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The purpose of this study was to determine the relative effectiveness of the reinforcement and punishment techniques in the natural environment, and the effect of their use upon the social interaction between parent and child. It was hypothesized that punishment would be more effective than reward in controlling oppositional behavior, but that reinforcement would be more effective in increasing child-initiated interaction with the parents.

This investigation was concerned with the goals parents set for their children, the child-rearing methods parents use to instill their goals in the child, and the behavioral and personality characteristics of the child. To measure these dimensions, participation was solicited from parents who had children enrolled in the North Texas State University Laboratory School.

This event is part of an ongoing conversation series in which women's issues and concerns are addressed in regards to religion and the church. In this conversation, both male and female parents discussed their faith and handing on this Catholic faith to their children. They discussed their desire to share the Catholic traditions that model inclusiveness and justice with their children. / Panelists: Jane Regan, Associate Professor, Boston College Institute of Religious Education and Pastoral Ministry; Karen Kennedy, Director, Boston College Urban Catholic Teaching Corps; Daniel P. Leahy, Co-Director, Office of Service and Spirituality, Boston College Alumni Association / Heights Room, Corcoran Commons

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-01

The present study used a discounting task to evaluate how hypothetical treatment outcomes were discounter across successively greater probability values. Two discounting questionnaires were administered to thirty parents, half of which had a child with a disability. Delayed discounting of monetary rewards was assessed in relationship with probability discounting of hypothetical treatment outcomes. The questions on the probability discounting questionnaire consisted of asking participants to choose between a guaranteed percentage of symptom elimination or descending probability to eliminate all of their child’s symptoms. For example, “Which treatment outcome would you prefer for your child? (a) guaranteed elimination of 50% of symptoms or 30% chance to eliminate all symptoms.” Results showed a difference in the levels of discounting across the two groups of participants. Parents of children with disabilities discounted hypothetical monetary rewards more steeply while discounting hypothetical treatment outcomes less steeply compared to parents of children without disabilities. Exponential delay functions provided a strong fit for the monetary delayed function.

Estimates of the incidence of child abuse range from 200,000 to 500,000 (Light, 1973) to over one million children each year (O'Brien, 1980). Child abuse is a leading cause of childhood death and injury (Starr, 1979). Demographic studies (e.g., Steele & Pollock, 1968) suggest that parents who abuse their children were often abused or neglected themselves. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that many of the present victims of abuse will become abusing parents in the future unless the cycle is broken. The need for effective interventions to reduce this pervasive social problem is obvious.

Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Background: Cancer is the most common cause of death among children in Sweden. The disease and the treatment cause suffering among the children, which also affects their parents. Research has shown that parents of children with cancer have poorer health. It is the nurse’s responsebility to help, not only the child, but also the parents in their difficult situation. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe parents’ experience of living with a child diagnosed with cancer. Method: The method in this study was a literature study, where four autobiographies were analysed. The text was analysed according to qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis of the autobiographies revealed four categories in which parents’ experiences and feelings were described. The four categories were: Experiences and adaptation of grief; Experiences of insecurity; Experiences of powerlessness; Experiences of hope. Conclusion: The study showed that parents wanted to be able to be at home together with the sick child. To make this possible, the parents needed support by home care. The parents also suffered of the powerlessness they felt when they couldn't help their child. To make the parents more involved, it is important that the nurse encourage the parents to participate. Finally, the parents described the importance of feeling joy and hope. This study provides information about how parents experience living with a child who has cancer. This information gives the nurse opportunity to adjust the care and also to support and help the parents.