Topical issues of the regulation of international air transport This thesis with current issues of legal regulation of international carriage by air, with a focus on the air carrier's liability. After the introductory chapter follows the second chapter which delas with aviation law and specifics of this legal branch. It further discusses the different methods of legal relations in civil aviation and recommends the most appropriate options of treatment. The third chapter summarizes the concept of responsibility in private law with a focus on recodification in Czech private law in 2014. The findings are applied to international and regional regulation of air carrier's liability, which is discussed in the next part of the thesis . The following fourth chapter deals with the liability of the air carrier on the international level. Firstly summarizes the historical development that preceded the adoption of legal rules in aviation law and in the next section discusses two important international documents - the Warsaw Convention and the Montreal Convention . In the section that deals with the Montreal Convention is focused on practical issues, mainly the interpretation of various terms used by the Montreal Convention . The author tries to hold uniform structure for all legal documents which are discussed...

Topical issues of the regulation of international air carriage The object of this thesis is the regulation of international air carriage, which is by its nature governed mainly by international treaties and secondary law of the European Union. The thesis is divided into five parts, which are cross-sectional focused on all aspects of air carriage. The first part informs about the historical development of aviation and its contemporary importance especially with regard to its economic and environmental significance. Basic concepts which can be found by readers in this thesis are not omitted as well. The second part focuses on the regulation of international air carriage from the perspective of International, European and Czech law. As mentioned in this thesis, the carrier's liability when the loss event that is expected by legislators happens is governed mainly by international treaties and secondary law of the European Union, that is why the third part is focused on its most important legal sources also with the regard to their interrelation which was defined by the Court of Justice of the European Union. Since it is necessary to extensively inform passengers about their rights, the author decided to do so in the fourth part of this thesis, which deals with the passengers' claims, in the case of...

1 Abstract The diploma thesis is focused on the issue of the carrier's liability in the international carriage of goods. The topic is narrowed to the carriage by sea, being the most significant mode of carriage as regards the volume of carried goods; its international regulation is disunited and full of specifics justifying the need for a deeper analysis. Relevance of the topic consists in gradual establishment of new trends of transport, technological development and particularly in the continuing need for unification of the legal regulation. The objective of the thesis is to introduce and analyze the respective rules, to compare the rules with each other and to evaluate them. The first chapter is dedicated to a theoretical introduction containing a definition of the liability and providing basic information about transport, carriage and subjects and division thereof. Regulation of carriage according to the Czech law is comprised in this chapter as well. The second chapter is aimed at the carriage by sea in a broader context. This chapter deals with characteristics of this mode of carriage, especially as for division thereof, types of transport documents and typical subjects. Further, the basics of the Czech, European and international regulation of the carriage by sea are outlined. The third chapter is...

Diploma thesis is concerned with the solution of main measurements of the carriage travel which will use for loading and expounding iron scrap. Manipulation with iron scrap will be by electromagnet. Part of calculation includes the computation of travelling apparatus, travelling gearbox and power of electric motor. It also sort out the calculation of the main measurements of lift apparatus, power lift of eletric motor, calculation gearbox and strop. Subseguently deal with calculation of fixity of carriage travel´s framework

Topical issues of the regulation of international air carriage The main purpose of this work is to provide its readers with an overview of the many facets of passenger rights in such dynamic area as international air carriage. Development in this area has given rise to issues and challenges, including the overlapping of legal and geographical scopes of different air passenger protection instruments. Over the last decades, several air passenger protection regimes have developed across the world, in particular on international, European Union and national level. But does the patchwork work? The history of multilateral regulation in the field of international air transport with regard to air passenger rights could be said to have begun in 1929 when the Warsaw Convention was originally signed. The importance of the convention lies in unification of the rules concerning the documents of carriage and the liability of air carriers. In 1955 the Warsaw Convention was amended by the Hague Protocol, which substantially redrafted, modernized and simplified rules relating to the documents of carriage as well as doubled the limit of carrier liability with respect to persons. The Warsaw Convention's application was subsequently extended to the carriers actually performing the transport by air when a passenger...

