京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18846号 / 理博第4104号 / 新制||理||1590(附属図書館) / 31797 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 幸島 司郎, 教授 伊谷 原一, 教授 村山 美穂 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第19853号 / 情博第604号 / 新制||情||105(附属図書館) / 32889 / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科社会情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 守屋 和幸, 教授 大手 信人, 教授 荒井 修亮 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第24298号 / 農博第2527号 / 新制||農||1095(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R4||N5421(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 三田村 啓理, 教授 益田 玲爾, 准教授 市川 光太郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Inledning: På senare tid har mer uppmärksamhet dragits till fördelarna med fysiska butiker, speciellt nu med en ökad konkurrens på nätet. Det har lett till att företag har gått från att enbart bedriva e-handel till att även komplettera med att etablera fysisk butik; clicks to bricks. När företag förändrar sin strategi måste de också anpassa sin ekonomistyrning.   Syfte: Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap genom att hitta mönster i hur ekonomistyrningen förändrats i samband med etableringen av fysiska butiker hos företag som startat som e-handelsföretag.   Metod: Två företag som genomfört förändringen clicks to bricks har legat till grund för denna studie. För att bringa klarhet i vår frågeställning har semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med respektive företag.   Slutsats: Företag som har genomgått clicks to bricks har upplevt både interna och externa förändringar som resulterat i ett ökat behov av formella styrmedel, där budget och kortsiktig planering har varit extra framträdande. MCS har blivit mer öppet för att snabbt kunna hantera förändringar som sker. Somliga verktyg i ekonomistyrningen, såsom företagskultur, har inte av vad som framkommit i denna studie förändrats efter etableringen av fysisk butik. I andra verktyg har det tillkommit moment; bland annat kräver fysisk butik andra mätsystem samt används verktyg i ekonomistyrningen i andra syften än tidigare.   Nyckelord: clicks to bricks, ekonomistyrning, situationsanpassning, MCS-paket / Introduction: Lately, more attention has been drawn to the benefits of physical stores, particularly now with an increased competition on the web. This has led companies to go from only selling online to also complement the e-commerce by establishing physical stores; clicks to bricks. When companies change their strategy, they also have to adapt their MCS. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to contribute knowledge by finding patterns in how the MCS has changed companies going from clicks to bricks. Methodology: Two companies that’ve gone from clicks to bricks have been the basis for this study. To clarify our issue, semi-structured interviews were conducted with each company. Conclusion: Companies that’ve gone from clicks to bricks have experienced both internal and external changes that resulted in an increased need for formal controls, where budget and short-term planning have been particularly prominent. The MCS has been more open to be able to quickly handle sudden changes as they occur. Some controls in the MCS, such as the business culture, hasn’t from this study's findings been affected. In other controls elements have been added; physical stores' requires other measurements, among others. Also some MCS controls are now used for other purposes than before clicks to bricks.   Key words: clicks to bricks, management control systems, contingency, MCS as a package

In the field of consumer goods the ecommerce industry has been growing rapidly. This rapid growth has created significant pressure on traditional retailers forcing them to institute change or risk being removed from the market. The primary objective of this study was to examine the shopping behavior of Umeå inhabitants in the Retail vs. Online Channels of the clothing sector. The goal was to identify key decision factors that cause consumers to choose a specific purchasing channel and use this information to create and test a conceptual model. The model focused on five decision factors including: (1) Loyalty (online, retail), (2) Physical Product, (3) Price, (4) Promotion, and (5) Convenience. We were also were interested in whether IT affinity (level of Internet browsing experience) had a direct relationship to the decision factors. To satisfy our research objective a deductive quantitative method was chosen. Information was tested in the form of a self-completion survey using a sample taken from 113 Umeå, Sweden residents between the ages of 18-29. This age group was specifically chosen, as almost 90% made purchases within a 4-month period (HUI, 2012 p.6). In the final analysis we concluded that all five decision factors in the Online Channel correlated whether positively or negatively, i.e., in some manner affected the final purchasing decision. The decision factors Loyalty Online, Promotion, and Physical Product were the strongest factors influencing the decision to purchase online. Price and IT Affinity correlated with Convenience, which in turn, correlated with Promotion, a decision factor contributing to online purchasing. Physical Product negatively correlated. Regarding the Retail Channel, the Physical Product was the strongest and only significant decision factor correlating positively to retail purchasing. With this understanding we conclude to a certain extent that consumers with a strong desire to try a physical product need other motivational factors to change channels toward online purchasing. Research on a larger scale would provide additional insight in this rapidly growing and interesting market.

