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Sustainable design - a study on sustainable design and its incentives and barriers The purpose of this study was to investigate the incentives and barriers existing within companies focusing on eco-design. The aim was also to examine the consumers’ thoughts on eco-design and sustainable products. A further aim was to try to concretize important lessons for future work on sustainable production and consumption. Two methods were used for completing this study; a literature study and a practical study consisting of interviews with companies focusing on eco-design and a survey among students. The result shows that durable goods over the last decades have had a varied revenue growth, showing an increasing trend over recent years. The result also shows a slightly increasing trend on sustainable consumption and production. The main incentives presented in the result were based on some form of recognition of the unsustainable attitude in our society. Among existing barriers the most prominent was associated to economic issues, ignorance and material problems. The result of the survey showed that consumers ranked factors related to eco-design among those who are least considered. For the work towards a sustainable future, people with a similar attitude as the ones involved in the interviewed companies are of great importance. There also seems to be a need for altered market conditions, but this would require a dramatic behavioral change.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Com o aumento do consumo de eletroeletrÃnicos no Brasil o paÃs encontra-se atualmente entre os onze paÃses em desenvolvimento que mais produz resÃduos eletroeletrÃnicos, cerca de 2,6 quilos ao ano por habitante, e a maior parte desses resÃduos provÃm de computadores pessoais. A naÃÃo vai enfrentar graves problemas ambientais e de saÃde se nÃo melhorar a coleta e reciclagem desse material. Diante desse cenÃrio, este trabalho teve como objetivo geral analisar de que forma as empresas de resÃduos eletroeletrÃnicos e a indÃstria produtiva de eletroeletrÃnico tÃm atuado na cadeia e na logÃstica reversa desses resÃduos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de natureza exploratÃria e descritiva por meio de um estudo de caso mÃltiplo. Quanto aos meios trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliogrÃfica, documental e de campo. As fontes primÃrias deste estudo provÃm de entrevistas semi estruturadas junto a trÃs empresas certificadas de resÃduos eletroeletrÃnicos, de trÃs diferentes estados do paÃs a fim de identificar a logÃstica reversa dos resÃduos eletroeletrÃnicos e analisar o setor destes resÃduos â a Ecoletas Ambiental de Fortaleza/CearÃ, a PARCS Lixo EletrÃnico de Curitiba/PR e a CIVAP â ConsÃrcio Intermunicipal do Vale do Paranapanema de Assis/SP, alÃm de aplicaÃÃo de survey em 252 empresas do setor de eletroeletrÃnico cadastradas na ABINEE â AssociaÃÃo Brasileira da IndÃstria ElÃtrica e EletrÃnica fechando dessa forma a cadeia produtiva de eletroeletrÃnicos. A anÃlise dos dados fez uso de anÃlise de conteÃdo no caso das entrevistas semi-estruturadas e para os dados obtidos nos questionÃrios aplicados utilizou-se a tÃcnica de estatÃstica descritiva. Concluiu-se que o setor de resÃduos eletroeletrÃnicos possui muitos desafios a serem superados, o maior deles à a falta de matÃria prima â resultado que estimulou a extensÃo da pesquisa - alÃm da informalidade, a ausÃncia de fiscalizaÃÃo, o alto custo da logÃstica reversa, o baixo nÃmero de empresas recicladoras, a necessidade de maiores campanhas de educaÃÃo ambiental aliadas a fiscalizaÃÃo e incentivos fiscais que estimulariam o crescimento e fortalecimento deste setor e a parceria com o setor produtivo. Embora a cadeia de suprimento do setor produtivo de eletroeletrÃnico possua caracterÃsticas verdes e a parceria tenha sido evidenciada entre este setor e o de resÃduos, a mesma à tÃmida e necessita ser estimulada a fim de ampliar a oferta de matÃria prima para o setor de resÃduos eletroeletrÃnico fortalecendo aÃÃes de reduÃÃo desses resÃduos a nÃvel nacional. / Con el aumento del consumo de la electrÃnica en Brasil, el paÃs se encuentra actualmente entre los once paÃses en desarrollo que producen mÃs residuos electrÃnicos, alrededor de 2,6 kilos per cÃpita al aÃo, y la mayor parte de estos residuos proviene de los ordenadores personales. La naciÃn se enfrentarà a serios problemas ambientales y de salud si no mejora la recogida y el reciclaje. Ante este escenario, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar cÃmo las empresas de los residuos electrÃnicos y la industria de fabricaciÃn de produtos electrÃnicos han participado en la cadena y en la logÃstica inversa de dichos residuos. Se trata de una investigaciÃn cualitativa, de tipo exploratorio y descriptivo, a travÃs de un estudio de caso mÃltiple. En cuanto a los medios es una literatura, documental y de campo. Las fuentes principales de este estudio provienen de entrevistas semi-estructuradas con tres empresas certificadas de residuos electrÃnicos en tres diferentes estados del paÃs con el fin de identificar la logÃstica inversa de estos residuos electrÃnicos y analizar el sector de residuos - la Ecoletas Ambiental de Fortaleza/CearÃ, la PARCS Lixo EletrÃnico de Curitiba/PR y la CIVAP â ConsÃrcio Intermunicipal do Vale do Paranapanema de Assis/SP. TambiÃn se aplicà un cuestionarios en 252 empresas de la electrÃnica registradas en ABINEE â AsociaciÃn BrasileÃa de la Industria ElÃctrica y ElectrÃnica cerrando asà la cadena de producciÃn de la electrÃnica. El anÃlisis de los datos hizo uso del anÃlisis de contenido en el caso de las entrevistas semi-estructuradas y en los datos obtenidos en los cuestionarios utilizados la tÃcnica de la estadÃstica descriptiva. Se concluyà que la industria de los residuos electrÃnicos tiene muchos retos que superar, la mÃs grande es la falta de materia prima - un resultado que llevà a la extensiÃn de la investigaciÃn - tambien la informalidad, la falta de supervisiÃn, el alto costo de la logÃstica inversa, el reducido nÃmero de empresas de reciclaje, la necesidad de realizar mÃs campaÃas de educaciÃn ambiental junto con la supervisiÃn y los incentivos que estimulan el crecimiento y fortalecimiento de este sector y la colaboraciÃn con el sector productivo. Aunque la cadena de suministro del sector de la producciÃn electrÃnica tiene caracterÃsticas ecolÃgicas y la asociaciÃn ha sido demostrada entre este sector y los residuos, es tÃmida y necesita ser estimulado con el fin de aumentar el suministro de materias primas para la industria de la de residuos electrÃnica y fortalecer las acciones de reducciÃn de estos residuos a nivel nacional.