Resumé This thesis is focused on legal acts which are called carriage acts or transportation rules. Carriage acts are legal acts containing regulations of persons, luggage, objects and parcels transportation in all kind of types of domestic transportation. This text is divided into three parts which first is focused on historical development of carriage acts in our region, second part is focused on research of current forced carriage acts and third part is focused on comparison Czech and German carriage acts. First part of this text where historical development of carriage acts is examined, contains complete evolution and development of carriage acts from the very first one to the present day. The strongest emphasis is placed on railways carriage acts for their biggest importance of this kind of transportation in historical overview. In second part of this thesis current forced carriage acts are set in legal system and analyzed. In particular it is the Ordinance of Secretary of transportation no. 175/2000, Carriage act for public railway and road passenger transportation and Ordinance of government no. 1/2000, Carriage act for public railway cargo transportation. Last part of this thesis examine legal comparison of one of abovementioned carriage act (Ordinance of Secretary of transportation no. 175/2000,...

ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae are emerging worldwide and they are frequently multi-drug resistant, thus limiting treatment options for infections caused by these pathogens. The overall aim of the thesis was to investigate ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a Swedish county. First, we developed a molecular method, a multiplex PCR assay for identification of SHV, TEM and CTX-M genes in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae with an ESBL phenotype. From 2002 until the end of 2007 all isolates of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Östergötland, Sweden were further investigated. The prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae was low, <1%, but increasing,while the antibiotic consumption remained unchanged. CTX-M enzymes, particularly CTX-M group 1, dominate in our region as well as in the rest of Europe. Furthermore, we have investigated antimicrobial susceptibility by performing MIC-testing in a large, well-characterized population of CTX-M-producing E. coli. Only three oral antimicrobial agents (fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin and mecillinam) demonstrated susceptibility above 90%. High susceptibility, >90%, was also demonstrated for carbapenems, colistin, tigecycline and amikacin. Sixty-eight per cent of ESBL-producing E. coli was multi-resistant, and the most common multi-resistance pattern was the ESBL phenotype with decreased susceptibility to trimethoprim, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and tobramycin. Isolates belonging to CTX-M group 9 are generally more susceptible to antibiotics than the CTX-M group 1-producing E. coli. Finally, a prospective multicentre case-control study examined the prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in faecal samples before and after travel abroad and the risk factors of acquisition. Sixty-eight of 226 travellers (30%) had ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the faecal flora. The geographical area visited had the highest impact on acquisition, with highest the risk for travellers visiting the Indian subcontinent, followed by Asia and Africa north of the equator. Also, acquisition of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae during travel is associated with abdominal symptoms such as diarrhoea. Age also seemed to affect the risk of acquiring ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, the highest risks were found among travellers ≥ 65 years. This thesis has contributed to increased understanding of the epidemiology of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and their susceptibility to both beta-lactam and non-beta-lactam agents.

Meningitis is an infection of the meninges, a layer of tissue surrounding the brain. In cases of pneumococcal meningitis (where the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae is the causat- ive agent) this causes severe inflammation, requiring intensive care and rapid antibiotic treatment. The contribution of variation in host and pathogen genetics to pneumococcal meningitis is unknown. In this thesis I develop and apply statistical genetics techniques to identify genomic variation associated with the various stages of pneumococcal meningitis, including colonisation, invasion and severity. I start by describing the development of a method to perform genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in bacteria, which can find variation in bacterial genomes associated with bacterial traits such as antibiotic resistance and virulence. I then applied this method to longitudinal samples from asymptomatic carriage, and found lineages and specific variants associated with altered duration of carriage. To assess meningitis versus carriage samples I applied similar analysis techniques, and found that the bacterial genome is crucial in determining invasive potential. As well as bacterial serotype, which I found to be the main effect, I discovered many independent sequence variants associated with disease. Separately, I analysed within host-diversity during the invasive phase of disease and found it to be of less relevance to disease progression. Finally, I analysed host genotype data from four independent studies using GWAS and heritability estimates to determine the contribution of human sequence variation to pneumococcal meningitis. Host sequence accounted for some variation in susceptibility to and severity of meningitis. The work concludes with a combined analysis of pairs of bacterial and human sequences from meningitis cases, and finds variation correlated between the two.

