乳酸(Lactate)是一種人體內常見的代謝物，也是無氧代謝後的最終產物。人體在運動過後血液中的乳酸濃度會上升，但在一般情況下大腦中的乳酸含量非常低，正常人腦乳酸濃度約低於0.5毫莫耳(mM)，由於腦乳酸的低濃度，以及在磁共振頻譜中的乳酸訊號與大分子(macromolecular)部分訊號重疊，導致在正常大腦中不易得到乳酸的頻譜訊號。近年來，有文獻指出在3T的磁場下利用MEGA-PRESS技術可以量測到乳酸在大腦經由低氧與高氧交替過程中的改變，而Mescher-Garwood(MAGA) point-resolved spectroscopy sequence(PRESS)頻譜編輯技術是由原本的PRESS脈衝序列再增加兩個選擇性的脈衝，透過頻譜相減消除不具有J-耦合特性的代謝物，來針對具有J-耦合特性的代謝物訊號做測量。本研究的目的為在3T的磁場下，利用MEGA-PRESS技術量到乳酸的頻譜訊號之外，再藉由不同的擬合(fitting)方式以及處理頻譜平均次數來得到不同條件下乳酸頻譜的標準差及變異係數值，以衡量利用在視覺刺激下是否能得到大腦視覺區中乳酸的改變差異，並提供一份乳酸對擬合參數的改變及平均次數多寡的參考依據。

Soil freezing/thawing is of importance in the transport of water, heat and solute, with coupled effects. Due to complexity in soil freezing/thawing, uncertainty could be influential in both experimentation and simulation work in frozen soils. Solute and water in frozen soil could reduce the freezing point, resulting in uncertainty in simulation water, heat and solute processes as well as in estimation of frozen soil evaporation. High salinity and groundwater level could result in high soil evaporation during wintertime. Seasonal courses in energy and water balance on surface have shown to be influential to soil water and heat dynamics, as well as in salt accumulation during wintertime. Water and solute accumulated during freezing period resulted in high evaporation during thawing period and enhanced surface salinization. Diurnal changes in surface energy partitioning resulted in significant cycle of freezing/thawing as well as in evaporation/condensation in surface layer, which could in turn affect atmosphere. Uncertainties in experiments and simulations were detectable in investigation of seasonally frozen soils with limited methods and simplified representations of reality in two agricultural fields in northern China. Soil water and solute contents have shown to be more uncertain than soil temperatures in both measurements and simulations. The combination of experiments with process-based model (CoupModel) has proven to be useful in understanding freezing/thawing processes and in identification of uncertainty, when Monte-Carlo based methods were used for evaluation of simulations. Correlations between parameters and model performance indices needed to be taken into account carefully in calibration of the process-based model. Parameters related to soil hydraulic processes and surface energy processes were more sensitive when using different datasets for calibration. In using multiple model performance indicators for multi-objective evaluation, the trade-offs between them have shown to be a source of uncertainty in calibration. More proper representations of the reality in model (e.g., soil hydraulic and thermal properties) and more detailed measurements (e.g., soil liquid water content and solute concentration) as input would be efficient in reducing uncertainty. Relationships between groundwater, soil and climate change would be of high interest for better understanding of cold regions water and energy balance. / 土壤冻融过程对于水热及溶质的运移具有十分重要的影响，并对于寒旱区水文过程的研究有着深远意义。