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Recent advances in technology permitted the first simultaneous digital recording of intranarial pressure and on-axis acoustic data from bottlenose dolphins during a biosonar target recognition task. Analysis of pressurization events in the intranarial space quantifies and supports earlier work, confirming that intranarial pressure is increased when whistle vocalizations are emitted. The results show complex relationships between various properties of the biosonar click to the intranarial pressure difference at the time it was generated. The intranarial pressure that drives the production of clicks is not the primary determinant of many of the acoustic properties of those clicks. A simple piston-cylinder physical model coupled with a sound production model of clicks produced at the monkey-lips/dorsal bursae complex yields an estimate of mechanical work for individual pressurization events. Individual pressurization events are typically associated with a single click train. Mechanical work for an average pressurization event is estimated at 10 Joules.

The purpose of the thesis is to explore how the legacy firms extend their online business. Should they integrate the online business division with traditional division in order to leverage the established competency, or spin off the online business division and keep it separate from the traditional division in order to get more flexibility and focus? The study tried to find the factors that effect firms to keep the online business separate from established business or urge firms to integrate the online business in-house. These factors can help firms decide whether to keep or spin off the online business division. The main conclusions of this thesis: 1. Check the shock of the online business Explores the idea of "disruptive technology" that clashes with the current culture/business model versus "sustaining technology" that enables further success of the current culture/model. If the internet business is disruptive technology, you should spin it off. 2. If interrelationship between the established business unit and the internet business unit can bring competitive advantage to each other, or the established business unit have the core competency or resource to make the internet business unit competitive, you should take advantage of the synergy by horizontal strategies.

I en pandemi där stora delar av världen tvingades stänga ner, tvingades även detaljhandelsföretag i Sverige tänka om och hitta nya tillvägagångsätt. Samhället uppmanades till att stanna hemma och allmänhetens köpmönster förändrades helt. Tidigare forskning visar att e-handel ökat som effekt av pandemin, däremot saknas forskning på hur e-handelns olika affärsmodeller, clicks och brick-and-clicks, påverkats av covid-19. Studien är en komparativ flerfallstudie med syfte att belysa vilka strategier clicks och brick-and-clicks tillämpat för att möta covid-19 samt om strategierna skilt sig mellan affärsmodellerna. Vidare framhåller denna studie om strategierna varit lämpade för respektive affärsmodell. Resultatet visar att clicks och brick-and-clicks använt olika strategier för att möta pandemin. Vi finner att brick-and-clicks har tillämpat strategier för kostnadsreducering och fått ökad lönsamhet som effekt. Clicks har inte utnyttjat kostnadsreduktioner i samma utsträckning utan haft en avvaktande strategi. Sekundärdata visar att clicks försäljning ökat under pandemin. Däremot visar analys av prognostiseringen att clicks underpresterar gällande lönsamhet. / In a pandemic in which large parts of the world were forced to shut down, retailcompanies in Sweden were also forced to rethink and find new ways to reachcustomers. Society was encouraged to stay at home and the public's buying patternschanged completely. Previous research shows that e-commerce has increased as aneffect of the pandemic, but there lacks research on how e-commerce's variousbusiness models, clicks and brick-and-clicks, have been affected by covid-19.In this comparative multi-case study, the purpose is to investigate which strategiesclicks and brick-and-clicks have applied to counter the covid-19 pandemic andwhether the strategies differed between the business models. Furthermore, this studyillustrates whether the strategies of each business model have been suitable. Theresults shows that clicks and brick-and-clicks used different strategies to meet thepandemic. We find that brick-and-clicks have applied cost reduction strategies andincreased profitability as a . Clicks has not used cost reductions to the same extentbut has had a more cautious strategy. The secondary data shows that clicks salesincreased during the pandemic. On the other hand, the analysis of the forecast showsthat clicks underperform in profitability.

