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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

不動產時效取得相關問題之法律經濟分析

葉秦寧, Yeh,Chin-ning Unknown Date (has links)
不動產時效取得制度有其公益之目的,但物權編施行迄今逾六十年,實務上案例大多涉及地上權之時效取得,無怪乎有學者認為時效取得制度不彰。本研究以為首先宜徹底分析不動產時效取得,由於不動產時效取得制度具有一定程度之經濟意義,所以採法律經濟分析來釐清不動產時效取得之立法目的。其次,以「不動產時效取得之主觀要件」與「不動產時效取得之客體」為分析重點。 透過法律經濟分析,本研究發現不動產時效取得制度,就效用減損的觀點言,由於占有者與該不動產有實質聯繫關係,若占有者喪失該不動產之占有,所造成之效用減損是更嚴重的,所以此說明了不動產時效取得應繼續存續之理由。且不動產時效取得其所產生之效益大於其成本,因此讓占用人可依時效而取得相關權利,當屬妥適。再者,我國人多地窄,土地資源極其珍貴,在提昇土地周轉效率、促進土地開發,藉以達成社會財富增加,不動產時效取得有其功能。 於時效取得不動產所有權之主觀要件,現行法律規定占有人無庸承擔其係以行使所有權意思而為占有之舉證責任,確為有效率。然於時效取得地上權之主觀要件,有學者認為占有人所承擔之舉證責任,無法通過法院嚴格的檢驗,無法時效取得地上權。為解決爭議,本文試從經濟之觀點,探討時效取得地上權之主觀要件。經分析後得出,此一主觀要件之舉證責任,不應由占有者承擔。探究現行法規制度之設計與實務上之判決,卻使主張時效取得地上權之占有人承擔舉證責任,實為缺乏效率,建議修改之。 法律規定時效取得所有權之客體為「未登記之不動產」,而所謂「未登記不動產之意涵」,實務與學說上各有不同之見解。透過經濟分析,探討各說所之權利界定,進而比較占有者與所有權人之成本,兼顧不動產時效取得制度之目的,吾人以為以「廣義登記說」中之「未登記於真正所有權人名下之不動產」最為可採。然現行實務所採為「總登記說」,建議修改之。時效取得地上權之客體,實務見解傾向於「不以未登記之不動產為限」。本研究經由經濟分析,認為於他人已完成登記且登記於真正所有權人名下土地,占有人之成本低於所有權人之成本,表示此時應賦權予所有權人,始為有效率,即為於此類型之土地,不得為時效取得地上權之客體。再者,若占有人於此類型土地得因時效而取得地上權,因未來交易時,購買者必須花費更高之成本以調查該土地是否有占有人得依時效而取得地上權,將會增加社會成本。吾人認為時效取得所有權與地上權,其制度設計之經濟效果是一致的,故於時效取得地上權客體應與時效取得所有權之客體一致,應限於「未登記於真正所有權人名下之土地」,此為未來修法之參考。
2

