在許多已開發的國家、開發中國家及新興國家都實施經濟自由化，貧富差距增加，社會犯罪事件頻傳，政府機關、私人企業、公共場所和人民住宅都開始有電子安全監控系統的設備架設，隨著市場需求增加和關鍵技術成熟，安全監控面臨網路化、數位化和開放式架構的發展趨勢， IP camera在這時期扮演一個重要產品的角色。 在2010年全球安防產品總產值186.7億美元，其中影像監控佔47.5%，按比例推估IP camera產值約30億美元，2012年預估會成長約20%，顯示這行業正在蓬勃發展，個案V公司為IP camera後進業者，在經歷數次研發失敗，仍在這龐大商機趨使下，在2011年，對研發部門做組織變革和購併相關產品業者，並計劃在2012年推出新的IP camera產品，期望搶佔IP camera 市場商機。 本研究是以個案V公司為例，探討V公司IP camera 產品在2011年前和後因研發組織變更、購併影像儲存設備公司和不同階段產品行銷策略產生的影響，並以國內IP camera領導廠商VI為標竿和競爭對手來做策略比較分析。經產業五力分析、公司核心競爭力分析，最後以「策略行銷-4C」對個案V公司提出以下五個建議：C1外顯效益成本：個案公司擁有被投資的日系零件供應商核心競爭力一同開發新產品和PCB模組化設計來降低買者成本；設計上克服熱當機、IVS(Intelligent Video System)和聲音傳輸品質等買者需求來增加買者效益。C2資訊搜尋成本：社群網站架設後，增加與買者互動的機制；產品定位清楚且長期一致，降低資訊搜尋成本。C3道德危機成本：保固期延長3年，甚至更長，降低道德危機成本。C4專屬陷入成本：在社群網站上放置IP camera影像錄製管理軟體教學影片；軟體的使用介面和使用方法設計與市佔率第一的品牌一樣，降低使用者移轉購買V公司產品成本。國際品牌建立：以利基市場為出發點，按品牌成本效益、品牌定位知曉、品牌信任、品牌專屬資產等步驟來建立良性品牌之輪循環。 / There are many developed countries、 developing countries and emerging nations that have already implemented economic liberalization. The gap between rich and poor increases. The social crime incident keeps pouring in. The governments 、 individual enterprises、public places and people's houses all begin to erect the apparatus with the surveillance system of electron. As market demand increases and key technology is ripe, the security system has been facing with networking, digitizing and development trend of open structure. IP camera acts an important product this period. The global output value of security products is US$18.67 billion in 2010. The surveillance camera system accounted for 47.5% and estimated about US$3 billion dollars of IP camera output value in proportion. It is estimated to grow up about 20% in 2012. It reveals this industry is growing vigorously. The case V Company is a later(second) mover in IP camera industry. It had got fail several times for IP camera research and development. It did R&D(Research and Design) department reorganization and merged a company of related products under this huge business opportunity hastened in 2011. And plan to put out new IP camera products in 2012. It is expected to catch the business opportunity of this IP camera market. This research takes V Company as an example, it probe into the marketing strategy difference before 2011 and after 2011 while V Company did R&D reorganization and a company of image storage equipment merger. And take internal IP camera leading manufacturer VI as benchmark and competitor to do strategy analysis. After five competitive forces analysis and corporate core competence analyze, finally propose five following suggestions on the case V company by“strategic marketing - 4C”: C1 Buyer cost/ Buyer utility: The case V company has core competence that Japanese parts supplier company develops new product together with and does PCB modularization design to reduce buyer's cost. It overcomes the system halted under high temperature、IVS (Intelligent Video System) and sound transmitted quality etc these buyer’s demands in the design to increase buyer's benefit. C2 Information searching cost: After social website setup, adds the mechanism of interacting with buyer. The product position is clear and identical for a long time, reduces information searching cost. C3 Moral hazard cost: The warranty is extended to 3 years or even longer, reduces the cost of moral hazard. C4 Asset specificity cost: Put IP camera CMS(Central Management System) software teaching films on social websites. The user interface and operation method of software are designed to like brand of the first market share, reduces the cost of users transfer and buy goods of V company. The international brand building: It regards niche market as the starting point, follows in steps such as the utility of brand cost、the awareness of brand position、the brand believing in, the asset specificity of brand to build up a benign circulation of the“brand wheel”.