在冻土中，溶质的存在导致冰点降低，改变土壤冻融规律，进而影响冻融土壤水热运移。冻融土壤地表水分及能量平衡的季节性变化规律对土壤水热运移及盐分的积累影响较大。同时，土壤冻融的水热平衡日变化规律对表层土壤水热过程影响较为强烈，并进而影响地表的气象变化。试验研究表明，高溶质含量及浅埋深地下水条件为地表的蒸发提供了便利条件，因为高溶质含量土壤冰点降低，同一负温条件下的液态含水量增大，为蒸发提供了可利用水分；而浅埋深地下水对冻融期水盐的表聚提供的方便，进而有助于融化期地表水分的大量蒸发及下层土层水分的大量向上补给。例如，当地下水初始埋深设置在1.5 m时，对于初始含盐量分别为0.2%，0.4% 和0.6% g/g的冻融试验组，冻融期累积蒸发量分别为51.0，96.6和114.0 mm。同样的增加趋势在其它初始地下水埋深设置试验组里也被验证，且初始地下水埋深越浅，累积蒸发量也越大。对于利用有限的试验数据及简化的数值模型对冻融土壤水热及溶质研究，由于试验及模型的不确定性，会造成结果的不确定性。而通过利用不确定性分析的方法将试验结果与数值模型结合起来可以较好地理解土壤冻融过程及处理不确定性，并进而为改进试验方法及完善数值模型提供参考。模型不确定分析结果表明，模型参数之间，及参数与模型模拟效果评价因子之间存在较强的相关性，会造成模拟结果的不确定性。而不同模拟方法的结果对比表明，在进行冻融土壤水热及溶质模拟时，建立更为完善的考虑更为详细的过程的数值模型可以提高模型的模拟效率，减小模拟结果的不确定性。同时，试验数据的不确定性也显示出了对模拟结果的显著影响。精确的试验数据及更为科学的试验方法有助于减少模拟结果的不确定性。在减少模拟结果的不确定性上也有重要作用。同时，由于寒区水文过程的复杂性及在气候变化过程中的重要性，有必要进一步开展寒区地下水，土壤水热盐与气候变化关系的研究，以便于制定更为合理的寒区水资源管理策略。 / Frysning och tining är av betydelse för kopplade flöden av vatten, värme och lösta ämnen i mark. Komplexiteten i sambanden mellan lösta ämnen, ofruset vatten och fryspunkten skapar en osäkerhet vid simuleringar av processer för både vatten, värme och lösta ämnen i marken samt för avdunstningen från markytan. Årtidsberoende mönster i energi- och vattenbalansen för markytan påverkar värme- och vattendynamiken i marken samt ackumulering av salter under vintern. Dygnsvariationer i energibalansens uppdelning vid markytan ger upphov till frysning/tining samt avdunstning och kondensation i ytliga lager som har återkopplingar också till tillstånden i atmosfärens ytskikt. Osäkerheter i både experiment och i simuleringar spårades i undersökningar av säsongstyrd frysning av mark i två provincer av norra Kina. Begräningar i metodik och förenklingar av naturens komplexitet kunde klargöras. Kombinationen av experiment och processbaserad modellering med CoupModel var lyckosam för föreståelsen av frysning/tining och kunde klargöra osäkerhet med hjälp av Monte Carlo teknik. Korrelation mellan parametrar och prestanda hos modellen var en viktig del av kalibreringsproceduren. En förbättrad processbeskrivning av marken och minskad parameterosäkerhet kan erhållas om också mer detaljerade mätningar inbegrips i framtida studier. Sambanden mellan grundvatten, mark och klimatförändringar är av största intresse för en bättre kunna beskriva kalla regioners vatten- och energibalanser. / <p>QC 20160329</p>

長久以來政治發展與經濟發展的互動關係，即不斷為學者研究的主題，而光復後臺灣 地區的經濟發展成果被世人譽為「奇蹟」，有學者認為政府的政策在經濟發展過程中 扮演了一個重要的角色，但此一角色究竟是如何扮演的呢？而近兩年琰政治局勢的開 放，是否與經濟發展有關呢？換言之，經濟發展是否對政府角色也產生影響呢？這是 本研究所討論的主要論題。 本研究修正國家中心論的論點與阿圖色 (L. Althusser) 的泛層決定的假設及金觀濤 的「功能耦合原則」，認為政府角色扮演中對經濟社會導出汲取性、生產性及保護性 三項功能，而這些功能恰好形成經濟發展的條件，而經濟發展過程中導出的經濟成長 ，所得分配和經濟結構變遷的結果，又恰好形成政府角色的某些條件，本文擬就臺灣 地區發展現象驗證這組假設。 準此，本研究所要探討的有下列幾點： 一、政府角色與經濟成長在臺灣地區發展經濟中是否有功能耦合現象？如果沒有那是 前者影響後者或後者影響前者或沒有關係？ 二、政府角色與所得分配在臺灣地區發展經驗中是否有功能耦合現象？如果沒有那么 其互動關係為何？亦或沒有任何關係？ 三、政府角色與經濟結構變遷在臺灣地區發展經驗中是否功能耦合現象？如果沒有那 么其互動關係如何？或毫無關係？ 四、在臺灣地區發展經驗中有那些轉型期，政府角色與經濟發展在功能耦合模型中， 有何含意？ 最後本研究將指出在發展過程中功能耦合是一種動態，而非常態，是吾人欲求之目的 ，如果脫離達到此一目的的軌跡，那麼政府在角色上必須作某些調整，才能使政經社 會維持相當的穩定。