O estudo aqui apresentado teve dois objetivos: a descrição das emissões sonoras de S. fluviatilis e a classificação dos assobios analisados. Durante os meses de agosto e dezembro de 2002, foram gravadas emissões sonoras de indivíduos solitários e grupos de 2 a 10 animais que se aproximavam das praias do Pereirinha (Ilha do Cardoso) e da Ponta da Trincheira (Ilha Comprida) no complexo estuarino-lagunar de Cananéia, São Paulo para se alimentar. Para tal utilizou-se um hidrofone (HTI SSQ 94) acoplado a um gravador profissional analógico (SONY TCM 5000ev). Em cerca de 22h de gravações foram reportados 3.188 assobios (74,5%), 689 seqüências de clicks de ecolocalização (16%) e 406 sons pulsantes explosivos (9,5%), totalizando 4.283 emissões sonoras. Isto significa 0,93 emissões/minuto/indivíduo. Apenas as emissões de clara visualização previamente classificadas e abaixo de 20kHz de freqüência foram analisadas (61%). Os assobios foram classificados de duas formas, primeiramente pela técnica de observação humana e em um segundo momento através da aplicação de análise multivariada. Pelo método de observação humana 1.592 assobios foram classificados qualitativamente em 5 categorias de acordo com a forma física do contorno dado pelo número de pontos de inflexão apresentados. Foram encontrados assobios de 0 a 4 pontos de inflexão. A maior parte (89%) não apresentou pontos de inflexão e os assobios ascendentes foram os mais representativos (87%). Foram descritos apenas 213 (13,3%) assobios com harmônicos. A média de tempo de duração dos 1.592 assobios analisados foi de 0,23s (variação entre 0,04 e 0,64s). Já a variação de freqüência dos assobios encontrados neste trabalho esteve entre 1,01 e 19,98kHz. A média de modulação de freqüência encontrada para os indivíduos gravados em Cananéia foi de 7,22kHz. Foram encontradas variações quando se comparou este trabalho com outros estudos desenvolvidos com S. fluviatilis, mas isso se deve principalmente à utilização de diferentes métodos e equipamentos de gravação e análise de dados. Além disso, diferenças de hábitats, do contexto ecológico e comportamental entre os ecótipos fluvial e marinho devem ser levadas em consideração. Os resultados da análise multivariada aplicada para os 1.592 assobios de S. fluviatilis foram diferentes dos resultados encontrados pela a técnica de observação visual baseada no número de inflexões de cada assobio (análise univariada). A técnica multivariada associa todos os parâmetros acústicos mensurados e, a partir dessas associações, forma os grupos de assobios. Os 4 grupos apresentados pela técnica multivariada mostraram assobios com variados números de pontos de inflexões. São poucos os trabalhos que classificam os assobios de odontocetos de acordo com análise multivariada. A descrição qualitativa e quantitativa de assobios dos golfinhos faz-se necessária para futuras comparações entre populações de diferentes regiões geográficas ao longo da distribuição das espécies. Tais estudos reportam importantes relações ecológicas das populações estudadas e podem contribuir para os esforços de preservação das mesmas. / This study had two objectives: to describe the sound emissions of Sotalia fluviatilis and to classify the analyzed whistles. During August and December, 2002, whistle emissions were recorded from solitary individuals and groups of 2 to 10 individuals that, in order to capture preys, approached Pereirinha (Ilha do Cardoso) and Ponta da Trincheira (Ilha Comprida) beaches in Cananéia estuarine complex, São Paulo. A hydrophone (HTI SSQ 94), connected to a professional analog audio tape recorder (SONY TCM 5000ev) was used to capture the emissions. In 22 hours of acoustic data, 3.188 whistles (74,5%), 689 echolocation click sequences (16%) and 406 burst pulses (9,5%) were reported; totalling 4.283 sound emissions. This represents 0,93 emissions/minute/individual. Only the emissions with clear visualization and up to 20kHz were analyzed (61%). The whistles were classified in two ways: by human observation technique and through the multivariate analysis. Using human observation, 1.592 whistles were quantitatively classified in 5 categories, according to the physical shape of the contour resulting from the number of inflection points presented in the whistle. Whistles with up to 4 inflection points were found. Most of the whistles (89%) did not show inflection points; moreover, there were considerably more whistles with rising frequency. (87%). Only 213 (13,3%) whistles had harmonics. The average duration of the 1.592 whistles was 0,23s (but varied between 0,04 and 0,64s). The frequency modulation of the whistles varied between 1,01 and 19,98 (mean = 7,22kHz). Variations were found when compared to other studies carried out on S. fluviatilis; nevertheless, this occurred due to differences in methodology, recorder equipment and data analysis. Furthermore, varieties of habitats and the ecological and behavioral context between freshwater and marine ecotypes of S. fluviatilis must be considered. The results of the multivariate analysis, applied to the 1.592 whistles, were very different to the results of the human observation technique (univariate method). The multivariate analysis links all measured acoustics; forming whistle groups. Four groups were formed by this method; they showed whistles with varying numbers of inflection points. There are few studies that classify whistles of odontocetes according to multivariate analysis. This kind of study is important to comparisons between different populations. The qualitative and quantitative descriptions of the whistles are necessary for future comparisons among populations from different geographic regions along the species distribuition. This study reported important ecological relationships and can contribute to the efforts of preservation.

