在本實驗室之前的研究中顯示在發炎狀態的大白鼠上以intrathecal (i.t.) 方式給予angiotensin IV (Ang IV) ，Ang IV 是insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) inhibitor，可以減少腳掌發炎之大白鼠的疼痛過敏化。然而，這個由Ang IV所產生之效果背後的機制還未被完全釐清。 在這次的實驗中，我們利用由carrageenan引起腳掌腫脹之大鼠進行plantar test來研究Ang IV所產生之抗疼痛過敏化其中可能機制。由於有文獻指出，在發炎狀態的大白鼠上以intrathecal (i.t.) 方式給予oxytocin可產生一劑量相關性的抗疼痛過敏化作用，因此我們推測在大白鼠的脊髓層次上由oxytocin以及Ang IV所個別誘導的抗疼痛過敏化之間可能有關聯性。利用 i.t.單獨給予atosiban (selective oxytocin receptor antagonist) 可以觀察到一個較強烈的疼痛過敏化現象，然而合併給予atosiban，可使Ang IV所產生的抗疼痛過敏化完全被阻斷掉。因此我們推測oxytocin在以intrathecal (i.t.) 方式給予Ang IV而阻斷IRAP的活性，進而產生抗疼痛過敏化作用的過程中是一個主要的IRAP受質。 當我們在carrageenan誘導疼痛過敏化的大白鼠上單獨給予低劑量之oxytocin並沒有產生統計上顯著之抗疼痛過敏作用。然而合併給予oxytocin和Ang IV後，則可以有觀察到Ang IV 能增加並且延長oxytocin所引起的抗疼痛過敏化作用。 就內生性oxytocin來看，電刺激paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN)已被證實可以增加內生性的oxytocin分泌到脊髓。而這樣的一個神經路徑被發現和疼痛的調節具有很密切的關聯性。從我們的結果中，我們發現在carrageenan誘導疼痛過敏化的大白鼠上，i.t.給予Ang IV可以延長PVN電刺激產生的抗疼痛過敏化作用，由此推測 Ang IV可能可以保護內生性oxytocin不被分解或失去活性。 除了oxytocin之外，IRAP在體外的實驗中被證實可以分解數種具生理活性之peptides 的N-terminal amino acid，其中包括vasopressin, bradykinin 以及 enkephalin等。在這些物質中，bradykinin已被證實在週邊發炎的過程中具有重要的調控效果，若IRAP在週邊組織扮演了一個分解促發炎物質的角色，利用Ang IV也許可以去阻斷IRAP之活性進而增加這些促發炎物質。因此，我們在由carrageenan誘導疼痛過敏化的動物模式上利用腳掌局部注射 Ang IV來探討在發炎部位Ang IV可能的作用。我們猜測Ang IV 可能可以調控不同物質(例如：bradykinin)而在發炎部位產生局部之作用， 但結果顯示在疼痛過敏化以及腫脹程度上，Ang IV並不具有調控週邊組織發炎過程的能力。所以推測Ang IV在週邊發炎位置可能並沒有扮演非常重要的角色。 總而言之，本實驗結果證實了Ang IV以及 oxytocin在發炎大白鼠的脊髓層次上所個別引起之抗疼痛過敏化作用之間具有相關性，其中的機制可能是Ang IV在發炎大白鼠的脊髓層次上藉由抑制IRAP降解oxytocin的活性，進而產生抗疼痛過敏化的效果。 / In our previous study, we showed that intrathecal (i.t.) administration of angiotensin IV (Ang IV), an insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) inhibitor, could attenuate hyperalgesia in rats with inflammation. However, the underlying mechanism(s) for this effect of Ang IV was not clarified yet. Using the plantar test in rats with carrageenan-induced paw inflammation, we attempted to investigate the possible mechanism(s) of Ang IV in the present study. Because it has been reported that i.t. administration of oxytocin produced a dose-dependent anti-hyperalgesia effect in rats with inflammation, we speculate that there is a possible correlation between the oxytocin-induced and angiotensin IV-induced anti-hyperalgesia at the spinal level in rats. Using i.t. co-administered atosiban (a selective oxytocin receptor antagonist), the anti-hyperalgesia effect of Ang IV was completely abolished, although a severer hyperalgesia was observed in rats receiving atosiban alone. This indicates that oxytocin could be the major substrate of IRAP responsible for the anti-hyperalgesia caused by intrathecal administration of Ang IV, which blocked the activity of IRAP. Using i.t. administration of oxytocin in rats with carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia, the anti-hyperalgesia effect of oxytocin was potent and significant. When Ang IV was co-administered with the low dose of oxytocin, a significant enhancing effect of Ang IV on anti-hyperalgesia of oxytocin was observed. In view of the endogenous oxytocin, electrical stimulation of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) has been proved to cause the increase of oxytocin release at the spinal cord. This neural pathway has been found to be highly related to the modulation of pain. In our results, we found that i.t. administration of Ang IV could prolong the anti-hyperalgesia induced by PVN stimulation. This suggests a possible protective effect of Ang IV on endogenous oxytocin degradation/dysfunctioning. In addition to oxytocin, it was well known that IRAP is able to cleave the N-terminal amino acid from several bioactive peptides in vitro, including vasopressin, bradykinin and enkephalin. Among these substrates, bradykinin has been demonstrated to be an important mediator in peripheral inflammation. It is a pro-inflammatory substance that can be enhanced by Ang IV, if the peripheral IRAP plays a role in its degradation. Therefore, we examined the possible local effect of intraplantarly injected Ang IV on the carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia in the same model. However, our results showed no effect of local Ang IV on hyperalgesia and paw edema, indicating that Ang IV may not be able to regulate the peripheral inflammatory process. Overall, the present study verified the possible interaction between the oxytocin-induced and angiotensin IV-induced anti-hyperalgesia at the spinal level in rats with inflammation. It suggests that Ang IV may act though the inhibition of the activity of IRAP to reduce the degradation of oxytocin, thereby lead to anti-hyperalgesia in rats with inflammation.