本研究在虛擬環境中發展出一套符合攝影學法則的即時智慧型攝影機模組，當使用者操縱化身時能夠給予攝影機自動規劃之能力，不需要花費額外的心力控制攝影機。智慧型攝影機的能力包含了規劃不被障礙物遮蔽的跟蹤拍攝，以及當攝影機進入險惡的環境時，自動在兩台攝影機之間進行符合攝影學法則的轉切。此外，此智慧型攝影機模組能夠依照不同使用者的偏好，產生不同結果的攝影機規劃。我們實作了此一智慧型攝影機的系統，並以實例說明此系統的有效性。 / We have developed a real-time intelligent camera module with a set of cinematography in a virtual environment. Its automatic camera planning capacity allows that the users to spend less effort in controlling the camera when manipulating an avatar. An intelligent camera should be able to plan unobstractive tracking motion and necessary cuts automatically between two cameras with the rule of cinematography. In addition, the results of the camera planning can be customized by setting appropriate parameters in accordance with the user’s preferences. We have implemented this intelligent camera system, and demonstrated the effectiveness of this system through several examples

在互動敘事(Interactive Storytelling)的應用中，適當的攝影機規劃能幫助我們呈現虛擬世界中所發生的故事。在本研究中，我們設計了一個可以讓使用者設計互動敘事的應用平台－IMStory。針對故事創作，我們提供了一個故事腳本的描述語言及其剖析器，當使用者撰寫好互動故事之後，系統便能夠根據故事情境內容及與使用者互動的結果產生出符合情境的自動攝影機規劃系統。在此系統中，我們建立了一個能夠讓攝影機理解故事腳本的關係模型，建立虛擬攝影機組態與「故事情境」間的對應關係，即時找出更能表達當時情境的拍攝方式與架設位置。最後，我們設計了一個場景劇本進行實驗，在實驗中，我們的系統能夠即時因應場景中角色物件的位置作出即時的攝影機規劃，並且能夠配合互動環境中改變的情境參數而使用適合的攝影模組，產生出符合攝影學法則且賦有敘事能力的鏡頭。透過我們的方法，希望能提供一個更加有敘事能力的互動敘事平台。 / In an 3D interactive storytelling system, virtual camera is the key for us to understand what happens in the virtual world. In this thesis, we have designed an intelligent camera planning system for interactive storytelling, in which story plots are influenced by the user’s actions. Since the story flow cannot be determined in advance, it is essential to utilize real-time camera control to express the story for given spatial relationships between characters and objects. A script language and its parser were designed for our storytelling system (IMStory) to describe events in the story as well as the contexts associated with the events to model the properties of a story for camera control. We have developed a camera planning system by mapping contexts parameters into appropriate camera control parameters. We have implemented the 3D interactive storytelling system and demonstrated its capabilities with several examples. The camera planning system is shown to perform in real time, and the generated shots are more expressive in establishing the relation between camera configurations and story context.

