Recurrence rate is often used to describe volcanic activity. There are numerous documented ex- amples of non-constant recurrence rate (e.g. Dohrenwend et al., 1984; Condit and Connor, 1996; Cronin et al., 2001; Bebbington and Cronin, 2011; Bevilacqua, 2015), but current techniques for calculating recurrence rate are unable to fully account for temporal changes in recurrence rate. A local–window recurrence rate model, which allows for non-constant recurrence rate, is used to calculate recurrence rate from an age model consisting of estimated ages of volcanic eruption from a Monte Carlo simulation. The Monte Carlo age assignment algorithm utilizes paleomagnetic and stratigraphic information to mask invalid ages from the radiometric date, represented as a Gaussian probability density function. To verify the age assignment algorithm, data from Heizler et al. (1999) for Lathrop Wells is modeled and compared. Synthetic data were compared with expected results and published data were used for cross comparison and verification of recurrence rate and volume flux calculations. The latest recurrence rate fully constrained by the data is reported, based upon data provided in the referenced paper: Cima Volcanic Field, 33 +55/-14 Events per Ma (Dohren- wend et al., 1984), Cerro Negro Volcano, 0.29 Events per Year (Hill et al., 1998), Southern Nevada Volcanic Field, 4.45 +1.84/-0.87 (Connor and Hill, 1995) and Arsia Mons, Mars, 0.09 +0.14/-0.06 Events per Ma (Richardson et al., 2015). The local–window approach is useful for 1) identifying trends in recurrence rate and 2) providing the User the ability to choose the best median recurrence rate and 90% confidence interval with respect to temporal clustering.

This thesis is focused on internal control system. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the development and elements of internal control system, and then demonstrate the possible form of the internal control system in practice. The thesis is divided into two parts -- theoretical and practical. The beginning of the theoretical part is devoted to characteristics of internal controls and their relation to internal control, attention is also paid to economic crimes which the internal control system helps prevent. Next part deals with the development of approach to the internal control system. The main part of the theoretical part is devoted to the elements of internal control system -- control environment, information system, control procedures, risk and internal audit. The theoretical part is completed with the internal guidelines, which is the written expression of the internal control system. The last part is devoted to the evaluation of the internal control system by the external auditor. The practical part demonstrates internal control system in anonymous production company, in detail analysis its interesting parts.

There are four million voluntary attritions a month in the US. Many of these people choses to become freelance consultants (gig workers) working through digital gig platforms for better work-life balance. At the same time organizations requires a more flexible access to skills and competences to cope with an ever more dynamic business environment. This trend is also apparent in Europe. As people with the necessary skills and abilities is increasingly found on digital gig platforms, organizations must turn to these platforms to find needed competence. The act of hiring these digital gig workers through digital gig platforms are called crowdsourcing. The risks of crowdsourcing have mostly been studied from the perspective of gig workers and platform operator and there is a lack of understanding regarding the risk with crowdsourcing from the perspective of hiring organizations.       Our aim is to understand what risks organizations perceive with digital gig platforms and digital gig workers, and how organizations could mitigate the perceived risks by using a risk management framework. We conducted a qualitative case study around crowdsourcing as a process. Seven semi-structured interviews with mangers in organizations of various seize and industries were made. These interviews were supplemented with a document study of digital gig platform policies as these policies can reflect common concerns expressed by hiring organizations. Findings shows that there are several perceived organizational risks in crowdsourcing digital gig workers from digital gig platforms. The perceived risks can be categorized as HR, financial, market, operational, technological and supply chain types of risk. These types of risks can be either internal, external, or voluntary risks. The discussion revolves around where the different perceived organizational risks would fit within a risk management framework. The risks can be connected to all components of existing risk management frameworks. Our risk management model of crowdsourcing can be used as a heuristic tool for practitioners and contributes to theory by creating understanding of the risks with crowdsourcing from the perspective of organizations.

每逢企業舞弊違法事件發生時，強化內部控制制度及改善公司治理常被認為是有效解方。現今，舉凡美國、日本及我國等國家，內部控制制度均已以不同程度之要求納入資本市場之監理法制中。 我國自1986年起即逐步推動企業建立內部控制制度，並於2002年予以法制化，使其具有行政、刑事、民事法律效果，且應用於上市（櫃）審查、增資案審核，並納入金管會「強化公司治理藍圖」進行推廣。在實施成果上，主管機關透過法令制訂、行政檢查、會計師審查、常見缺失宣導、行政裁罰等手段，成就出企業建立內部控制制度之形式完備率非常高。然而在實質成效上，因為政府之強力推動多過企業的自發性認同，使得企業多抱持應付心態，而吝於配置資源於此。另法制設計對主動自行揭露內控缺失者，又有後續追蹤查核或影響增資審查之不利益，從而降低企業認真執行及自願揭露內控缺失之意願。故內部控制制度聲明書揭露之內控缺失存有黑數，法院亦罕見相關判決來維護市場秩序。 我國內部控制法制係全盤繼受美國COSO Report，其適當性容有探討空間；現行證券交易法中對於內部控制制度之部分罰則法條的適切性，得再檢討；對於法條競合，亦有待更多法院判決來統一見解。關於內控重大缺失之揭露，採用重大訊息之即時公告，應比內部控制制度聲明書之年度揭露，更有助於資訊透明度。另為抑止弊端或為政府新政策增添配套管理措施，主管機關不斷地增訂內部控制制度規範或擴張其範疇，此雖有相當功效，但部分事項也產生逾越法律授權範圍或行政裁量是否恰當之爭議。內部控制制度除硬性法規命令之強制推動外，軟性輔導企業內化至其日常作業中，應更能輔佐立法意旨之達成。