Although rapid expansion and development of e-commerce makes many physical stores integrate website as their business strategy, we find new commercial trend is more and more e-retailers now activity operate traditional stores. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship of satisfaction, trust and loyalty in both online and offline channels, testing the effects of convenience of Clicks and Bricks, and we also compare different brand experiences affect on satisfaction, trust and loyalty. This research provides an overview of findings from previous studies in both online and offline environments, presents framework and build the hypothesis. Due to there is no thesis concentrates on satisfaction, trust and loyalty from online to offline, we would like to fill this gap. We do the examinations and comparisons by questionnaire study. Our target group is female who has one of 17 apparel brands experience. Our results have significant findings and offer researchers and practicing managers alike valuable information on how online shopping experiences relate to offline shopping experiences. Moreover, we prove operating physical stores enhances customer attitude in both online and offline channel.

O estudo aqui apresentado teve dois objetivos: a descrição das emissões sonoras de S. fluviatilis e a classificação dos assobios analisados. Durante os meses de agosto e dezembro de 2002, foram gravadas emissões sonoras de indivíduos solitários e grupos de 2 a 10 animais que se aproximavam das praias do Pereirinha (Ilha do Cardoso) e da Ponta da Trincheira (Ilha Comprida) no complexo estuarino-lagunar de Cananéia, São Paulo para se alimentar. Para tal utilizou-se um hidrofone (HTI SSQ 94) acoplado a um gravador profissional analógico (SONY TCM 5000ev). Em cerca de 22h de gravações foram reportados 3.188 assobios (74,5%), 689 seqüências de clicks de ecolocalização (16%) e 406 sons pulsantes explosivos (9,5%), totalizando 4.283 emissões sonoras. Isto significa 0,93 emissões/minuto/indivíduo. Apenas as emissões de clara visualização previamente classificadas e abaixo de 20kHz de freqüência foram analisadas (61%). Os assobios foram classificados de duas formas, primeiramente pela técnica de observação humana e em um segundo momento através da aplicação de análise multivariada. Pelo método de observação humana 1.592 assobios foram classificados qualitativamente em 5 categorias de acordo com a forma física do contorno dado pelo número de pontos de inflexão apresentados. Foram encontrados assobios de 0 a 4 pontos de inflexão. A maior parte (89%) não apresentou pontos de inflexão e os assobios ascendentes foram os mais representativos (87%). Foram descritos apenas 213 (13,3%) assobios com harmônicos. A média de tempo de duração dos 1.592 assobios analisados foi de 0,23s (variação entre 0,04 e 0,64s). Já a variação de freqüência dos assobios encontrados neste trabalho esteve entre 1,01 e 19,98kHz. A média de modulação de freqüência encontrada para os indivíduos gravados em Cananéia foi de 7,22kHz. Foram encontradas variações quando se comparou este trabalho com outros estudos desenvolvidos com S. fluviatilis, mas isso se deve principalmente à utilização de diferentes métodos e equipamentos de gravação e análise de dados. Além disso, diferenças de hábitats, do contexto ecológico e comportamental entre os ecótipos fluvial e marinho devem ser levadas em consideração. Os resultados da análise multivariada aplicada para os 1.592 assobios de S. fluviatilis foram diferentes dos resultados encontrados pela a técnica de observação visual baseada no número de inflexões de cada assobio (análise univariada). A técnica multivariada associa todos os parâmetros acústicos mensurados e, a partir dessas associações, forma os grupos de assobios. Os 4 grupos apresentados pela técnica multivariada mostraram assobios com variados números de pontos de inflexões. São poucos os trabalhos que classificam os assobios de odontocetos de acordo com análise multivariada. A descrição qualitativa e quantitativa de assobios dos golfinhos faz-se necessária para futuras comparações entre populações de diferentes regiões geográficas ao longo da distribuição das espécies. Tais estudos reportam importantes relações ecológicas das