<p>This thesis presents a study on built-in type low profile and low volume mobile phone antennas. In a coupling element based antenna, the chassis is the main radiator and the antenna elements are the exciters for the wave modes at low frequency. The main work of this thesis is to demonstrate and investigate the performance of the coupling element based antenna and study a variety of cases with different physical lengths and different physical heights. The investigation is done by using simulators. The performance is evaluated by analyzing the impedance bandwidth and the efficiency. For the study, antenna prototypes integrating miniaturized matching circuits were modeled. Two antenna structure prototypes covering five frequency bands were manufactured and measured. The Measured results are presented and compared with simulations. Finally, the performance of the coupling element based antenna is compared with planar inverter-F antenna (PIFA) and discussed.</p>

This thesis presents a study on built-in type low profile and low volume mobile phone antennas. In a coupling element based antenna, the chassis is the main radiator and the antenna elements are the exciters for the wave modes at low frequency. The main work of this thesis is to demonstrate and investigate the performance of the coupling element based antenna and study a variety of cases with different physical lengths and different physical heights. The investigation is done by using simulators. The performance is evaluated by analyzing the impedance bandwidth and the efficiency. For the study, antenna prototypes integrating miniaturized matching circuits were modeled. Two antenna structure prototypes covering five frequency bands were manufactured and measured. The Measured results are presented and compared with simulations. Finally, the performance of the coupling element based antenna is compared with planar inverter-F antenna (PIFA) and discussed.

我們從計算股價的相關矩陣，然後利用隨機矩陣定理的結果，了解到股票市場並非符合隨機過程的預測，進而得知股票對股票之間具有關聯性，然其長時距下股票價格對數報酬的變化會呈現隨機行走的模式，因此我們對其結果提出二種不同的耦合隨機行走模型，試圖闡釋股票市場間的關聯性可融合到耦合隨機行走模型之中，並藉由均方對數報酬(mean square log-return，MSLR)來探討此事情。 最後，為了瞭解關聯性的關係，並利用其來了解股票市場內部結構的特性，因此我們利用股價的相關矩陣來建構最小展開樹進行分析，發現當時間尺度越大其圖形越密集，中心幾乎為「GE」這家公司，因此其股票市場具有一定的判斷指標。 / By means of calculating the correlation matrix of the price of stock and using the results of random matrix theorems，we learned that the stock market does not match the prediction of stochastic processes and the stock-stock is correlated。However，stock’s price log-return changes under long time scale will appear random walk model. Therefore，we propose two kinds of the different coupled random walk model，that try to explain the correlation between the stock markets can be integrated into the coupled random walk model，and using the mean square log-return( MSLR) to investigate this issue。 Finally，to understand the relationship of correlation matrix and by using it to know the characteristics of the underlying structure of the stock market，we use the correlation matrix of the price to construct the minimum spanning tree for analysis。The results showed that when the time scale is greater, the graphics are more intensive，and the center is almost the same company，"GE"， indicating that the stock market has a certain judgment index。