På senare tid har en ny trend inom multikanalförsäljning uppmärksammats, där renodlade e-handlare inser vikten av att finnas tillgängliga för kunden i flera försäljningskanaler och därför adderar en fysisk butik som försäljningskanal. Den nya trenden benämns i studien för Clicks to Bricks. När flera försäljningskanaler opererar under samma varumärke kan svårigheter uppstå i att förmedla en enhetlig bild av varumärket, vilket lyfts fram i befintlig litteratur kring multikanalförsäljning. Det finns dock inga tidigare studier som undersöker utmaningar i att förmedla en enhetlig bild av varumärket specifikt för företag som går från Clicks to Bricks. Baserat på att Clicks to Bricks är ett relativt nytt fenomen som växt fram är forskningen inom området bristfällig och ytterligare studier krävs därför för att ge en ökad förståelse för fenomenet. / Background: Recently, a new trend in multichannel retailing has been growing where pure eretailersare realizing the importance of being available to the customer in several sales channelsand therefore adds a physical store to its existing e-commerce. The new trend is further referredto as Clicks to Bricks. When multiple sales channels operate under the same brand difficultiesmay arise in conveying a consistent image of the brand, which is highlighted in the existingliterature on multi-channel retailing. However, there are no previous studies that examinechallenges in conveying a consistent image of the brand specifically for companies going fromClicks to Bricks. Based on the fact that Clicks to Bricks is a relatively new phenomenon thearea is fairly unexplored in the academic world, which means that further studies are needed toprovide a greater understanding of the phenomenon. Purpose: The study aims to provide a greater understanding of the phenomenon Clicks toBricks, by examining the reasons for pure e-tailers to add a physical store as a sales channel andhow they work to convey a consistent brand image. Completion: The study has the design of a multiple case study and has been conducted with aqualitative approach. The study's empirical data is collected from interviews with people onnine different companies that have gone from Clicks to Bricks. Conclusion: This study observes the fact that companies going from Clicks to Bricks haverecognized the importance of communicating a consistent brand across their sales channels.Companies have, however, started its work towards communicating a consistent image of thebrand at a late stage in the establishment process. The study identifies opportunities forimprovement in terms of conveying a consistent brand when it comes to companies going fromClicks to Bricks.

Bakgrund: Sedan internet uppfanns 1990 har samhället digitaliserats. I modern tid innebär det att människor kan göra nästan allt med hjälp av en smartphone eller dator, bland annat handla konsumentprodukter via en e-handel. De senaste åren har e-handeln i Sverige ökat och allt fler företag har implementerat e-handel som komplement till sina fysiska butiker. Vid en implementering av e-handel är det många faktorer som påverkas och förändras i företag. Studien kommer därför undersöka hur företag upplever förändringarna som sker på ett marknadsmässigt, organisatoriskt och ett logistiskt plan. Syfte: Studien syftar till att undersöka och förklara vilka förändringar företag upplever vid skiftet att gå från “Bricks” till “Bricks and Clicks” på olika plan; marknadsmässigt, organisatoriskt och logistiskt. Studien syftar även till att studera vad förändringarna kan leda till i form av möjligheter och utmaningar för företag och om förändringarna är gynnsamma i förhållande till hur de upplever att framtiden för e-handeln och fysiska butiker ser ut. Genomförande: Studien är en tentativ flerfallsstudie med kvalitativ karaktär. Empiri har samlats in från sju detaljhandelsbolag som upplevt övergången från “Bricks” till “Bricks and Clicks” och som valts ut genom en målinriktad urvalsprocess. Slutsats: Studien resulterar i att företag inom detaljhandeln som går från “Bricks” till “Bricks and Clicks” upplever flertalet förändringar på ett marknadsmässigt, organisatoriskt respektive logistiskt plan. Förändringarna har i sin tur gett upphov till möjligheter och utmaningar beroende på företagets förutsättningar där faktorer som storlek och resurser har en inverkan. En majoritet av förändringarna skulle gynna företaget inför framtiden om de scenarion som presenteras i den teoretiska referensramen och empirikapitlet blir verklighet. / Background: Ever since the internet was invented in 1990, society has been digitized. In modern days, people can do almost anything using a smartphone or a computer, including