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elenice Cacia Bittencourt Teixeira.pdf: 1754290 bytes, checksum: bbcf874c3d04605a85e1ce8dac9692b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Currently, Public Administration faces the necessity of adjusting its internal controls to manage operational risks, which have become more and more present, due to the fast changes caused by credibility crisis, regulatory pressures, greater requirement by the society and the complexity in operations and in the legislation. The objective of this research is the study of the internal controls used in public administration, delimited to the Public Institutions of Higher Education of the state of Paraná, using the five perspectives of the COSO: control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication and, also, monitoring. An exploratory descriptive study was methodologically performed, with the application of an instrument composed by closed questions, with a 5-point Likert scale, applied to nineteen of theses Higher Education Institutions. The work was developed with an approach to the internal controls, their principles, classification and limitations. Afterwards, we searched for the definition and classification of the risks, the identification of risk areas and the main tools of control. Followed by the identification, of the administration in public institutions, also under the legal aspect, as well as the role of the administrator. The work finishes with the research performed and its results analyzed by nonparametric statistic techniques, using the Coefficient of Spearman and the application of the Kruskal Wallis Test. We concluded that there is a lack of alignment among the perspectives of internal control, because of either the stratified analysis of the IES for institutional bond or the analysis taken jointly, with evidence of its use to attend legal requirements / No atual momento, a administração pública depara-se com a necessidade de adequar seus controles internos para gerenciar riscos operacionais, cada vez mais presentes, em razão das mudanças rápidas ocasionadas por: crises de credibilidade, pressões regulatórias, maior exigência da sociedade e complexidade nas operações e na legislação. O objetivo desta pesquisa é o estudo dos controles internos utilizados na gestão pública, delimitado às Instituições de Ensino Superior Públicas do Estado do Paraná, e tendo como base as cinco perspectivas do COSO: ambiente de controle, avaliação de risco, atividades de controle, informação e comunicação e, ainda, monitoramento. Metodologicamente, efetuou-se uma pesquisa de campo de caráter exploratório e descritivo, com aplicação de um instrumento composto de questões fechadas, com escala Likert de cinco pontos, junto a dezenove destas instituições. Desenvolveu-se o trabalho com a abordagem de controles internos, seus princípios, classificações e limitações. Posteriormente, buscou-se a definição e a classificação dos riscos, a identificação das áreas de riscos e as principais ferramentas de controle. Segue-se a identificação da gestão das instituições públicas, inclusive sob o aspecto legal, bem como, o papel do seu gestor. O trabalho finaliza-se com a pesquisa realizada, sendo os resultados analisados através de técnicas de estatísticas não-paramétricas, com a utilização do Coeficiente de Spearman e a aplicação do teste de Kruskal Wallis. Concluiu-se que existe falta de alinhamento entre as perspectivas de controle interno, quer seja pela análise estratificada das IES por vínculo institucional ou tomadas em conjunto, com evidencia do seu emprego para atender às exigências legais

This diploma thesis is a practical excursion into the organization of controls in a particular shared service centre. The work deals with the company relation to the section 302 and 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act and describes the company's internal control system according to the COSO "Integrated framework - Internal control" issued in 1992. More detailed description is provided within the company's fraud risk assessment process and within yearly testing process of control activities in order to meet section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The specifics of external audit when performing audit in shared service centre, the shared service centre influence to foreign accounting entities from internal control system perspective are the other topics taken in consideration. Finally, there are highlighted benefits of automated system for processing travelling expenses in relation to the COSO "Integrated framework - Internal control" issued in 1992 and in relation to necessary assurances requested by U.S. SEC for the purpose of preparing financial statements under U.S. GAAP. The company's relation to anti-corruption laws (such as the FCPA) intersect in the analytical section, whose purpose is to find internal control gaps in the department processing travel reports in terms of their content and process.