Soil freezing and thawing is of importance in transport of water, heat and solute, which has coupled effects. Solute type and solute content in frozen soil could influence the osmotic potential of frozen soil and decrease freezing point, resulting in differences in soil freezing characteristic curves under various solute conditions. Prediction model provides an approach for estimating soil freezing characteristic curves under various water and solute conditions based on soil freezing characteristic curve obtained at certain water and solute conditions. Water, heat and solute transport in seasonally frozen soil is a coupled process strongly linked to evaporation and energy balance of soil surface. High solute content and shallow GWTD provide good conditions for water and solute accumulation in surface layer, which would result in more evaporation during thawing. Also, high solute content in upper layer would cause more liquid water to exist in upper layer, which may enhance evaporation during freezing period. Obvious increase in cumulative evaporation amount was detected for frost tube experiments, 51.0, 96.6, to 114.0 mm when initial solute content increased from 0.2%, 0.4%, to 0.6%, and initial GWTD of 1.5 m. Similar trends were observed for other GWTD and solute treatments. Water and heat transport simulated by the CoupModel combined with GLUE calibration showed good performances, when constrained by certain criteria. Uncertainties were investigated using ensemble of modeling results. Simulated energy partitioning showed intensive oscillations in daily courses during soil freezing/thawing periods and strongly influenced the stability of energy system on surface of soil. The study demonstrated the complexity in water, heat and solute transport in seasonally frozen soil, and the necessity of combining experimental data with numerical model for better understanding the processes as well in decision making for irrigation district water resources management. / 土壤冻融过程对于水热及溶质的运移具有十分重要的影响，并对于寒旱区水文过程的研究有着深远意义。在冻土中，溶质的种类及溶质含量会对土壤溶质势产生影响，并导致冰点的降低，进而影响土壤冻结曲线的变化。本研究通过建立含盐冻土冻结曲线的预报模型，有效地利用一定水盐试验条件下的冻结曲线对未知条件下的冻结曲线进行预测，进而为数值模型实时根据土壤水盐条件获得准确的液态含水量与温度的关系时提供了可行的方法。冻融土壤中的水热盐运移过程与地表的水热平衡有着密切联系，进而影响冻融土壤蒸发过程。试验研究表明，高溶质含量及浅埋深地下水条件为地表的蒸发提供了便利条件，因为高溶质含量土壤冰点降低，同一负温条件下的液态含水量增大，为蒸发提供了可利用水分；而浅埋深地下水对冻融期水盐的表聚提供的方便，进而有助于融化期地表水分的大量蒸发及下层土层水分的大量向上补给。例如，当地下水初始埋深设置在1.5 m时，对于初始含盐量分别为0.2%，0.4% 和0.6% g/g的冻融试验组，冻融期累积蒸发量分别为51.0，96.6和114.0 mm。同样的增加趋势在其它初始地下水埋深设置试验组里也被验证，且初始地下水埋深越浅，累积蒸发量也越大。CoupModel 与GLUE相结合的方法能够有效地根据实测数据对模型进行率定并经过筛选后得出较好的模拟结果集合。通过对筛选的模拟输出集合的不确定性分析，对模型模拟过程的不确定性有了很好的了解。模拟的地表能量分配过程显示，地表能量的日变化过程较为剧烈，并且对地表能量平衡系统的稳定性产生了显著影响。研究通过试验与模拟相结合的方法，展示了季节性冻融土壤中水热盐耦合运移过程的复杂性，同时也表明利用试验取样与数值模型相结合的方法研究冻融土壤中水热盐运移过程的必要性，并为高效的水资源管理决策的制定提供了有效的手段。 / <p>QC 20150518</p>