近年來，臺灣因社會觀念、經濟狀況等大幅改變，生育率急速下降；人口結構失衡除了生育數應由政策面加以著手改善，更應藉此提升人口素質，此時負責人口素質第一線的國小教育體系越發重要。觀諸各層級學校之業務運作上，行政業務乃為校務工作成功與否的幕後推手，故學校行政人員的心理感受及行為舉措將間接影響國民小學教學品質，此議題值得深究。本研究旨在探究偏遠地區六班國小行政人員在少子化衝擊下，其工作滿足及生涯規劃之影響，藉由多個面向瞭解受訪者工作滿足程度，並從「個人特質」、「心理動機」及「價值觀」等三種取向分析受訪者生涯之規劃，俾作為後續研究者瞭解此一議題的參考。 本研究採質性研究之深度訪談法。研究對象總數為8人，均為現仍服務於偏遠地區國民小學之專任行政人員。經分析訪談資料後，所得研究發現綜述如下： 一、偏遠地區小型國小因編制員額有限，故絕大部份行政人員業務範圍皆為一般中大型學校行政人員多樣工作複合，易有不滿足感產生。 二、小校因人員有限，同ㄧ處室之行政人員，常常需共同協力完成業務，若其中有人怠惰或拖延，其他人員勢必承擔多出的業務，才能使事情順利完成，此時易有怨言產生。 三、學校之存廢裁併政策應該整體性作考量，並針對偏遠地區訂定例外規定，畢竟學校規模小不是原罪，是否廢校要視多方的指標來善加評估。 四、無論是對於教學工作的支援，使教師及學童無後顧之憂；或者建置完善教學環境，皆指明行政人員係維持校務持續運作的幕後功臣。 五、學生人數下降並非單純因學校教學不佳，而係各種因素交錯產生的結果，少子化僅是因素之一，另學校地理位置偏僻與否、學區內學校多寡、居民經濟狀況…等皆是原因。 本研究根據研究發現，提出以下建議： 一、部份公務機關對於學校行政人員觀感為：抗壓性不足、工作輕鬆、業務單純；為避免年輕有抱負之公務人員視國小行政人員為畏途，且強化國小教育行政力量，應暢通國小行政人員之升遷管道。 二、工友或校園警衛等可使用外包或派遣人力之職務，宜考慮委由民間辦理，不但可節省國小人事經費，亦可藉此導入民間經營效率。 三、偏遠地區國小之業務主管應對於複合工作較繁重之同仁多加溝通，適時紓解其累積之不滿足感；另應定期輪調，使工作不致分配不均。 四、偏遠地區國民小學應積極發展學校特色，結合社區資源，或營造生態校園…等，提升學校價值，可讓學童感受課本外的環境，豐富教育內涵。 關鍵字：少子化、工作滿足、生涯規劃 / In the recent years, the birth rate in Taiwan has been declining rapidly due to the concepts in the society and the economic statuses. The population structure has become unbalanced. Besides increasing the number of newborns, it is more important to improve the quality of the population. And the front line of improving the quality of the population is the elementary school education system. Whether affairs in schools of different levels can be done smoothly depends on administrative works. Thus, school administrative personnel’s mental perception and behaviors may indirectly influence teaching quality in elementary schools. It is worthy to further explore this issue. This study discussed the impact of declining birth rate on the job satisfaction and career planning of the administrative personnel from an elementary school with six classes in a remote area. From different views, this study explored the degrees of job satisfaction of the interviewees and analyzed their career plans from the aspects of “individual characteristics”, “psychological motivation”, and “values”. This study can be used as a reference for future studies regarding this issue. This study adopted a qualitative research method – in-depth interviewing. There were a total of 8 research subjects, who were full-time administrative personnel serving in an elementary school in a remote area. The data obtained from the interviews were analyzed and the findings of this study are listed below: 1. Because the number of personnel in a small elementary school in a remote area is limited, most of the administrative personnel have to cover more complex works than those working in middle or large sized schools. Therefore, it is very common that these personnel are dissatisfied. 2. Because the number of personnel in a small elementary school is limited, the administrative personnel who work in the same department often have to complete tasks together. In case one of them being lazy or delaying, others have to shoulder more burdens to make sure things go smoothly. This is when complaints started to surface. 3. The consideration for the policies of school abolishment must be broad and general. There should be additional regulations for remote areas. After all, being small is not a sin for schools. Whether a school should be abolished should depend on evaluations with indexes of different aspects. 