時序邁入二十一世紀，隨著科技與技術的日新月異，市場環境與消費者需求更加瞬息萬變，企業如何在追求自我成長的同時，迅速回應外在環境的快速變化，不被淘汰，是現今企業面對的最大課題，亦是學術界與實務界向來熱衷討論的命題。James F. Moore最早提出「商業生態系統」的概念，建議以商業生態系統取代產業，打破過去產業的界線，認為若要成功回應環境與顧客需求，已不再只是依賴單一組織與單一產業，而需透過跨領域的協同合作來完成。 本研究以電子商務為主體結合商業生態系統概念，透過個案研究法分析個別企業參與商業生態系統所扮演的角色。最後，本研究提出以下結論：個別企業參與者在商業生態系統中的各生命週期發展階段可能經歷角色轉變；個別企業參與者在原生商業生態系統可逐步打造以自身為主體的商業生態次系統並對原生商業生態主系統產生影響。

中國大陸自1978年改革開放以來經濟不斷朝市場化方向邁進，近年來小微企業逐漸成為中國大陸經濟結構轉型的因素以及經濟發展的動能。然而計畫經濟時期資源分配集中在大型國有企業使得小微企業資金取得困難，小微企業在現階段帶動中國大陸經濟轉型與發展，但卻面臨資金借貸的資訊不對稱問題。在小額借貸市場失靈現象下，中國大陸新興的小額借貸模式，如P2P網路借貸、小額貸款公司等如雨後春筍般出現。 本論文探討中國大陸小額借貸金融體系的市場失靈問題，以資訊不對稱理論分析微型貸款融資模式與網路金融機構的創新途徑如何解決此困境。並以阿里巴巴集團的螞蟻金服為個案延伸探討。 資訊不對稱理論為本論文之理論基礎，並以文獻分析與統計資料分析兩模式分析中國大陸當前的金融環境。在個案分析部分將阿里巴巴集團的螞蟻金服與P2P網路借貸平台、傳統銀行業小額貸款業務的運作模式以及風險機制等做比較，並以風險機制進一步探討資訊不對稱理論的作用。 本論文最後提出三項看法作為結論，包括：創新的小額借貸模式得以降低資訊不對稱、中國大陸網路經濟迅速發展加快小微企業與金融業創新、小額貸款模式本身缺失。 / Marketization in China began after its economic reforms started in 1978. In recent years, micro and small enterprises have become a factor of economic transformation and a momentum of economic growth in China. While most resources were allocated to large, state businesses in the planned economy period, it was difficult for micro and small enterprises to access relevant resources. Although micro and small enterprises are driving the Chinese economic transformation, they are facing the loan information asymmetry problem. As the micro credit market is malfunctioning, emerging micro credit models, such as P2P internet lending and micro lending companies, are springing up like mushrooms. This paper investigates the malfunction of China’s micro credit market analyzed how of the innovation of micro credit models and internet financial institutions solve this problem with information asymmetry theory. An extended investigation was conducted with Ant Financial of Alibaba Group as an example. Information asymmetry is the theoretical background of this paper. This paper analyzed China’s present financial situation with literature and statistical analyses. This study also compared the operating model and risk control for micro credit between Ant Financial, P2P internet lending, and traditional banks in the case study and further reviewed the effect of information asymmetry in risk control. In conclusion, this study found that (1) innovative micro credit model could reduce information asymmetry; (2) the rapid development of China’s internet economy has accelerated the innovation of local micro and small enterprises and the financial industry, and (3) the problems in current micro credit models.

