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中國古典詩歌對應探勘及詞彙分析工具 / Tools for Pattern Comparison and Word Analysis of Chinese Classical Poetry黃植琨 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以《詩經》、《楚辭》、《全唐詩》、《全宋詩》及《全宋詞》等,數位化的文本資料作為基礎,運用資訊技術,建構分析文獻間借鑒的工具。工具採用字串或詞彙比對的方式,使用者可以透過設定,過濾出可能的對應關係,特別是《全唐詩》、《全宋詩》和《全宋詞》間字面上的類似之處。本研究參考人文領域的研究,用以評估工具的效果。同時,我們也藉由資訊科學的角度,統計如唐詩和宋代詩詞間的對應關係,亦透過如《詩經》和《詩經》、《楚辭》和《楚辭》、《全唐詩》和《全唐詩》、《全宋詞》和《全宋詞》、《全宋詩》和《全宋詩》的對應關係,挖掘同一時代文人作品的對應。另外,本研究也嘗試中國古典詩歌的斷詞,以及分析詩歌中詞彙的語意,未來也希望能夠透過語意進行詩歌比對。本研究雖不如傳統方法的人文研究深入,但提供從大量的語料中去蕪存菁,以及統計等相關服務,節省人文研究分析整理文本所需的時間,用數位的力量輔助人文領域的相關研究。
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脈絡下的保護責任:文本探勘的再詮釋 / Contextualizing Responsibility to Protect: Re-Interpretation of Text Mining張道宜, Chang, Tao Yi Unknown Date (has links)
保護責任(R2P)是當前國際社會最受矚目,但同時也最受爭議的概念之一,有人認為這個概念有助於實踐國際人權,幫助國際社會向需要幫助的人民伸出援手;有學者認為這是為了解決主權與人權之間的爭端;更有人認為這只是「人道干涉」的借屍還魂,不過是西方強權為了干涉他國的手段而已。
隨著時間進展,當2005年保護責任在世界高峰會(World Summit)中得到聯合國會員國一致共識同時,有人認為R2P原本試圖修正「人道干涉困境」與國際法架構的雄心壯志,淪落對現有國際法架構的確認,無疑地呈現顯著的概念質變(conceptual change)。然而當民主春風吹過中東與北非地區,阿拉伯之春導致許多政府爆發侵犯人權情事,R2P再度受到矚目,甚至在2011年被聯合國安理會引用,作為干涉利比亞局勢的重要說辭,產生與2005年世界高峰會截然不同的內容。儘管被視為R2P概念成形以來的一大勝利,但也掀起新一波對R2P概念的爭辯。
本文主張,R2P面臨如此爭議,「定義」以及「與主權關係」不明是最主要的原因之一。對於支持者而言,這是有別於人道干涉,且根據現行「負責任主權」的全新人權執行機制,符合「即時性」、「有效性」的大原則。但對於反對者而言,這是人道干涉藉由「責任」一詞改頭換面,「換湯不換藥」,表面說詞再動人,都無法掩蓋他基於國家私利,干涉他國完整,破壞國家主權體系的意圖。
為了解決這項爭議,本研究試圖透過「語料庫語言學」的方法回答以下研究問題:第一,對於實際參與聯合國決策的各國代表而言,到底何謂「R2P」?在聯合國的場域中,「R2P」的出現是否真如部分學者所主張,漸漸改變「主權」的內涵?第二,如果主權概念與「R2P」的概念確實存在連動關係,那關係為何?