人民基本權利之保障，無不受到世界各先進國家之重視與積極追求，並以之作為普世價值，及衡量一個國家民主發展的程度。人身自由權與遷徙自由權，為我國憲法所明定之人民基本權利，應予以最大保障，惟仍非不得於合乎憲法第 23 條要件之情形下，對其為必要之限制。 國家債權之實現與法治國原則之維護，均為國家重大之公益目的。公法上金錢給付義務之履行，攸關國家財政歲收之健全及發展建設之推行，其與全體國民之福祉息息相關。前揭義務之強制執行，即在確保國家債權得以實現，俾能順利完成國家建設或其他行政給付；在法治國家，人民負有守法的義務，對違反守法義務之人民，透過強制執行之程序，達到與其履行前揭義務之相同法律效果，以維護法治國公平正義之原則並建立行政法秩序。 　　行政執行法中有關拘提、管收、暫予留置及限制出境等規定，乃係國家執行機關為追求實現前揭兩大公益目的，所採取限制人民人身自由與遷徙自由之執行措施。在確保人民基本權利之前提下，應如何認定其符合憲法第 23 條之形式要件並通過違憲審查之檢驗，以確實取得該等執行措施之合法性與正當性，為本論文之研究主軸。 論文伊始，先介紹公法上金錢給付義務強制執行之實務概況，嗣分別論述：（一）、人身自由與遷徙自由之保障，及對其為限制時之違憲審查。（二）、採取拘提、管收、暫予留置、限制出境等執行措施之相關問題。（三）、人身自由權與遷徙自由權作為基本權利所發揮之功能。最後，基於建構「立法者改善義務」之憲法上理論依據，提出修法建議。 / All developed countries in the world pay attention to and pursue to the protection of human rights. It becomes a general value worldwide and it is an index measuring the democracy of a country. The personal freedom and movement freedom are the fundamental human rights stated in the Constitution of our country and they should be protected strictly. However, they still should not violate the restriction stated in Clause 23 in Constitution. The realization of creditor's right of the country and the protection of the law and order of the country are the major items for public benefits. The obligation of payment in Public Law is closely related to the integrity of the national revenue and implementation of the development. It is closely linked to the welfare of all citizens. The coactive execution of the above-stated obligation is to ensure the realization of the right of creditor of the country so that the national development and other administrative payments can be completed smoothly. In the country governed by law, it is the obligation of the citizens to obey the law. If the citizens violate the law, the coactive execution will be conducted in order to achieve the equivalent juridical of the above-stated obligation, and maintain the fair and just principle of the country governed by law and establish the order of administrative law. Regarding the arrest, detention, temporary detention and departure restriction in administrative executive, it is the execution authority of the country to restrict the personal freedom and movement freedom in order to realize the two major benefits stated above. The main purpose of this thesis is to discuss how the important conditions of violation of Clause 23 of Constitution can be reviewed to obtain the legitimacy and justifiability of those executions under the protection of fundamental human rights. At the beginning of the thesis, the overview of coactive execution of obligation about payment in Public Law is introduced. It includes: (1) the protection of personal freedom and movement freedom, and the corresponding restriction in accordance with the review of violation of Constitution; (2) the relevant issues for the execution of arrest, detention, temporary detention and departure restriction; (3) the effect of personal freedom and movement freedom on the fundamental rights. Finally, according to the "obligation of legislator on improvement" on Constitution, the amendment will be proposed.

本論文將法務部行政執行署所屬行政執行處依據行政執行法為行政執行中，因相關之法律問題，致造成公法上金錢給付義務事件不能很迅速地結案，即有障礙者，統稱之為「行政執行障礙法律問題」。 本論文除第一章為緒論及第八章為結論外，自第二章起至第七章，分章就行政執行名義、行政執行標的、行政執行程序救濟管道、合併執行、輔助性之人身執行-拘提管收部分及執行憑證等法律問題見解爭議之態樣，探討各法律問題態樣於行政執行實務上不同之見解爭議，並論述目前實務作法或提出建議方案。 另為方便參閱本論文涉及之重要條文、司法院解釋、最高法院及最高行政法院相關決議，亦於本論文末摘錄部分內容，以供參考。