This work dela with basic principles of eco-design including its valuation

This thesis reports on the research undertaken to investigate the reduction of the environmental impacts of plastic packaging through the effective selection and application of biopolymers during the pack design process. The principle objective of this research is to develop an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of biopolymers as a packaging material and to develop a framework which enables biopolymers to be considered at each stage of the pack design process to enable their effective and appropriate selection and use.

Tese de Mestrado. Design Industrial. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2011

Tese de mestrado. Design Industrial. Universidade do Porto. Faculdade de Engenharia. 2011

<p>This thesis presents guidelines for how eco-design methods can be adapted to facilitate the introduction of ecologically responsible manufacturing in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Indian electronics industry. It also investigates the major opportunities and obstacles for eco-design to become a natural part of product design. This is urgent both from environmental and economic perspectives since the SMEs pollute a lot in proportion to their share of the total industrial production, and at the same time they are vulnerable for the increasing environmental demands on product design. The European Union recently introduced their directive on the Restriction of the Use of certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (RoHS) which bans certain hazardous chemicals in electric and electronic device. For many producers that supply to the European market this was a wake up clock to start thinking about environmental aspects related to production.</p><p>The study was carried out as an interview and questionnaire study at three SMEs in the electronics industry. Additional interviews were held with informants in different organisations. It was concluded that for SMEs in the Indian electronics industry qualitative and semi-quantitative eco-design methods should be chosen before quantitative methods. Eco-design methods should resemble traditional methods that are already used in the companies. For the product developers to be able to work with eco-design more education and other solutions are needed to raise the environmental knowledge. Support and commitment from top management is also imperative. Methods should be developed to encourage the establishment of multi functional teams and early integration of environmental aspects in design projects.</p><p>The external demands on environmentally responsible manufacturing are expected to increase in the future. This will most likely have a positive influence on the environmental awareness in the industry, just as the RoHS directive has had. However, there are still economic and technical barriers that need to be bridged for SMEs in India to be able to work with eco-design. More cooperation and communication between academics, policy makers and the industry is needed to make it happen.</p>