近年來由於電腦軟硬體及人機介面介面技術的發展，互動數位敘事(Interactive Digital Storytelling, IDS)的應用也逐漸被重視，特別是在新型態電腦遊戲的設計，而這個趨勢也為即時虛擬攝影機的規劃帶來新的機會與挑戰。本研究旨在透過互動數位敘事腳本內容的分析，建置客製化攝影機運鏡實驗平台，即時自動產生符合情境情節、人物情緒的拍攝方式，並參考電影拍攝手法，結合攝影學的專業知識加入不同拍攝風格，讓同一段影片可以有不同的風格效果。我們希望能夠讓現有的互動敘事系統The Theater [1]中的運鏡技術有跡可循，不再只是以人工的方式憑藉直覺來設定攝影機的位置，而能使得虛擬攝影機的操控變得簡易，修正拍攝效果時將更加簡便，成功快速掌握運鏡的每一個細節。我們在The Theater的實驗平台之上，讓敘事者可以根據故事情境客製化虛擬攝影機的拍攝手法，並由電腦自動產生合宜的攝影機拍攝位置，快速完成攝影機規劃。我們以實例透過實驗的方式驗證此系統的有效性。 / The recent advances in computing technologies and human-computer interactions have attracted much attention in the development of interactive digital storytelling (IDS), especially in the application of novel computer game design. This trend does not only bring new opportunities but also new technological challenges to virtual camera planning. Our research in this work aims at building an experimental platform for customized virtual camera planning through the analysis of screen play in an in-teractive story. By adopting the domain knowledge of camera controls in existing films, we hope to design a computer-assisted system that allows an author to easily experiment with different styles of virtual cameras in a same story. We proposed to design an experimental platform based on “The Theater” IDS, which currently uses a pre-authored way to specify the camera position. In the proposed system, we allow an author to quickly customize virtual camera taking according to the context of a story fragment and let the computer generate appropriate camera configurations automati-cally. We use an example story to verify the effectiveness of the system through ex-periments.

為有效了解地表資訊，可視研究目的而利用各種遙測方法獲取地面影像，但不論目前常用之飛機、或是以衛星為載具之空中攝影測量等相關研究，在影像獲取方面，常面臨成本費用、機動性、比例尺需求、後續影像處理等問題。因此，本研究選定一小流域面積之河川作為實驗區，並設計以氣球為載具之數值航空攝影方式，裝載CCD攝影機以及數位攝影機，透過CCD攝影機，即時無線傳輸地面影像至監視螢幕，調整氣球至預定之位置後，遙控啟動數位攝影機之快門裝置。 　　研究設計之攝影方式曾實際應用於偵測河道之變遷，由成果影像中檢核點之精度結果，以及套疊正射糾正並鑲嵌後之河道影像與地形圖之成果，證明氣球載具之數值航空攝影方式，確能有效應用於大比例尺製圖之研究。 / Using a flexible and efficient way to obtain aerial images has been the primary purpose of this study. The balloon platform was used to take aerial images. A video camera and a digital camera were fixed together in a durable plastic box, and hung on the balloon. The video camera was used to monitor the ground view, and its image could be telemetered remotely and displayed on a LCD monitor arranged on the ground. Once monitoring the area of interest shown on the LCD, the shutter button of the digital camera was then pushed remotely and the interested image was taken. 　　The resultant images were ortho-rectified for analysis and comparison. The accuracy of aerial images was examined by check points. The results showed that the images achieved sub-pixel accuracy and were well-matched with the 1/1000 digital topographic maps. This expressed that it was really a useful and efficient method of taking large-scale images for a small research area. 　　At last, post-classification comparison method was introduced to detect change of the ortho-rectified images which were taken in three different periods. The classification maps and the from-to change class information clearly indicated the change of river way among various periods.

電影是門用畫面說故事的藝術，除了劇情上的編排，導演也必須思考如何運用鏡頭配置和運鏡技巧來渲染氣氛並傳達故事。電影拍攝製作上一直都是件費時費力的工程，儘管現在有不少電影後製工具，但專注在根據電影內容提升或改善拍攝手法的工具卻不多。本研究目標為開發智慧型電腦動畫攝影編輯輔助系統及互動操作平台，透過圖示化攝影機拍攝的結果作為選項的介面和推薦系統，讓使用者可以快速簡單的設置虛擬攝影機，配合智慧型回饋提醒系統檢查各鏡頭間是否違反拍攝規則，以達到輔助攝影初學者的目的，提供創新有效的動畫電影拍攝輔助工具。我們透過實驗讓不同攝影背景經驗的使用者操作，以驗證我們系統的可用性。 / Movie is the art of "storytelling." In addition to arranging story elements in a movie, a di-rector must also consider how to present the story by shots arrangement and operations. Filmmaking is a time-consuming process. Although there are many post-production tools available in the market, it is rare to find a tool focusing on facilitating shot arrangement to improve the quality of a movie. In this work, we have developed an intelligent camera editing system for computer animation, in which users can easily set up virtual cameras through se-lecting shot icons recommended by the system. It can also provide intelligent feedbacks to novice users and check if the shots selected by the users violate the rules in virtual cinema-tography. In order to show that the system is an innovative and effective tool for making an animation film, we have conducted an evaluation study by inviting participants with different photographic backgrounds to experience the system and verify the usability of our system.