根據本研究的研究成果可以發現,第一,在聯合國安理會的場域中,2005年世界高峰會的共識確實取代既有概念,讓「R2P」內容產生質變。但過去的「預防」概念依舊得到存續。第二,「R2P」概念的出現確實為「主權」增加更多的「責任」,儘管在安理會的場域中幅度並不大,但當有意識地使用「R2P」時,會特別強調「責任」的重要性。第三,儘管許多學者主張「R2P」的概念已經形成共識,重點在於「實踐」而非「爭辯」,但實際上真正重視「實踐」者,恐怕只有聯合國秘書長本人。 / Although generally recognized in World Summit Outcome Document, Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is one of the most controversial concepts of International Relations (IR). Especially, its relationship with sovereignty is one of the most debatable ones. For answering the questions, it is purposed to inquiry texts of meeting verbatim record of United Nations (UN), with the assistance of discourse analysis and digital toolkits. While scholars of IR and Political Thoughts have analyzed its theoretical, definition, legal and implementation dimensions, little attention is paid to its discursive change to examine their mutual influence. For proceeding full and large-scale research, present techniques of text mining enable researchers to work on “big texts”, and to extract the linguistic context beyond them. In general, this thesis is intended to complete the following advancements of IR studies: firstly, establish the contextual understanding of conceptual change of R2P and sovereignty, and find if hidden information exists behind those texts; secondly, if text mining and related toolkits does assist fulfillment of this proposal, it might be possibly new research skill to be applied in IR. This thesis investigates the present understandings of Sovereignty and R2P in IR. It hypothesizes that, firstly, most of present researches on R2P neglected the role of language; secondly, the generation of R2P might be related to the conceptual change of sovereignty in twenty-first century.
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中文文本探勘工具:主題分析、詞組關聯強度、相關句擷取 / Tools for Chinese Text Mining: Topic Analysis, Association Strengths of Collocations, Extraction of Relevant Statements林書佑, Lin, Shu Yu Unknown Date (has links)
現今資料大量且快速數位化的時代,各領域對資訊探勘分析技術越趨倚重。而在數位人文中領域中從2009年「數位典藏與數位人文國際研討會」開始,此議題逐漸受到重視,主要目的為將數位文物結合資訊分析與圖像化輔助,透過不同層面的詮釋建構出更完整的文物資訊。
本研究建構一個針對各種中文語料分析的工具,藉由latent semantic analysis、pointwise mutual information、Person’s chi-squared test、typed dependencies distance、word2vec、Gibbs sampling for latent Dirichlet allocation等計算語料中關鍵詞彙關聯強度的方法,並結合分群方法找出可能的主題,最後擷取符合分群結果的相關句子予以輔助人文學者分析詮釋。透過提供各種觀察語料的面向,進而提升語料相關研究學者的效率。
我們利用《人民日報》、《新青年》、《聯合報》、《中國時報》作為實驗與測試的中文語料。且將《新青年》藉由此套工具分析後的結果提供給專業人文學者,做為分析詮釋的參考資訊與佐證依據,並在「2015年數位典藏與數位人文國際研討會」中發表論文。目前我們透過各種中文語料評估工具的效能,且在未來將公開此套工具提供給更多學者使用,節省對於語料分析的時間。 / In recent years, a wide variety of text documents have been transformed into digital format. Hence, using data mining techniques to analyze data is becoming more and more popular in many research fields. The digital humanities gradually have taken seriously since "International Conference of Digital Archives and Digital Humanities" began in 2009. The main purpose of the digital heritage combined with information analysis and visualization could improve the effectiveness of cultural information through different levels of interpretation.
In this study, we construct a set of tools for Chinese text mining, calculating associated strengths of collocations work through latent semantic analysis, pointwise mutual information, Person’s chi-squared test, typed dependencies distance, word2vec, and Gibbs sampling for latent Dirichlet allocation etc. The tools employ clustering method to identify the possible topics, meanwhile, the tools will extract the relevant statements according to the clustering results. These clustering and relevant statements contribute and improve the efficiency of humanities scholars’ analysis through providing a variety of observations about the corpora.
At the experimental stage of this study, we considered the "People's Daily", "New Youth", "United Daily News", and "China Times" as as the corpora for testing. Among the research, humanities scholars analyzed the "New Youth" by the tools and published a paper in the "2015 International Conference of Digital Archives and Digital Humanities". Currently, we assess the effectiveness of the tools through a variety of Chinese corpora. In the future, we will make the tools freely available on the Internet for Chinese text mining. We hope these time-saving tools can assist in humanities scholars’ study of Chinese corpora.
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