核能災害是一個嚴重的區域性災害，其災害的結果可能持續擴大並延伸至廠區以外，危及廠外民眾的生命與健康。鑑於我國九二一大地震及美國九一一事件慘痛的經驗，無法避免的天然災難及人為危害破壞事件，已引起世人的警惕與高度的重視。綜觀國內外重大的核災事件，我們不啻要問我國目前的危機緊急應變的機制如何？是否已做好周全的準備？萬一不幸發生核能事故時，我們是否真的有能力因應解決？如何保護廣大民眾的生命安全與健康？這一連串的問題，殊值得國人深思探討的課題。 目前我國核子事故緊急應變業務是由行政院原子能委員會轄下的全國核子事故處理委員會來統籌運作。近年來由於國內政治型態的轉變，為落實地方自治的政策，民選地方首長基於保護民眾生命和財產的施政目標，對於有關核能事故的資訊掌握和緊急應變計畫的執行，漸已展現主動性；針對核災事故救災應變的時效性及急迫性而論，我國未來如何釐清中央與地方政府在核子事故緊急應變中所扮演的地位與角色，劃分權責與任務，實應儘早妥為規劃準備。 本論文透過文獻探討、深度訪談與核安演習檢討會議資料蒐集研究的結果，分析我國核能緊急應變機制的運作及現況缺失，並以制度面、決策面、程序面等三層面提出結論與建議，作為建構我國核能電廠緊急應變機制研究之參考。 本論文的結論重點為： 一、核電廠嚴格的安全管制與監督機制，能有效保障核能的安全。 二、應變法源不足與經費短缺的現象，亟待政府加以重視。 三、應變組織體制規劃欠佳，難以發揮應變機制應有的功能。 四、指揮聯繫與通報機制仍存在許多缺失，亟待檢討改進。 五、建立與媒體良好的溝通策略，對危機處理有正面的助益。 六、危機應變觀念與教育宣導不足的現象，亟待政府加以重視。 七、核能事故分析與安全度評估技術的能力，尚待加強建立。 八、核電廠運轉作業程序書與安全文化的建立，是確保核電廠安全的重要因素。 九、中央與地方的防災應變與設備和資源，尚未充分的整合運用。 十、核安演習是危機應變具體的表現，執行成效仍有待加強落實。 本論文的建議為： 一、對制度面的建議 （一）完成緊急應變法律的立法。 （二）健全核能災害防救體系。 （三）規劃設置專責的應變組織。 （四）建立專業人才培訓制度。 二、對決策面的建議 （一）建立「核安家園」的共識。 （二）提昇應變決策的品質。 （三）釐清中央與地方應變組織權限。 （四）落實危機應變宣導與教育訓練。 三、對程序面的建議 （一）加強安全度評估與事故分析的能力。 （二）結合中央與地方防災設備與資源。 （三）提昇核安演習訓練的執行成效。 （四）充實核子事故緊急應變基金。 / A nuclear accident is a serious aerial disaster. The result of disaster can continuously expand and extend to outside of a nuclear plant to endanger the public life and health. Due to the tragedy experiences from Taiwan’s 921 Earthquake and the US’s 911 tragedy, we cannot prevent all the natural disasters as well as any human sabotage events. Therefore, the events alert world people for warnings and attentions. In viewing the world important nuclear accidents, we have to ask ourselves if we are ready for a crisis and what are the mechanisms or if we have done a proper preparation. If there is a nuclear accident, will we be capable to handle and resolve the crisis. How will we protect the public lives and health? This series of questions should be carefully study by our people in Taiwan. Currently, the Nuclear Accident Management Committee under the ROC-AEC operates our nuclear accident emergency readiness. Due to the recent political environment changes in Taiwan, the local elected chiefs want to have more says in local policies and also to protect lives and properties. They became more actively involved in the information about nuclear accidents and the execution of emergency plans. In nuclear accidents, the timing, urgencies, responsibilities, and tasks roles for the Taiwan central government and local governments should be now planned and prepared. This paper uses reference studies, in-depth interviews, and meeting information in nuclear safety exercises to analyze Taiwan’s nuclear emergency response mechanism and current shortfalls. This paper makes conclusions and recommendations by means of systems, decision-making, and procedures in order to construct a study reference for nuclear power plant emergency response mechanism. The key points in this paper’s conclusions are: 1. A nuclear power plant should have stringent safety control and surveillance mechanism to effectively secure nuclear safety. 2. The government should pay attentions to lack of legal basis and short of fund problems. 3. The response organization is not properly planned and cannot effectively perform the response functions. 4. The command and communication mechanisms still exist shortfalls and need improvements. 5. A good communication strategy with media is positive in handling a crisis. 6. The government should pay attentions to crisis response ideas and educational communication. 7. Taiwan should have established the capabilities in nuclear accident analysis and safety evaluation. 8. To assure nuclear safety in a nuclear power plant, we should have a culture of safety with plant’s tech specs. 9. The central government and the local governments have yet to integrate equipment and resources for accident prevention. 10. A nuclear safety drill is a performance of crisis response but still needs improvement. This paper has the suggestions as the follows: 1. Suggestions to Systems (1) Complete emergency response law. (2) Complete the prevention and plan systems for nuclear accidents. (3) Set up a response organization with permanent tasks. (4) Set up a training system for experts. 2. Suggestions in Decision-Making (1) Establish “Nuclear Safety Home” consensus. (2) Elevate decision-making quality. (3) Make a clear division on central and local government power in response organization. (4) Advertise crisis management and educational training. 3. Suggestions to Procedures (1) Improve capabilities in safety evaluation and accident analysis. (2) Integrate central and local disaster prevention equipment and resources. (3) Elevate the performance of nuclear safety drill. (4) Increase the fund used in a nuclear accident response.

