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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

台灣地區生育意願之研究:以超低生育率為例 / The Study of Fertility Intention in Taiwan:An Example of Declining Birthrate

林梅君, Lin, mei chun Unknown Date (has links)
由於台灣近年來生育率有逐年下滑的趨勢,形成少子化的現象,少子化代表著未來人口可能逐漸變少,對於社會結構、經濟發展等各方面都產生重大的影響,因此此一課題值得深究。 本研究以文獻分析及深度訪談法來進行,首先利用文獻資料來分析影響生育意願的相關原因,包括人口結構變遷對總體經濟的影響、生育行為的相關理論、現實經濟的因素、婦女勞動參與等,並歸納整理後作為深度訪談的基礎。深度訪問以大台北地區12位已婚婦女為對象,藉由深入訪談來了解箇中原因,歸結出台灣目前超低生育率的原因所在。 本研究結果發現,目前婦女生育意願低落的原因,主要是第一:傳統養兒防老的觀念式微,女性生育自主意識的崛起;第二:受教育延長、晚婚是催化高齡少子的趨勢之一;第三:現實經濟的考量下,加上養兒不易,導致多數家庭因此將生小孩的數量轉往養育的品質;第四:家庭分工的不平均也是降低婦女生育的意願的重要原因之一;最後現階段的托育政策與制度的不完善,加上生育補助有限,誘因不足之下,因而無法提高婦女的生育意願。 依據研究發現本研究建議(一)強化家庭功能,以增加婦女的社會支援;(二)提高育兒補助並視嬰幼兒為未來國家的資產,以減緩少子化的趨勢;(三)政府應以人口優質及避免人口短缺的方向努力;(四)政府應積極擬訂鼓勵男性參與育兒及家務政策,並將養育責任,由兩性來共同承擔,以達到美滿家庭的目標;(五)加強改善婦女的經濟地位,鼓勵並積極輔導婦女就業及強化專業職能的訓練,不致因婚育而影響其勞動參與,以提高其生育意願;(六)政府應正視目前超低生育率的現象,設立專責機構並參考國外(如日本或法國)生育政策及托育制度,以提高國內生育率。 關鍵字:少子化、超低生育率、生育行為、生育意願 / In Taiwan, the rate of fertility has been continually in decline in recently year, which is called ‘the phenomenon of declining birth rate.’ It signifies a less future population and impacts on every aspects of our social structure and economic development. This, it is worthy of probing. This research is conducted with the method of literature review and in-depth interviews.It first analyzes via literature review those factors influencing the will of bearing children, such as the impact of the structural change of population on the macro economy, the theory of fertility behavior, considerations of livelihood, and the women participation in labor, etc. All those factors are inducted and sorted as the basis of in-depth interview. Then, the in-depth interview is conducted on 12 married women, penetrating on the cause of extremely low fertility rate in Taiwan. This research finds the reasons to cause the low rate of fertility are as below: First, the traditional idea is decline currently to have children caring the agedness. Meanwhile, the females are learning the independent consciousness to decide how many children they want in life. The second: high grade education & late marriage is one of the trends of declining birth rate with elder females. The third: taking consideration into the family’s economy as well as hard teaching on child, most families turn to focus on life quality instead of having kid's amount. The fourth: the heavy loading of housework on females is also the reason to reduce the will of bearing children. Finally, not only the current child care policy/system but also the limited subsidization by the government is not perfect to meet the family’s requirements; which are unable to promote the will of bearing children. Based on such research findings, I come up with six policy recommendations as follows to encourage our country’s bearing rate:(一) to enhance family function according to the research, with increment women of social support;(二) look after the kids as the country’s property to promote the subsidization of bearing children to reduce the declining birth rate;(三) government should forward to superior quality population, and to avoid the population runs short;(四) the government should actively draw up some bearing plans to encourage male’s participation (sharing evenly) on child care, housework & teaching responsibility in family; which is aimed to build a sweet home for couples;(五) to improve the female’s economic position. And, to encourage/guide women to work with complete working training for proper job arrangement, which will encourage their will of bearing children when woman gets independent incomes;(六) the government should notice the serious declining birth rate currently – i.e. not only to establish some responsible organizations, but also to refer successful growing policy and child care system from other countries (such as Japan, France) in order to raise the fertility rate in Taiwan..
2

臺灣生育政策之研究-以雙北市家庭為例 / The birth policy in Taiwan: a study based on families in the Taipei metropolitan area

曾怡華, Tseng, Yi Hua Unknown Date (has links)
有鑑於台灣生育率逐年降低,民國92年臺灣婦女總生育率僅1.23,正式邁向「超低生育率」(lowest-low)地區,為因應少子化危機,中央政府自民國93年著手研擬人口政策白皮書,而各縣市政府為催生獎勵,亦陸續於民國90年代之前開辦生育補助或津貼等獎勵金方案,其中嘉義縣及苗栗縣開辦最早(民國87年)、新竹市次之(民國88年)。因現行第3胎新生兒人數已不到新生兒總數一成,政府若繼續推行舊有的第3胎鼓勵生育政策,實已無太大具體效益。本研究希望了解台灣家庭生育率偏低情況,建議將鼓勵生育政策的胎次別下修至第2胎或以下,假定生育一胎子女是多數父母會做的事,在公共財政資源有限的情況下,政府可針對第2胎及以上胎次進行獎勵,以較低的成本及較有效率的途徑,達到提升生育率的目的。 因此,本研究將以第一胎家庭為研究目標,試圖了解影響繼續生育第2胎意願之相關因素,並採用民國99年行政院主計總處「婦女婚育與就業狀況調查」為資料來源,研究對象為雙北市(台北市及新北市)家庭生育1子或1女的一胎家庭,有效樣本數368人。民國99年適逢五都升格之直轄市市長暨市議員選舉,五都直轄市政府(台北市、新北市、台中市、台南市、高雄市)陸續於民國99年至101年推出各式生育補助政策,其中政策最完整並備有配套方案者,屬台北市於民國99年5月7日推出之「助妳好孕」專案最為完善。本研究將以行政院主計處「婦女婚育與就業調查」問卷為研究工具,輔以台北市及新北市政府等生育補助政策,就台灣現行鼓勵生育政策進行討論與建議。 研究結果發現,育齡婦女的理想子女數仍呈現以2個小孩恰恰好為趨勢,第1胎家庭之已婚有偶婦女並非不想生育,而是晚婚及年齡推遲等因素影響第2胎生育意願,其理想子女數與實際生育數存有落差,至於教育程度、妻子就業與否、家庭月收入及丈夫月收入等變數則與生育意願無顯著相關性;另外初婚年齡、第1胎子女性別經卡方檢定結果亦與生育意願無顯著相關性。若以政策面來說,台北市與新北市自民國100年每胎2萬元生育獎勵金發放起,新生兒人口數開始大幅攀升,台北市成長率34.56%,新北市24.84%,與全台出生總人口數增加19.14%相比,雙北市的出生率有偏高情況,其中台北市增幅較新北市偏高之原因,經推測可能與台北市政府助妳好孕政策中「每位兒童每月可領2,500元育兒津貼,領至5歲」方案有關,可能促使新生兒父母較有意願將戶口遷入台北市。 因婚育年齡逐年遞延,台灣婦女總生育率偏低將造成人力短缺、生產力下降、人口老化等負面影響,因此研究者希望政府可推動較積極的鼓勵生育政策,讓台灣生育率儘快提升至人口替代水準之上,建議政策包括適度提供人工生殖補助及配套方案、規劃不同胎次別的獎勵政策、同等重視育嬰留職停薪政策與托育政策。

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