不純正不作為犯之作為義務研究 / Research of obligation to act from derivative omission offences

魏國晉, Wei, Kuo-Chin Unknown Date (has links)
不純正不作為犯與作為其核心架構的「保證人地位」與刑法作為義務,長久以來是困擾德國與我國刑事法研究的深度議題,並是諸多學界重要見解發揮其精微論理的場域。然而,直至本文撰寫的今日而言,對於不純正不作為犯的研究雖已累積近百年的光陰,卻仍然難以跳脫循環論證、缺乏法理基礎的懷疑。 本文立基於我國與德國學說見解長久以來的偉大基礎,先行確認至今為止的所有議題討論都無法達到成功解決問題的高度後,嘗試以最直接的方式給予不純正不作為犯的刑法作為義務最為實際、具有共識的法理基礎,並借用於刑事法較少受到討論的「法律經濟分析」,將刑法作為義務作為一種社會制度的經濟特徵逐一抽出,並建構適合該種制度創造與存在的社會模型,最終就不純正不作為犯的刑法作為義務為何存在、如何存在得出基本假設,並就該種制度給予特定人民積極保護法益的義務,提出具有實際意義、成本合理分配的假設。 為檢驗本文透過個人與社會實際需求所進行之假設是否符合現代社會之實際需求,本文假設刑事法學界所承認之刑法作為義務與保證人地位,若多數吸納原屬於其他社會制度之人際關係,則多數刑法作為義務態樣之原型,應全部得透過本文回溯社會群體、個人需求的最初假設,而得出符合本文觀察之解釋。最後,於本文第四章之結論中,確實得出與本文理想圖像相契合之論證結論。申言之,當代諸多被刑法作為義務吸納之保證人地位,多數均存在本文所稱作為義務人得自履行救助義務直接得利之特徵,而使本文第三章所提之觀察與假設,有其實際論證基礎。至於無法透過本文假設所詮釋之保證人地位,如「危險前行為」、「自願承擔義務」,本文亦指出其法理基礎乃源自於第二章已提及不可論證之先驗性思考,而有斟酌其適當性之必要。 / Germany and Taiwan’s criminal law researching have long troubled derivative Omission Offences with its core “Criminal duty of care”. Until today, the study of derivative Omission Offences has been a hundred years, yet it is still difficult to solve the problem of circular argument and lacking of basis. Based on the great foundation of our country and the German doctrine, this paper has confirmed that the all the discussion so far has failed to achieve the goal of solving the problem successfully. This article tries to give the “Criminal duty of care” the most practical and consistent legal basis through the most direct way, by using “Economic Analysis of law” as Legal method. When we regard criminal law as an obligation as a social system, there are several economic features that can be used to answer our questions. Finally, we have the assumption that why Derivative Omission Offences exists and how it works, and this is a hypothesis that is of practical significance and takes into account cost allocation. In order to test whether our hypothesis is consistent with the current situation, this article one by one to dismantle the existing “state of protection”, and confirm that all “state of protection” are in line with our assumptions. In other words, all the obligors who choose through “Criminal duty of care” are to allocate the cost of fulfilling the obligation to protect. As for the “Criminal duty of care” does not meet the assumptions of this hypothesis, such as the creation of dangerous pre-behavior, voluntary commitment, this article also successfully demonstrated why they can not fit, and they are a lack of basic theory.
3

防制重大金融犯罪之研究-以犯罪所得剝奪為中心 / Prevention regulations on major financial fraud-discussing on deprivation proceeds of crime

林炤宏, LIN, Chao Hung Unknown Date (has links)
由於政經環境之變遷、公司治理的缺漏和外部監理機制之失調,常導致重大金融犯罪之發生,與其惡害卻由全民負擔之不公現象。於是除嚴刑峻罰外,奠基於任何人均不得從犯罪中獲利之犯罪所得剝奪理念與制度設計,遂於二OO四年金融七法修法時被廣泛納入。惟歷經一段期間之適用後,其法實效性如何?有無源於其他刑事法制無從配合,或囿於司法實務判解之困頓,所導致的扞格?部分國際公約與其他國家之相關法制設計及運作理念,有無值得比較、參研之處,均殊值探研。   本文嘗試先掌握金融犯罪之特性,與近來金融犯罪防制法規之演變。其次,再就我國犯罪所得剝奪法制沿革、犯罪所得之界定、計算為研析,並探索犯罪所得剝奪法制在預防、打擊與抗制金融犯罪等之必要性,以及其應通過之憲法基權保障檢驗。再者,則希能透過偵審案例,探究研現階段我國金融犯罪防制法規,在犯罪所得之暫時保全與終局剝奪上所面臨之實務困境及問題;並瞭解部分重要之國際公約與美、英、日等國家有關法制之設計。最後,則期能歸結相關問題與爭議,並融合法制建構、實務運作、外國法制借鏡等數個層面,提出可能之解決途徑或修法建議。 / Political and economic changes, incomplete of corporate governance, and imbalance of external supervision mechanism are all reasons for occurrence of major financial fraud. The losses and costs of major financial fraud, in general, are always enormous. Unfortunately, most people, instead of offenders, need to bear the huge losses. As a result, except the strategy of severe punishment, the idea and regulations on deprivation proceeds of crime were introduced to combat these problems in 2004. However, after a period of practicing, how about the application and practice of regulations on deprivation proceeds of crime is. Therefore, we are concerned about: are there any problems or difficulties resulting from criminal legal system and the practice of precedent itself? What we can learn from international conventions and other countries’ similar legal system? The thesis, first of all, attempts to figure out the feature of major financial fraud and the changes of financial regulations. Secondly, we try to explore the history of regulations on deprivation proceeds of crime, the definition and the calculation of proceeds of crime, and whether the regulations on deprivation proceeds of crime are essential for preventing and against major financial fraud or not. Meanwhile, in order to guarantee and protect the fundamental rights of people, we also hope to exam the regulations on deprivation proceeds of crime by the concepts of constitution. In additions, according to the case study, the thesis also longs for exploring what are the practical problems and dilemmas for current regulations on temporary seizure and final forfeiture procedures. At the same time, comparing with the international conventions and other countries’ similar legal system on laundering, search, freeze, seizure and confiscation of the proceeds from crime is also important and useful for this study. Finally, after concluding the relative problems and debates about this topic, of course, the paper hopes to propose a possible approach or legal amendment by integrating legal system modification, legal practice, and foreign legal system.
4