This thesis presents guidelines for how eco-design methods can be adapted to facilitate the introduction of ecologically responsible manufacturing in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Indian electronics industry. It also investigates the major opportunities and obstacles for eco-design to become a natural part of product design. This is urgent both from environmental and economic perspectives since the SMEs pollute a lot in proportion to their share of the total industrial production, and at the same time they are vulnerable for the increasing environmental demands on product design. The European Union recently introduced their directive on the Restriction of the Use of certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (RoHS) which bans certain hazardous chemicals in electric and electronic device. For many producers that supply to the European market this was a wake up clock to start thinking about environmental aspects related to production. The study was carried out as an interview and questionnaire study at three SMEs in the electronics industry. Additional interviews were held with informants in different organisations. It was concluded that for SMEs in the Indian electronics industry qualitative and semi-quantitative eco-design methods should be chosen before quantitative methods. Eco-design methods should resemble traditional methods that are already used in the companies. For the product developers to be able to work with eco-design more education and other solutions are needed to raise the environmental knowledge. Support and commitment from top management is also imperative. Methods should be developed to encourage the establishment of multi functional teams and early integration of environmental aspects in design projects. The external demands on environmentally responsible manufacturing are expected to increase in the future. This will most likely have a positive influence on the environmental awareness in the industry, just as the RoHS directive has had. However, there are still economic and technical barriers that need to be bridged for SMEs in India to be able to work with eco-design. More cooperation and communication between academics, policy makers and the industry is needed to make it happen.

Esta dissertação demonstra a possibilidade de aplicação dos princípios ecológicos no design de jóias com o objetivo de contribuir para a sistematização do conhecimento sobre o ecodesign de jóias. Num primeiro momento, a fundamentação teórica foi realizada por meio de pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, apoiada pela revisão e discussão da literatura técnica e científica sobre jóia, design de jóias e ecodesign de produtos. Essa etapa forneceu os subsídios para o desenvolvimento das jóias ecológicas realizadas pelo autor entre 2007 e 2009 e constituintes dos três casos estudados. A revisão da literatura, contraposta à experiência do autor como designer de jóias, possibilitou a construção do instrumento de análise ecológica de produtos joalheiros. Após a descrição dos casos, passou-se a analisá-los sob a ótica do conhecimento teórico sobre o ecodesign de jóias, através da aplicação do instrumento de análise construído, a fim de verificar a pontuação ecológica e os limites e vantagens ambientais constatados no desenvolvimento dos produtos, bem como os níveis de eficácia, eficiência e ecoeficiência das jóias, comprovando a possibilidade real do ecodesign de jóias. Como resultados, a pesquisa obteve: três conjuntos diferentes de jóias ecológicas, realizados com metais advindos de reciclagem e de resíduos sólidos industriais; uma proposta de conceito de jóia na sociedade contemporânea; a análise do ciclo de vida específico do produto joalheiro e a sistematização do design de jóias em relação ao perfil do profissional, às especificidades do projeto, aos meios de produção e aos impactos ambientais envolvidos. A pesquisa indicou caminhos possíveis para o desenvolvimento de jóias ecológicas, especificando os critérios e requisitos que o projeto de produto joalheiro ecologicamente correto deve satisfazer. / This dissertation demonstrates the possibility of application of ecological principles on the jewelry design of with the aim to contribute to knowledge systematization about jewelry eco-design. Initially, the theoretical foundation came from exploratory and descriptive research, supported by review and discussion of technical and scientific literature on jewelry, jewelry design and product eco-design. This step provided subsidies for the development of ecological jewels made by the author between 2007 and 2009, constituting the three cases studied. A review of the literature, as opposed to the author experience on jewelry design, drove the construction of the instrument to ecological analysis on jewelry products. After a description of the cases, they were analysed from the perspective of theoretical knowledge on eco-design jewelry, by applying the analysis tool built in order to check the score and the ecological limits and environmental benefits observed in the development products, beyond the level of effectiveness, efficiency and ecoefficiency of jewelry, proving the real possibility of jewelry eco-design. As a result, the research found three different sets of ecological jewels, processed with recycled metal and industrial solid waste; a proposed concept of jewelry in contemporary society; the analysis of specific life cycle of jewelry product and systematic knowledge about jewelry design in relation to the professional profile, the design specificities, the means of production and environmental impacts involved. Research has indicated possible ways to develop ecological jewels, specifying the criteria and requirements that the jewelry product eco-friendly design must meet.