shopping for consumer products via e-commerce. In recent years, e-commerce in Sweden has increased and many retail companies have implemented e-commerce as a complement to their physical stores. When implementing e-commerce, there are many factors that are affected and changed in companies. This study will therefore provide an understanding on how companies experience the changes that occur on a market, organizational and logistic basis. Purpose: The study aims to explain what changes retail companies experience when transitioning from “Bricks” to “Bricks and Clicks” within different areas; market, organization and logistics. The purpose is also to understand what opportunities and challenges these changes might result in. Further, the aim is to study if the perceived changes will benefit the companies in the future. Completion: The study is a tentative, multiple case study characterized by a qualitative approach. The empirical data has been collected from seven retail companies that have experienced the transition from “Bricks” to “Bricks and Clicks” and have been selected through a target-oriented selection process. Conclusion: The study results in several perceived changes within the areas market, organization and logistics for retail companies that transfer from “Bricks” to “Bricks and Clicks”. The changes has led to opportunities and challenges depending on the preconditions of the companies where factors such as size and resources can affect the outcome. A majority of the changes would benefit the company in the presented future scenarios.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: According to Wheatley (1999:157) in the history of human thought, a new way of understanding often appears simultaneously in widely separated places and in different disciplines, these concepts are called our zeitgeist - a way of thinking that characterizes a generation or time period. Wheatley (1999:158) believes that once again we are living in a time when the same concepts are appearing in many places and disciplines. The interest in undertaking this research stems from two current trends. Firstly, that the methodology of project management is increasingly sought by organizations facing an ever changing environment. Secondly, organizations that adopt project management apparently lack the necessary foresight and tools to optimize its human capital in that field. Stayner (1998:5) quoted Wheatley saying: "The problem is, we see something that works, like project-based work, and we want to replicate it. But we don't understand why it works. We think because it's in projects; but really, it works because people are engaged in new, exciting, creative work within their organization on a team that shares values and trust." The writer believes that in today's knowledge economy it is more evident than ever that in order to survive an organization needs to get the people processes right. The Newtonian age called for optimization through machines. The information age calls for a new, systematic approach for the optimization of knowledge workers. Organizations look hopefully to nature to teach us how to do what living systems accomplish with such skill - learn, adapt and change. Organization's interest prompted by the relentless need for organizations to grow and re-from at intervals so short that change has become a continuous demand. Hopefully organizations are coming to the realization that the science of the seventeenth century cannot explain what they are challenged with in the twenty-first century. This study is interested in investigating organizations holistically and its underlying philosophy is to develop a systematic approach to the performance management of project managers based on the principles of the new sciences integrated with current performance management practices in use. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wheatley (1999:157) glo dat daar in die geskiedenis van die gedagtegang van die mens gevind word dat 'n nuwe manier van begrip gelyktydig tot stand kom in wyd verspreide areas en verskillende dissiplines. Hierdie 'gelyktydige gewaarwording' word genoem die zeitgeit van 'n tydperk - 'n manier van dink waarvolgens 'n geslag of periode in die geskiedenis gekenmerk word. Wheatley (1999:158) is oortuig dat die mens weereens in 'n tydperk leef waar dieselfde konsepte besig is om hulle verskyning te maak oor wydverspreide plekke en verskillende dissiplines. Die belangstelling om die navorsing te onderneem spruit voort uit twee huidige neigings. Eerstens, die feit dat die dissipline van projekbestuur meer gesog word by ondernemings wat moet tred hou met 'n voortdurende veranderende omgewing. Tweedens, organisasies