populações estudadas e podem contribuir para os esforços de preservação das mesmas. / This study had two objectives: to describe the sound emissions of Sotalia fluviatilis and to classify the analyzed whistles. During August and December, 2002, whistle emissions were recorded from solitary individuals and groups of 2 to 10 individuals that, in order to capture preys, approached Pereirinha (Ilha do Cardoso) and Ponta da Trincheira (Ilha Comprida) beaches in Cananéia estuarine complex, São Paulo. A hydrophone (HTI SSQ 94), connected to a professional analog audio tape recorder (SONY TCM 5000ev) was used to capture the emissions. In 22 hours of acoustic data, 3.188 whistles (74,5%), 689 echolocation click sequences (16%) and 406 burst pulses (9,5%) were reported; totalling 4.283 sound emissions. This represents 0,93 emissions/minute/individual. Only the emissions with clear visualization and up to 20kHz were analyzed (61%). The whistles were classified in two ways: by human observation technique and through the multivariate analysis. Using human observation, 1.592 whistles were quantitatively classified in 5 categories, according to the physical shape of the contour resulting from the number of inflection points presented in the whistle. Whistles with up to 4 inflection points were found. Most of the whistles (89%) did not show inflection points; moreover, there were considerably more whistles with rising frequency. (87%). Only 213 (13,3%) whistles had harmonics. The average duration of the 1.592 whistles was 0,23s (but varied between 0,04 and 0,64s). The frequency modulation of the whistles varied between 1,01 and 19,98 (mean = 7,22kHz). Variations were found when compared to other studies carried out on S. fluviatilis; nevertheless, this occurred due to differences in methodology, recorder equipment and data analysis. Furthermore, varieties of habitats and the ecological and behavioral context between freshwater and marine ecotypes of S. fluviatilis must be considered. The results of the multivariate analysis, applied to the 1.592 whistles, were very different to the results of the human observation technique (univariate method). The multivariate analysis links all measured acoustics; forming whistle groups. Four groups were formed by this method; they showed whistles with varying numbers of inflection points. There are few studies that classify whistles of odontocetes according to multivariate analysis. This kind of study is important to comparisons between different populations. The qualitative and quantitative descriptions of the whistles are necessary for future comparisons among populations from different geographic regions along the species distribuition. This study reported important ecological relationships and can contribute to the efforts of preservation.

The convergence of traditional and electronic commerce practices is being driven by the need for businesses to keep up with the ever increasing competition of online retailing. This thesis aims to examine and analyze the possible benefits that may arise via the use and development of rapidly evolving mobile technology, through analyzing the benefits of each of the forms of commerce during outlined stages of retail process, in order to evaluate to what extend the benefits can be combined. The benefits of each form of commerce were studied by observing existing theories and validated as perceived benefits through consumer surveys and management interviews.The theoretical part of this thesis is based on academic literature in the subject of Traditional commerce, Electronic commerce and Mobile commerce. The empirical studies were conducted as both qualitative and quantitative research, with a consumer survey conducted with 350 students, as well as two interviews with managers of retail stores in Västerås, Sweden.Results of the analysis shows that Mobile commerce has a role to play in better combining the benefits of traditional and electronic commerce and results in a combined figure implementing the findings into a working model, which we have dubbed ‘the four I’s of commerce’. The results are aimed at aiding retail managers in determining whether or not to implement a revised business model including the aspect of mobile commerce.