This thesis deals with the internal control concept according to the COSO Integrated Framework for Internal Controls. Internal control definition, objectives and components are reviewed and commented. The emphasis is put on the auditor's understanding the entity's internal control and his responsibility to identify and assess the risk of material misstatement in the financial statements.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad medir el impacto financiero de la aplicación de las definiciones establecidas de la NIA 315 (Identificación y valoración de los riesgos de incorrección material mediante el conocimiento de la entidad y de su entorno), en el proceso de cobranzas de las compañías de Seguros de Salud, en el distrito de San Isidro, en el año 2018. Durante el transcurso del presente trabajo, se ha aplicado una investigación mixta (cualitativa y cuantitativa). Asimismo, para el desarrollo de la metodología cualitativa se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad a especialistas sobre el tema, y para el desarrollo de la metodología cuantitativa se realizaron encuestas basadas en escalas de Likert y análisis de casos relacionados como complemento y refuerzo hacia nuestro tema. Con respecto a la validación de la hipótesis general y específica, se realizaron trabajos de campo, realizando encuestas dentro de las empresas del sector seguros de salud (EPS), localizadas en el distrito de San isidro; además, se tuvo que contactar y entrevistar a expertos. Finalmente, se desarrolló y aplicó un caso práctico para evaluar el impacto financiero del presente trabajo. Con los resultados obtenidos se llegó a la conclusión de que el procedimiento de la NIA 315 (Identificación y valoración de los riesgos de incorrección material mediante el conocimiento de la entidad y de su entorno), genera un impacto financiero positivo en el proceso de cobranzas. / The objective of this research is to determine the financial impact of the application of the concepts of the IAS 315 (Identification and assessment of material misstatement risks through knowledge of the entity and its environment) in the collection process of Health Insurance companies, in the district of San Isidro, during the year 2018. For the development of this investigation paper, we have conducted a mixed research (quantitative and qualitative). For which we used the Surveys with Likert Scales and the Case Analysis, while for the qualitative work we used the In-Depth Interviews to experts in the Field. To validate our general hypothesis and specific hypotheses, field work was carried out conducting surveys of people working in companies in the health insurance sector (EPS), located in the district of San Isidro; In addition, experts had to be contacted and interviewed. Finally, we developed a practical case to examine the financial impact of this investigation on the financial statements and it is concluded that the praxis of IAS 315 causes a positive financial impact. / Tesis

The primary objective of this study was to develop an Enterprise Risk Management Maturity Framework (ERMMF) for use in the assessment of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) maturity levels of the insurance industry in Botswana. The ERMMF incorporated elements from the Committee of Sponsoring Organisations of the Treadway Commission (COSO)’s ERM framework and the AON risk maturity model. Five criteria were utilised to define each of the eight components of ERM used to measure ERM maturity levels. The framework was developed qualitatively through literature review. The ERMMF was tested empirically to evaluate the ERM maturity levels of the insurance industry in Botswana. Data was collected from 12 respondents from long-term insurance companies, 15 from short-term insurance companies, 4 from reinsurers and 59 from brokerages. The findings revealed that the whole insurance industry is at the Defined stage of ERM maturity level as the responses bordered around 3 on the developed scale of measurement. The findings implied that the insurance sector in Botswana has generally implemented ERM but not enough follow-ups had been made to ensure that ERM became a continuous process. Results further indicated that although the whole sector was at the defined stage of ERM, the responses in each component differed per stratum. Literature indicates that insurance organisations, regardless of stratum within which they are, are faced with similar risks generally. The differing responses could be due to the magnitude of risks that could differ according to unique characteristics of each stratum. The study further recommended an enterprise risk management implementation procedure for the insurance industry in Botswana. / Business Management / D. Admin (Business Management)

The purpose of this diploma thesis is to understand financing of drug development from an enterprise risk management perspective as well as to critically assess the efficiency of the ISO framework and risk management techniques used for determining whether to fund drug development or not. The diploma thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. The first part starts with perception and assessment of uncertainty and risk in the past. It describes how risk-averse individuals attempted to deal with uncertainty and different risk. This is followed by the evolution of traditional risk management into the fast developing enterprise risk management. The text further analyses commonly used risk management standards COSO ERM and ISO 31000:2009. However, the main focus is on the critical assessment of analytical tools which are frequently used for evaluating and assessing risks, especially financial ones, during drug development. The theoretical part is finished by a drug development process, whose phases are briefly described. The practical part was written in co-operation with AstraZeneca, a top-notch pharmaceutical company. The overview of its business is preceded by an explanation of current issues in the pharmaceutical industry. Furthermore, the risk analysis is conducted with respect to the ISO framework. Subsequently, selected risk assessment techniques are applied on the simplified financial model of two different drugs, which was created based on AstraZeneca's real data. These risk assessment tools are used in different phases of drug development so it could be seen clearly how the results are changing during a project. The outcomes of this risk analysis are compared with original plans used by AstraZeneca which were used for deciding whether to fund drug development or not.