研究者以「人 – 工具 – 現場」之間的關係為觀察角度, 希望探討實作中電視新聞攝影活動的本質。本研究以錄影方式紀錄不同實作個案，並對13位不同年資的電視攝影記者進行深度訪談，研究發現實務中電視新聞攝影實際上不只是「攝影」的活動而已，更是關於什麼是「新聞資訊」和「解題資訊」的想像、聚焦和校準工作。而且，攝影記者在新聞現場使用攝影機的過程，也同時是智能配置與權力互動的「連結」活動。一方面，攝影記者必須與各種人與非人的工具/資源連結，才能涉入到現場的情境性中，理解新聞現場的解題意義，並以攝影機工具將特定對象轉化為新聞影像素材。另一方面，由於連結活動除了智能協力，也隱含了權力角力，攝影記者雖然「操作」了攝影機工具，但事實上主導攝影機工具如何被「使用」的人卻可能不是攝影記者。簡單來說，電視新聞攝影中「人 – 工具 – 現場」形成關係的過程，也同時是攝影記者配置智能與參與建構行動者網絡的過程。攝影記者在過程中不斷計算自己與其他行動者之間在智能上以及權力互動上的關係，以瞭解到底該「拍什麼」甚至「如何拍」。研究也發現，實務中電視攝影記者經常處於「資訊焦慮」和「權力焦慮」的狀態，也就是一方面對解題目標的模糊性感到困擾，另一方面又可能擔心自己在工作中失去主導攝影機使用以及詮釋新聞現場的權力。本研究提出，電視攝影記者如果想強化自己在網絡中的行動位置，必須加強處理資訊以及與其他行動者連結的能力，並找出更均衡的「人 – 工具」關係。 / This study aims to rethink the practice of TV news photojournalism by examining the relationship among TV news photographers, the tool(s) they use, and the location where “news” happens. Employing methods of case study and in-depth interview, the study finds that TV news photographer's job is more than just skillfully using camera to capture news video; in fact, in order to know what to film, as well as how to film, TV news photographer needs to work with different human and non-human resources, “involving-in” the context of activity, and constructing the content and objectives of the assignment. In short, TV news photography is a situated activity and process of calculation. To effectively perform his/her task, photographer is required to bring people and things together and measures relations among different actors.

近紅外線影像由於其物理特性與成像方式，其紋理細節都有發散模糊不清的現象，對於以紋理為主要特徵的年齡辨識問題而言更具挑戰。本論文主要目的是以近紅外線人臉影像為基礎，找出對近紅外線年齡特徵有最佳描述力的特徵描述子，辨識近紅外線影像中被拍攝者的年齡區間，建構整個年齡層估算機制。 相關研究一部分關注可見光年齡辨識，另一部分則聚焦在近紅外線人臉辨識，目前還沒有近紅外線年齡辨識的相關文獻能參考，如何從接近的研究領域找尋是適當的演算法是本研究遇到的第一個挑戰。在資料庫的部分，FGNET和MORPH常被用於可見光的年齡辨識議題； PolyU和LDHF則用於近紅外線人臉辨識相關研究，在目前沒有近紅外線年齡資料庫的情況，本研究自建RSNIR（Intel RealSense Near-Infrared Age Database），因此如何標準化拍攝環境流程、蒐集穩定的近紅外線影像是本研究面臨的第二個挑戰。 區域性特徵擷取方法的關鍵在於特徵描述子的描述力。本研究以LBP（Local Binary Patterns）為基礎，探討LBP在內的24個特徵描述子，最後實驗測試各個描述子在RSNIR的辨識率，結果發現基本型Fuzzy LBP和擴充型RILBP對近紅外線年齡特徵有最佳描述力。在空間譜子區塊（patch）設計部分，以3x3切割子區塊數的辨識效果最好，反應出其與影像校正時的人臉影像空間定義方式有關。