近年來，在全球氣候變遷與化石燃料價格高漲的影響之下，節能減碳成了各國政府能源政策的圭臬。正因如此，核能重新被視為一種可行的替代能源，獲得長足的發展。但這股核能復興潮並沒有持續太久，2011年日本福島核事故的發生，使全球核能產業陷入了新一波的低潮。這場核能浩劫，與25年前在前蘇聯發生的車諾比核事故如出一轍，都影響了許多國家在核能政策上的選擇。 本研究針對俄羅斯核能產業之發展進行探討，以了解其核能利用上的立場及發展策略。特別是在2011年日本福島核災後，俄羅斯在核能政策上是否有所轉變。值得注意的是，俄羅斯國家原子能公司(Rosatom)，作為國營之核能企業，展現了其企圖心，矢言成為新一代的全球核能復興先驅。 本研究認為，俄羅斯仍不會放棄核能的利用，而且也將持續進行核能復興的政策路線，尋求擴大在全球核電市場上的影響力。核能對俄羅斯而言，除了經濟方面的利益外，同時也兼具了政治、能源安全上的意涵。除非未來科技進步，足以發展出一種高效率同時兼顧生態發展的發電方式，否則近期內俄羅斯的核能發展現狀將不會有太大的改變。 / In recent years, under the influence of global climate change and high fossil fuel prices, carbon reduction has become a model as energy policy for many governments. Because of that, nuclear energy was re-considered a viable alternative energy source, and developed rapidly. But this trend of "nuclear renaissance" did not last too long, due to Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan in 2011, the global nuclear industry fell into another serious decline. Just like Chernobyl nuclear accident that occurred 25 years ago in former Soviet Union, This nuclear catastrophe have affected many countries in nuclear energy policies. In this study, we discussed the development of Russia's nuclear industry in order to understand its position on nuclear energy and development strategies. Particularly, we would like to see if there is a significant change in Russia's nuclear energy policy after Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011. It is noteworthy that the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom, as a state-owned nuclear company, demonstrated its ambition, and vowed to be a pioneer of global nuclear renaissance in a whole new era. In this study, we concluded that Russia will not give up nuclear energy, but also continue its nuclear renaissance energy policy routes, seeking to expand influence in the global nuclear power market. In addition to economic benefits, for Russia, nuclear energy also means both the political and energy security implications. Unless the technological progress in the future that is enough to develop a high-efficiency and ecological way of power generation, otherwise, Russia's nuclear energy development situation will not have a significant change in the near term.

網絡是一個依據人與人之間的互動關係所建構出來的，它即是形成我們日常生活中的一部分，而政策網絡則是從網絡的生活環境概念化，進而系統化的分析方法，是較傳統分析方法更有彈性的分析架構。在現在的社會中，想要製造對立的關係很容易，想要挑出他人的問題也是容易的，但是如何促使人們溝通呢？在這個民眾對政府信任低落的時代，社會上的急需解決的公共議題卻未見減少，若里長能發揮一個更作為連結政府和民眾之間溝通的良好媒介，發揮其作為中介樞紐的功能。本研究更期許里長在核子事故緊急應變的政策宣導中，是一個能讓民眾和政府之間的溝通更為順暢的角色。透過政策網絡中的社會網絡分析方法，嘗試去解析在核二廠周遭地區的里長，他們在緊急應變網絡中所擁有的角色、地位及其對網絡的影響，並進一步提出改善當前緊急應變宣導僵化的困境。 本研究透過社會網絡分析的中介性分析結果，發現雖然在緊急應變宣導的政策網絡中，里長確實擁有強大的動員能量，更在網絡中有無法抹煞的影響力，但里長卻並非網絡的單一中介核心，在地方上的緊急應變宣導網絡中，形成了多元的中介核心，這些網絡參與者或因為公務上的正式關係，或因為掌握核能的專業知識，因此，各自在網絡中占有重要的地位，但是若核子事故發生時，這些參與者又會形成環環相扣的宣導和疏散系統，缺一不可。故本研究認為里長的角色，確實會對緊急應變宣導產生不同層面的影響，里長在網絡中也具有相當深厚的稟賦，但更多時候里長只是消極的在執行。 最後本研究彙整出不同受訪者的意見，歸納出了兩個方向性不同的建議，期望負責緊急應變宣導的單位能重新省思這些根本性的問題：第一，只有讓民眾真正的體驗過，體驗才會轉換成有價值的經驗和記憶；第二，對於緊急應變宣導的結構性省思，政府擁有的人力、資源和時間有限，政府官員相較於民眾是否是更需要宣導的群體？