wat projekbestuur toepas maar waarby die visie en infrastruktuur ontbreek om die potensiaal van hulle werksmag in hierdie veld te ontgun en verder te optimaliseer. Stayner (1998:5) haal Wheatley aan: "Die probleem is, ons sien iets wat werk, soos projek gebasseerde week, ons wil dit dupliseer, maar ons verstaan nie hoekom dit werk nie. Ons dink omdat dit 'n projek is werk dit, maar eintlik werk dit omdat mense betrokke is in nuwe opwindende, kreatiewe werk binne hul organisasie, in 'n span met dieselfde waardes en onderlinge vertroue." Die skrywer glo dat in die huidige ekonomie, waar kennis gesien word as 'n belangrike produksiefaktor, is dit meer noodsaaklik as ooit tevore dat ten einde te oorleef moet organisasies hulle mensebestuur prosesse regkry. Die Newtonian era het geglo in optimisering deur masjiene. Die informasie era het 'n nuwe, sistematiese benadering nodig waarvolgens die kennis van werkers optimaal benut kan word. Organisasies kyk hoopvol na die natuur om vas te stel hoe lewende sisteme met soveel vaardigheid kan leer, aanpas en verander om te bly voortbestaan. Organisasies se belangstelling in hierdie verskynsel word aangehelp deur die noodsaaklikheid om vinnig te groei en te verander, met pouses so kort dat verandering 'n voortdurende aanvraag is. Organisasies is hopelik besig om te besef dat die wetenskap ontdekkings van die sewentiende eeu nie die antwoord sal bied op die uitdagings van die een-en-twintigste eeu nie. Hierdie studie is geinteresseerd in die ondersoek van die organisasie as 'n geheel. Die onderliggende filosofie is om 'n sistematiese benadering vir die werkverrigting bestuur van projekbestuurders te ontwikkel gebasseer op die beginsels van die nuwe ontdekkings in wetenskap geintegreer met die hedendaagse gebruike in die praktyk.

Social media has a large impact on our society. News articles are often accessed and shared through different social media sites . In fact, today the most common way to enter a website is from social medias. However, due to technical restrictions in what information these sites make public, it is often not possible to access click information from social medias. This complicates the analysis of popularity dynamics of news articles, for example. In this thesis, we work around that problem. By using an URL shortener service API, we can extract information about the clicks from the API. We will only look at content that is shared on Twitter because they have the friendliest view on sharing data for research purposes. To test this methodology we are doing a small prestudy in which we look at how biased news articles are shared on Twitter compared to more objective content. There are three parts in investigating the biased content. The first part is to extract Bitly links from Twitter. The second part is to examine the links and decide if it is a news article. Finally, we determine if the news article is biased. For this third step, we use two different approaches. First, we build a computational linguistics tool called a Naive Bayes classifier from already classified training data. Second, we classify different articles as articles with biased content or not, where an article is considered biased if the domain it resides on has a high content of biased articles. Our analysis of a sample data set that we have collected over a week showed that biased content is clicked for a longer period of time compared to non-biased content.

A market survey conducted on students currently studying at different universities in Sweden showed that a majority of students either were in need or previously had been in need of a platform where solely students can buy and sell everyday services to each other. Furthermore, the survey showed that a majority of the students in question found it very important that a web application is easily navigated and that they can find what they are looking for with as few clicks as possible. The purpose of this study was to examine how different aspects of a web application intended for students in Sweden affects navigability in terms of the number of clicks needed to perform various tasks on said web application. This was done by iteratively developing and assessing a website based on research within the area, navigability measures as well as qualitative and quantitative feedback from user testing. The results suggest that a higher degree of navigability was obtained when the structure of the web application was made broader through more direct links to and from different nodes. It also seems to be of importance that users were certain of where a click of a button would take them in the overall structure, through effective labeling and placement.