Enteric fever remains the most common febrile illness in urban Nepal. Some individuals may have recurrent infection and some may even progress to become long term chronic carriers. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the rate and factors leading to relapse with typhoid fever in patients who were enrolled in clinical treatment trials for acute enteric fever. The results show that relapses in enteric fever is a common complication and is more likely to be associated with the treatment antimicrobial, cefixime. Gallbladder carriage of invasive Salmonella is considered fundamental in sustaining enteric fever transmission as humans are the only known natural host. This thesis, therefore, also aimed to investigate the prevalence, characteristics, immunological responses, and mechanism of carriage of invasive Salmonella in the gallbladder by examining bile and tissue obtained from individuals who underwent cholecystectomy in Kathmandu. Data presented here demonstrate that S. Paratyphi A is almost as prevalent as S. Typhi in the gallbladder and that carriage may not be driven by antimicrobial resistance. Gallbladders that contained Salmonella were more likely to show evidence of acute inflammation with extensive neutrophil infiltrate. Chronic carriers were found to have dramatically elevated levels of IgG to O:2 and Vi antigens with high bactericidal activity yet low pro-inflammatory cytokine levels suggesting that Salmonella are stimulating a constant immunological response, in the form of antibody. S. Typhi may be controlling the inflammatory process through the expression of the Vi capsule in the gallbladder. Genome sequencing of S. Typhi isolated from chronic carriers were different from those S. Typhi causing acute disease. These data question the current dogmas surrounding the carriage of S. Typhi in gallbladder and predict a pivotal role of Vi capsule and gallstones in maintaining carriage. Therefore, prospectively identifying these individuals is paramount for rapid local and regional elimination. Furthermore, combining cytokine profiles and antibody levels may be a method of prospectively detecting carriers in the general population.

This work sought to explore, evaluate and then improve the process of development for personal Military Load Carriage Equipment (MLCE), such as rucksacks. It was suspected that current MLCE had a number of user interaction deficiencies which should have been addressed during development. Three research questions were posed to determine: the influences on MLCE development, what needed improvement in MLCE development and how MLCE development could be improved. The work was based on eight studies conducted in three phases: the first to explore MLCE development and the observed deficiencies, the second to evaluate MLCE development, and the third to improve it. The chosen research strategy was henomenological, using a grounded theory methodology within which phenomena could emerge. Grounded theory approaches were adopted for this research because they were the best way in which to access the design domain. The research was framed within cycles of reflective action research to enable the researcher to re-orientate the enquiry to make the best use of the research opportunities that arose from the organisational context in which the research was sited. An initial investigation into the development of in-service equipment was done via a comparative case study, using documentary analysis and interviews with authorities in the field. Through this investigation it became clear that MLCE development was based on heuristics and tacit knowledge of manufacturing techniques, and collaboration between professional groups, including: materials / manufacturing, human systems, project management and military personnel. Deficiencies within MLCE development, determined through the comparative study, were validated against current practice through a further case study and additional evaluations. A comparison of outputs from these studies was then reviewed in a grounded manner to gain a holistic understanding of MLCE development. The interaction and importance of the various influences on MLCE development was then better understood, in particular the inadequate understanding of MLCE user needs, and requirement specification. To refine the possible avenues and target audience for an improvement of MLCE development stakeholder interviews were undertaken to develop a better understanding of how military user needs were gathered and applied. Following the interview survey, a tool was developed to analyse video and audio data of soldiers operating with MLCE on current operations. The tool was then reviewed by a panel of MLCE developers and stakeholders. The panel thought that the tool had a number of benefits to MLCE development: improving understanding of soldier environments, improved quality and reliability of information used in development, and as a conduit for concept evaluation. The research has provided a novel perspective on MLCE development, and provided a number of avenues upon which subsequent research could focus. The research has been able to make original contributions to understanding, albeit in a manner limited by the methodologies used.