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不純正不作為犯之作為義務研究 / Research of obligation to act from derivative omission offences魏國晉, Wei, Kuo-Chin Unknown Date (has links)
不純正不作為犯與作為其核心架構的「保證人地位」與刑法作為義務,長久以來是困擾德國與我國刑事法研究的深度議題,並是諸多學界重要見解發揮其精微論理的場域。然而,直至本文撰寫的今日而言,對於不純正不作為犯的研究雖已累積近百年的光陰,卻仍然難以跳脫循環論證、缺乏法理基礎的懷疑。
本文立基於我國與德國學說見解長久以來的偉大基礎,先行確認至今為止的所有議題討論都無法達到成功解決問題的高度後,嘗試以最直接的方式給予不純正不作為犯的刑法作為義務最為實際、具有共識的法理基礎,並借用於刑事法較少受到討論的「法律經濟分析」,將刑法作為義務作為一種社會制度的經濟特徵逐一抽出,並建構適合該種制度創造與存在的社會模型,最終就不純正不作為犯的刑法作為義務為何存在、如何存在得出基本假設,並就該種制度給予特定人民積極保護法益的義務,提出具有實際意義、成本合理分配的假設。
為檢驗本文透過個人與社會實際需求所進行之假設是否符合現代社會之實際需求,本文假設刑事法學界所承認之刑法作為義務與保證人地位,若多數吸納原屬於其他社會制度之人際關係,則多數刑法作為義務態樣之原型,應全部得透過本文回溯社會群體、個人需求的最初假設,而得出符合本文觀察之解釋。最後,於本文第四章之結論中,確實得出與本文理想圖像相契合之論證結論。申言之,當代諸多被刑法作為義務吸納之保證人地位,多數均存在本文所稱作為義務人得自履行救助義務直接得利之特徵,而使本文第三章所提之觀察與假設,有其實際論證基礎。至於無法透過本文假設所詮釋之保證人地位,如「危險前行為」、「自願承擔義務」,本文亦指出其法理基礎乃源自於第二章已提及不可論證之先驗性思考,而有斟酌其適當性之必要。 / Germany and Taiwan’s criminal law researching have long troubled derivative Omission Offences with its core “Criminal duty of care”. Until today, the study of derivative Omission Offences has been a hundred years, yet it is still difficult to solve the problem of circular argument and lacking of basis.
Based on the great foundation of our country and the German doctrine, this paper has confirmed that the all the discussion so far has failed to achieve the goal of solving the problem successfully. This article tries to give the “Criminal duty of care” the most practical and consistent legal basis through the most direct way, by using “Economic Analysis of law” as Legal method. When we regard criminal law as an obligation as a social system, there are several economic features that can be used to answer our questions. Finally, we have the assumption that why Derivative Omission Offences exists and how it works, and this is a hypothesis that is of practical significance and takes into account cost allocation.
In order to test whether our hypothesis is consistent with the current situation, this article one by one to dismantle the existing “state of protection”, and confirm that all “state of protection” are in line with our assumptions. In other words, all the obligors who choose through “Criminal duty of care” are to allocate the cost of fulfilling the obligation to protect. As for the “Criminal duty of care” does not meet the assumptions of this hypothesis, such as the creation of dangerous pre-behavior, voluntary commitment, this article also successfully demonstrated why they can not fit, and they are a lack of basic theory.
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危險昇高理論之研究 / Forschung ~Zber die Risikoerh~Thungstheorie鄭銘仁, Cheng, Ming Jen Unknown Date (has links)
結果在符合義務的情形下,也會發生時,此結果乃屬不可避免的結果,不應歸責於行為人。然而,若相同結果在符合義務的情形下,只是有可能避免,換言之,仍有發生之可能性時,則是否對過失行為人的結果歸責有所影響?這種情形在日常生活中並非罕見,例如,超速行駛撞上突然從巷口闖出來的行人,若依當時具體事實判斷,縱使駕駛人不超速行駛,相同的結果仍可能因為被害人突然自巷子口衝出來,駕駛人無法即時煞車而撞上,亦即在行為符合義務的情形下,結果只是可能被避免而非必能避免時,肇事者是否仍須為此一可能無法避免的結果負責?倘一昧忽視相同結果在符合義務行為下的發生可能性,只要行為人過失引起結果發生,即肯定結果歸責,似乎過於嚴苛;若只要相同結果在符合義務的行為下也有發生的可能性,即排除對於過失行為人的結果歸責,則又失之過於寬鬆。如何在這兩難之間尋找一個均衡點,使一方面能發揮刑法保護法益的作用,另一方面又不致對於人民的行動自由造成過度限制,是刑法學理論研究上時時必須面臨的一個問題,也是本論文所要正面面對解決的問題。這種情形不僅存在於過失作為犯,不純正不作為犯有也相同的情形存在。行為人依法履行救助義務是否即能防止結果的發生?倘若僅是可能防止時,是否會影響對於行為人的結果歸責?此外,由於幫助犯的本贊在於促進正犯行為結果的實現,是否幫助行為與正犯結果間必須具有因果關係,才能成立幫助犯?抑或只要是昇高正犯結果發生的危險,即構成幫助犯?
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