地上權之財產權界定及消滅後地上物清理之法律經濟分析

巫智豪 Unknown Date (has links)
在二十世紀七十年代開始,以Richard A. Posner為首,以寇斯定理為主的財產權理論,開展出「法律經濟分析」這一學術思潮,以經濟學觀點,來審視法律制度之良窳。而在九十年代,寇斯獲得諾貝爾獎後,更奠定了經濟學與法學間科際整合之相容性及必要性。然而,在台灣,由於深受德國法律文化之影響,以及近來政治社會的影響,經濟效率永遠無法與公平正義相提並論,而犧牲了法律經濟分析在台灣成長的契機,實為可惜,故本文嘗試以法律經濟分析之核心——寇斯定理來闡述法律制度,希望能多少引導有志之士踏入此門學術領域。 以交易成本為中心之寇斯定理所衍生之財產權理論,乃以人是理性自利為假設前提,而追求整體社會的最大產出,也就是以整體社會產值極大化的角度來看產權界定、保障,故本文乃以此種概念,對民法地上權章相關問題作以下之法律經濟分析:(1)以寇斯定理分析地上權之所以形成、其必要性及產權界定之問題,探討其制度形成之背景及經濟目的,並以交易成本來分析民法地上權章之規定所能達到的效率層面為何;(2)探討地上權法律設計如何保障財產權,研究焦點放在民法第八百三十九、八百四十條以及修正草案對於地上權消滅後地上物處理之規定,應用Calabresi與Melamed所提出之三個基本的財產權保障法則,分析地上權消滅後,地上物之處理,所採取之保障法則為何,及所導致之經濟效果來判斷法律制度設計之良窳。 本研究認為,地上權制度由於因物權法定主義之特性,使得該制度之設立得以省下搜尋及資訊成本,而突顯其必要性,但仍必須與因物權態樣之僵化程度相衡量;而對於地上權消滅後地上物之處理,本文認為設計上忽略了工作物及竹木經濟特性之不同,而予以分別討論。在分析中,發現當工作物具公共財性質時,不管以財產法則或責任法則,都無法解決效率及財產權保障問題,此乃當初財產權界定有誤,必須以特別法或特別規定排除;而關於建築物於消滅後之處理,法律設計上形成了二回合的責任法則,依Ayres及Balkin之觀點,此將會誘導雙方透露出私人訊息,而為法院判斷其真實價格而作為補償額之有效依據,並在第二回合責任法則結束時,以財產法則遏止無效率的相互侵奪繼續下去,因此,民法第八百四十條第一項及第二項之規定,符合了此種觀點,而能達到效率,並符合立法意旨。
5

