantwortlich sein kann. Zusätzlich nutzte ich diese Plattform, um neue extrinsische Faktoren zu untersuchen und zeigte, dass die fördernde Rolle von HC toxin (HDAC Inhibitor) und SLIT3 (ROBO Ligand) konserviert ist. Zusammenfassend habe ich eine Differenzierungsplattform etabliert, um die Rolle von genetischen und extrinsischen Faktoren für die Entwicklung des Pankreas und/oder β-Zellen zu untersuchen. / Diabetes is a worldwide health problem caused by the loss or dysfunction of the insulin-secreting β-cells in the pancreas. Unelucidated forms of monogenic diabetes, arising from rare mutations in one single gene, represent invaluable models for identifying new targets of β-cell development and function. In this study, I focused on putative disease-associated genes for diabetes that have been previously identified by next-generation sequencing of a cohort of patients with puberty-onset diabetes. In particular, I investigated unique mutant variants in genes coding for Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), Glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1) and Glioma-associated oncogene homolog 2 (GLI2). These transcriptional regulators were prioritized for functional analysis based on patient phenotype, expression level in pancreas progenitor cells and available genetic information. To investigate the role of the genetic mutant variants in pancreatic cell fate decisions and cell function, I used the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)-Cas9 genome editing technology in combination with human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-directed β-cell differentiation. Employing these approaches, I established several patient-like iPSC lines carrying the identified heterozygous missense variants. Specifically, functional experiments and whole transcriptome analysis showed that the variant c.C4661T in GLI2 impairs human β-cell differentiation and β-cell function, which might be responsible for a genetic predisposition to develop diabetes. In addition, I used the same iPSC-based differentiation model system to study novel extrinsic factors, namely the HDAC inhibitor HC toxin and the ROBO ligand SLIT3 and uncovered their conserved role in enhancing human β-cell development. Taking together, I established a human iPSC differentiation platform to study critical genes and extrinsic factors that are necessary for human pancreas development and/or β-cells.

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