本論文「客語「打」字構式群：論元體現與及物性之檢測」旨在運用Kay (1995) 以及Goldberg (1995) 等學者所提出的構式語法觀點，對於客語中典型及物動詞「打」字極具廣泛的語意表徵、論元體現、以及其結構上之及物性程度與力道轉移現象進行檢視及探究。先前文獻普遍認為在動詞結構中，動詞是唯一可決定論元體現成分之主要角色。然而，藉由相關語言事實可以發現，除了仰賴動詞外，論元體現也必須靠結構來決定。這些由形式及語意組合而成的結構，亦各自帶有具區辨性之功能。後則採用Voorst (1996) 所提出的四種程度差異之及物性表徵，更進一步地對於詞組結構、句型結構、以及在言談中之句型變化進行討論。藉由檢視句法語意介面之結構類型，本研究將依據構式框架對於客語中「打」字結構群以及動詞「打」字在結構中的論元體現與及物性特徵提出完整縝密之分析。 / In order to explore the comprehensive semantic representation of the prototypical transitive verb da2 (打) ‘hit’ in Hakka, this study, adopting the framework of Construction Grammar proposed by Kay (1995) and Goldberg (1995), examines the diversification of the structural types in Hakka da2 constructions. In addition, the facets of argument realization and transitivity which involves energy transfer and degrees of affectedness are probed into. In the previous literature, it is hypothesized that a verb is the center responsible for the argument realization of the verbal construction. The relevant facts, however, suggest that the argument structure integrates both the verb and the construction. Constructions — pairings of form and meaning — also carry their distinct functions. For a thorough consideration, the increasing level of closeness and intensity of transitivity offered by Voorst (1996) are applied to tackle not only phrasal but also sentential structures and the structural variations in discourse. In adopting these theories to examine the interaction of syntax and semantics, this paper draws on the constructional framework and attempts to capture both general and idiosyncratic properties with a fine-grained analysis for the family of da2 ‘hit’ constructions in Hakka.

本論文旨在審視中文使動性是否具有連續性。使動性的來源主要有兩種觀點：衍生語法認為使動性是由句法位移得到，而詞彙語法則認為使動性是詞彙本身所賦予的。本文根據「直接性」、「動力學」和「及物性」三個面向研究中文使動詞和使動結構的使動性，結果可分為高、中、低三個層次。高使動性傾向由中文使動詞表現而低使動性則傾向由使動結構表現。使動性的差異不僅支持詞彙語法對使動性來源的解釋，對衍生語法認為使動性源自於句法結構的說法提出反駁，也符合自然語言的象似性原則。 / Derivational grammarians propose that causativity comes from the syntactic structures whereas lexicalists suggest it is incorporated within the formation of the lexicon. This thesis aims to investigate Mandarin lexical and periphrastic causatives to see if their causativity varies depending on the category of causative to which they are assigned. Three frameworks are adopted here to examine causatives from diverse perspective, directness, force-dynamics and transitivity. This combined framework is utilized to examine Mandarin lexical causatives and typical periphrastic causatives including 使shi, 令ling, 讓rang, 叫jiao1, and 教 jiao2 constructions. The results indicate that causativity forms a continuum in which the degree of the causativity of lexical causatives ranges from high to intermediate but that for periphrastic causatives ranges from intermediate to low. The variation in the degree of causativity proves that the derivational account is incorrect. Moreover, this study supports the lexicalist viewpoints that the causativity has variations because it is integrated in the lexical formation. In addition, more evidence, such as adverb placement and resultative compound formation, is provided to demonstrate that lexicalist accounts take the advantage of explaining the causativity. Finally, the variation of causativity has demonstrated that the shorter the forms are, the greater the degree of causativity is. This observation conforms to the principle of iconicity, and is encoded in humans’ cognition and the natural language.