This study aimed to explore the model of building new brand image by integrating case study method, internal manager interview, and external dealer interview. The main objectives of this study are: (1) Probing into the progress and the development stages of SARAI, (2) Exploring the manner of SARAI on using traditional marketing, internet marketing, and community marketing to build brand image, (3) Exploring how SARAI to use ¡¥clicks and mortar¡¦ to build brand image, (4) Making suggestion about the brand image building model of SARAI. This study finds that the advantage of cost and quality is the major drive of the progress of SARAI. Secondly, the way that SARAI using owner as brand endorser, makes benefits of higher customer trust, more brand topics, lower endorsement risk, and higher cost/value effect. Hence, the endorsement model of SARAI becomes the main source and core concept of the brand image building tools about traditional marketing, internet marketing, and community marketing. Thirdly, propaganda artifact, lecture, dealer/store clerk education are the main tools which could make direct influence to the brand image SARAI. Resulting from the sort time period of on-line date, internet and community marketing tools could not make great contribution to brand image yet. Finally, as a result of the strategic and operational consideration and trade-off, building brand image is the main facet of the ¡¥clicks and mortar¡¦ of SARAI. Suggestions are discussed in accordance with findings.

Les grands dauphins sont des cétacés sociaux qui se servent principalement du canal acoustique pour communiquer sur de longues distances ou dans des habitats dont la visibilité est limitée. Il y a un manque général d’information concernant l’utilisation de cettecommunication acoustique au sein de son groupe social. Cependant, la production vocale des grands dauphins comprend des sifflements, des clics et des sons pulsés en rafale, avec certains sifflements appelés « signatures sifflées » qui pourraient être utilisés pour s’adresser les uns aux autres. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons développé un système facilement déployable qui identifie l'animal produisant le son et permet des observations comportementales sous-marines simultanées. Nous avons testé cette méthodologie avec des grands dauphins en liberté et en captivité. La présente thèse de doctorat vise à mieux comprendre la communication des grands dauphins au sein de leur groupe social. D'abord, j'ai développé deux études visant à décrire comment l'activité vocale des dauphins captifs varie en relation avec le comportement et l'interaction avec les humains. Deuxièmement, je présente la conception et la mise en oeuvre d'une méthodologie innovante (système BaBeL) qui permet la localisation du dauphin vocalisant dans un environnement tridimensionnel, et qui peut être utilisé en captivité et avec des dauphins en liberté. Enfin, je présente deux applications de cette méthodologie de localisation pour aborder des questions de recherche concernant le comportement exploratoire d'une jeune dauphin et l'utilisation de vocalisations pour des mouvements coordonnés chez les grands dauphins. / Bottlenose dolphins are highly social cetaceans that strongly rely on acoustic communication and signaling. The diversity of sounds emitted by the species has been structurally classified in whistles, clicks and burst-pulsed sounds, with some whistles called « signature whistles » that are used as cohesion calls. During this thesis, we developed an easily deployable system that identifies the animal producing sound and allows simultaneous underwater behavioral observations. We tested this methodology with bottlenose dolphins infreedom and in captivity. The present doctoral thesis aims to better understand the communication of bottlenose dolphins within their social group. First, I developed two studies to describe how the signature and non-signature whistle rate of captive dolphins varies in relation to behavior and interaction with humans. Secondly, I present the design and implementation of an innovative methodology (BaBeL system) that allows the localization of vocalizing dolphins in a three-dimensional environment, and which can be used in captivity and with free-range dolphins. Finally, I present two applications of this location methodology to address research questions regarding the exploratory behavior of a young dolphin and the use of vocalizations for coordinated movements in bottlenose dolphins.