從刑事責任觀點論著作權保護範圍 / Copyright Infringement in Perspective of Criminal Liability

張采琳, Chang, Cai Lin Unknown Date (has links)
著作權法第1條:「為保障著作人著作權益,調和社會公共利益,促進國家文化發展,特制定本法。」說明了著作權法的目的同時兼具保障著作權人權利、公共利益以及促進國家文化發展。為了達成著作權的目的,明文刑事責任於規範中。刑事責任置於著作權領域是否妥適,至今為止不僅學說上,在社會上均引起廣泛的討論,特別是我國這十年來發生了許多相關爭議性的事件。這樣的問題不禁使人反覆思考,著作權的保護範圍到底為何?以刑罰保護著作權的妥適性? 本文從著作權的基礎思維出發,探討著作權法中公共領域、利用人權利與合理使用概念,進而分析著作權背後所代表的法律意義。著作權是否得以做為刑法上所保護的利益,必須端視著作權的本質為何。本文嘗試討論著作權作為財產權,從刑法的角度,以「家族相似性( Familienähnli-chkeit)」的概念就著作權本身資訊的特性下,討論著作財產權法益的存在與否。 美國法作為世界著作權法的領導先驅,深深地影響我國學說見解與實務操作。透過比較美國著作權法之規範,省思我國社會現況是否有必要制定如此嚴格之刑罰規定;從經濟分析的角度思考,對於著作權刑罰威嚇作用的成果效益效果是有限度的,然而著作權政策以及刑法的長期效益所帶來的成本卻是很高的。著作權刑罰所需的成本高於其所獲得的效益,以致於立法者將著作權侵權行為視為犯罪並無法有效率地保護著作權人或公眾長期的著作權利益。 本文設計一賽局,分析在侵害人選擇侵害著作權的策略時,即使政府選擇執行刑事處罰反而比起不執行所付出的成本為高,在這樣的情形下,政府不執行刑事處罰的策略才是最佳策略的選擇。法律使用刑罰保護大家共同認可、接受的利益,前提是人類的社會共同生活秩序在我們的社會共識必須認同這樣的規範,透過觀察實務案例與統計分析,可以發現我國實務在著作權重製認定或是在刑度裁量上都出現很大之問題,同時也出現許多著作權人濫用刑事程序之情形。 綜上所述,我國的著作權刑事立法確實有值得探討的空間,需要再加以審慎考量。本文認為,應該廢除著作權刑事處罰的刑罰規定,讓著作權刑事處罰行為回歸民事的侵權行為,由著作權人向侵權行為人請求損害賠償。借鏡專利法廢除刑罰規定的經驗,讓著作權回歸其本質,以民事損害賠償填補著作權人之損失即為已足。 / Copyright Law Article 1: ” This Act is specifically enacted for the purposes of protecting the rights and interests of authors with respect to their works, balancing different interests for the common good of society, and promoting the development of national culture. Matters not provided for herein shall be governed by the provisions of other acts.” It illustrates that the purpose of copyright law combines both the right of copyright owner and public interest. In order to achieve this goal, criminal liability is included. However, there are controversies of criminal liability in copyright law, especially lots of copyright social events happened in the past few years. This leads to questions: Is it right to protect copyright through criminal punishment? In this thesis, I intend to use the concept of Familienähnli-chkeit (Legal Interest) to analyze legal interest of copyright. Economic analysis of law applies the economic cost theory to the analysis of copyright rules and utility. Game theory analysis of law seeks primarily to explain how people behave in response to legal rules and institutions. The prior discussion identifies the protection of copyright through criminal punishment is relatively useless. On the other hand, as a leading country of copyright legislation and academic discussion, Copyright Law comparison between United States and Taiwan is helpful for rethinking Taiwan Copyright Law. Last but not the least, the observation of judicial practice matters is also important. I researched the related cases and made statistics in order to reveal the real aspect of Taiwan judicial practice. Based on the above, this thesis identifies the problems of criminal punishment of Taiwan Copyright Law. An overview of copyright criminal norm is given for this purpose. I then reflect on Taiwan’s current copyright criminal punishment, with particular emphasis on preeminent aspects of the elements which mentioned above that may be used as references for the future development of Taiwan Copyright Law.
6

我國房地分離相關爭議問題之研究-兼論立法改革芻議 / The Study on the Disputes of Separatin Disposition of Building and Land in Taiwan: Preliminary Trial for Legislative Reforms