諾貝爾文學獎得主奈波爾(V. S. Naipaul)可以說是當代文學中最具爭議性及最難以捉摸的一位作家，因為他對自己祖國千里達的前殖民國英國懷有一種好惡相參的矛盾態度。奈波爾的自傳性小說《抵達之謎》，故事橫跨三十年，描述一位曾被殖民的離散敘事者其人生旅程。旅程始自敘事者還是一個得到牛津大學獎學金的十八歲學生，終至敘事者成為在英國有立足之處的作家，其間歷經迷惘、錯置、覺醒、安頓等過程。在後殖民批評及文學的「信條」下，奈波爾的作品理應對大英帝國表示出一種明確的對抗態度，但其作品卻幾乎未能達到此一預期，而這也使得他必須承受遭指控為背叛者的衝擊。批評家普遍將奈波爾稱為英國的喉舌，而本論文旨在提供一個有別於此的觀點。本論文想要處理的關鍵問題如下：奈波爾是否真的是大英帝國的擁護者？如果不是的話，他如何與英國性(Englishness)協商以換取發言位置？ 論文首章對奈波爾及《抵達之謎》的批評做簡短的回顧。第二章以法農(Frantz Fanon)的觀點來檢視敘事者與白人女性角色的關係，以說明敘事者從崇拜英國文化到擺脫對英國謬誤幻想的發展。筆者也嘗試描繪出敘事者成為一個作家的軌跡。藉此，筆者認為敘事者經歷一段從目光狹隘的英國經典作家模仿者，到寫自己人生故事的作家的歷程。在第三章，本文認為在倫敦及英國鄉間的停留期間，敘事者看出帝國中心的破敗以及英國文化核心中英國性的矯揉造作。第四章首先就「離散」這個概念做一回顧，並說明奈波爾及《抵達之謎》如何能置於這樣的概念之下來解讀。筆者指出，敘事者同時身為離散者及流亡者的身份，使得他能夠取得一個「對位」的觀點，而此觀點幫助敘事者發展其後殖民牧歌，揭發英國性背後的殘酷。第五章揭示筆者對現存奈波爾批評中潛在缺陷的根本關懷。本論文希望藉由提供非主流但具建設性的觀點來補足現存的奈波爾批評。 / A Nobel laureate in literature, V. S. Naipaul is arguably the most controversial and elusive writer in contemporary literature because his signature is his ambivalence on England, a country which once colonized his mother country Trinidad. Spanning thirty years, The Enigma of Arrival, Naipaul’s autobiographical novel, delineates an ex-colonial and diasporic narrator’s life journey—from an eighteen-year-old schoolboy granted a scholarship to Oxford University to a writer gaining a foothold in England—of disorientation, dislocation, awakening and anchorage. Under the “doctrine” of postcolonial criticism and literature, Naipaul’s works are expected to express an explicit and confrontational attitude towards the British Empire, but his works hardly come to terms with such expectation, which makes him bear the brunt of the accusation of being an apostate. This thesis aims at providing a different viewpoint from criticism in general which labels Naipaul as the mouthpiece of England. The pivotal issues this thesis intends to tackle are as follows: Is Naipaul really an exponent of the British Empire to the core? If not, how does he negotiate with Englishness for a position of enunciation? The opening chapter offers a brief review of criticism about Naipaul and The Enigma of Arrival. In Chapter II, I examine the narrator’s relationship with white female characters in the light of Fanon’s perspective, trying to illustrate the progression in which the narrator at first worships the English culture but at last sheds his false fantasy. I also try to chart the trajectory of the narrator’s becoming a writer. By doing so, I intend to argue that the narrator undergoes a course from a blinkered colonial emulating English canonical writers to a writer writing his own life story. In Chapter III, I argue that during his stay in London and the English countryside, the narrator discerns the dilapidation of the imperial center and the artificiality of Englishness in the heart of English culture. Chapter IV begins with a review of the concept “diaspora” and how Naipaul and The Enigma of Arrival could be situated in this concept. I point out that the narrator’s identity as a diasporan and an exile enables him to obtain a “contrapuntal” perspective that contributes to the narrator’s postcolonial pastoral which exposes the cruelty behind Englishness. The concluding chapter reveals my ultimate concern about the latent flaw in the established Naipaul criticism, unfolding my intention to make this thesis complement the Naipaul criticism by contributing an alternative yet constructive perspective.