許凱翔 Unknown Date (has links)
在我國仍採行房地得為分離並得為分別交易之基本規制下,尋求我國民法中所有與控管房地分離有關之條文規範,加以統整並藉此歸納出該等規範之共同核心與立法意旨,乃勢在必行,如此始能覷見立法者現今之改革方向與立法理念,對於實務既有問題爭議之處理上方有一棲身之地,俾利吾人提出合理之解決模式。 條文規範中大體包括有事前手段與事後手段兩種規制,所稱事前手段,乃土地與其上建築物之一體化處分規範,以事先禁止土地與其上建築物分別為交易來防止後續產生房地分離之結果;所稱事後手段,乃指一旦土地與其上建築物為分別交易後,透過一些權利賦予之方式,例如優先購買權或土地利用權,來達到建築物仍得繼續存續於土地上,不致令建築物之附著於土地失其權源。而此二種規制,究其目的不外乎「房屋所有權與基地利用權一體化之體現」,惟此理念是否全然反映在我國之立法上,又是否有再加強之空間,即為本文所欲著墨之處,亦期能對我國關於房地之立法提供若干貢獻。 其次,我國實務上發生眾多「基地借貸」之案件,關於此一議題我國學說與實務難得聚焦而同為討論,相關文獻資料繁多,為解決此類案件提供相當多元之思考面向,本文亦參酌各家學說,於細細比較分析之後亦有若干研究心得之提出,希冀能提供我國法院於處理此類案件時有更多之觀點。
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企業併購法制之經濟分析 / Economic Analysis of Merger and Acquisition Law

張勝春, Arthur,Chang Unknown Date (has links)
伴隨著世界歷史步入二十一世紀,以企業為核心的市場體系處於一個大的結構性調整。企業能否順利調整到為整個世界的經濟發展服務,成為了全球各大公司所關注的首要問題。在此轉捩點,各個勵精圖治的企業家無一例外的選擇了擴大經營規模,世界500大的公司都是靠收購和合併發展起來,國際企業經常以併購的方式進行企業水平、垂直整合,以利於從事專業經營,提升經營效率,為因應企業全球化趨勢,有關企業併購法制之完備及明確,勢所必需。 企業收購合併為一法律上饒富興味之課題,這不只因為合併具有多種的形態,更因為合併涉及企業間複雜的權利義務關係,使得多種面向的法律領域都與之產生牽連。 本論文之結構安排如下:第一章為緒論,介紹本篇論文之研究動機、背景、以及研究方法與範圍。第二章為法律經濟分析概述,介紹法律經濟分析的內涵、背景、發展以及與傳統法學研究上之差異,並說明為何選取以法律經濟分析之方式作為研究主軸。第三章法律經濟分析的經濟理論基礎,主要對法律經濟分析中經常運用到個體經濟學的最大化、效益、供需理論及賽局理論進行分析與闡述。第四章為企業併購概述。第五章台灣企業併購現況。第六章為企業併購法制之經濟分析檢視各種現行法之可行性,並建議以經濟觀點構築之法制作為解決方案。第七章為結論與建議。 本文的主要目的以一種法律經濟分析的不同視角,從企業併購的經濟學基礎、法律制度的供需狀況、效率等方面論證對企業併購法制進行法律規範的必要性和合理性,有系統地檢視企業併購於現行法中所扮演之功能分析是否符合經濟學中效率的觀念,並且分析於現行企業併購法制發生違反效率的情況。 / During the last quarter of the twentieth century, the humanities and social sciences have turned toward history, something that culminated in the 1990s, and this phenomenon was evident in law as well. However, until recently, law and economics, the most influential post-World War II jurisprudential movement, was a-historical in its methodology and research agenda. The objective of this article is to call attention to economic analysis of merger and acquisition law, its methodological causes, and the nature of its interaction with other sub-fields of law and of economics. Mergers and acquisitions are undoubtedly among the most significant macro-economic phenomena of the industrialized West during the last twenty years. The size of acquisitions is constantly rising, with no sign of this phenomenon being part of a passing trend. Taking into consideration the diverse and complex aspects of acquisitions, the Article attempts to develop a comprehensive theoretical model that defines acquisition law's central policy goals and suggests criteria to be followed in order to ensure the achievement of these goals.

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