4. The success of supporting teaching works, which relieve teachers’ and children’s worries, and constructing a perfect teaching environment should be attributed to administrative personnel who school affairs on track. 5. The decreasing number of students is a result of various factors and their interactions, not just bad teaching in schools. The factors include declining birth rate, geographic locations of schools, number of schools in the same school district, economic statuses of residents, etc. According to the research findings, this study came up with the following suggestions: 1. Some of the public sectors have the following impressions on school administrative personnel: unable to handle pressure, without heavy burdens, and with simple tasks. In order to avoid the situation that public servants with ambitions being unwilling to serve the posts of elementary school administrative personnel, it is important to improve administrative power of elementary school administration and ensure promotions of elementary school administrative personnel. 2. The works of fellow workers and campus guards can be outsourced or contracted to private companies. This way, personnel expenses of elementary schools can be reduced and efficiencies of private companies can be introduced to schools. 3. Superintendents in elementary schools in remote areas should help their colleagues with heavy tasks to communicate in order to release their dissatisfaction in time. Also, a rotation system should be implemented so that job arrangement can be fairer. 4. Elementary schools in remote areas should actively develop their own features and integrate them with community resources or build ecological campuses, in order to increase values of schools. This way, children can experience environments outside their text books. These experiences are very educational. Key words: declining birth rate, job satisfaction, career planning

由於台灣近年來生育率有逐年下滑的趨勢，形成少子化的現象，少子化代表著未來人口可能逐漸變少，對於社會結構、經濟發展等各方面都產生重大的影響，因此此一課題值得深究。 本研究以文獻分析及深度訪談法來進行，首先利用文獻資料來分析影響生育意願的相關原因，包括人口結構變遷對總體經濟的影響、生育行為的相關理論、現實經濟的因素、婦女勞動參與等，並歸納整理後作為深度訪談的基礎。深度訪問以大台北地區12位已婚婦女為對象，藉由深入訪談來了解箇中原因，歸結出台灣目前超低生育率的原因所在。 本研究結果發現，目前婦女生育意願低落的原因，主要是第一：傳統養兒防老的觀念式微，女性生育自主意識的崛起；第二：受教育延長、晚婚是催化高齡少子的趨勢之一；第三：現實經濟的考量下，加上養兒不易，導致多數家庭因此將生小孩的數量轉往養育的品質；第四：家庭分工的不平均也是降低婦女生育的意願的重要原因之一；最後現階段的托育政策與制度的不完善，加上生育補助有限，誘因不足之下，因而無法提高婦女的生育意願。 依據研究發現本研究建議(一)強化家庭功能，以增加婦女的社會支援；(二)提高育兒補助並視嬰幼兒為未來國家的資產，以減緩少子化的趨勢；(三)政府應以人口優質及避免人口短缺的方向努力；(四)政府應積極擬訂鼓勵男性參與育兒及家務政策，並將養育責任，由兩性來共同承擔，以達到美滿家庭的目標；(五)加強改善婦女的經濟地位，鼓勵並積極輔導婦女就業及強化專業職能的訓練，不致因婚育而影響其勞動參與，以提高其生育意願；(六)政府應正視目前超低生育率的現象，設立專責機構並參考國外(如日本或法國)生育政策及托育制度，以提高國內生育率。 關鍵字：少子化、超低生育率、生育行為、生育意願 / In Taiwan, the rate of fertility has been continually in decline in recently year, which is called ‘the phenomenon of declining birth rate.’ It signifies a less future population and impacts on every aspects of our social structure and economic development. This, it is worthy of probing. This research is conducted with the method of literature review and in-depth interviews.It first analyzes via literature review those factors influencing the will of bearing children, such as the impact of the structural change of population on the macro economy, the theory of fertility behavior, considerations of livelihood, and the women participation in labor, etc. All those factors are inducted and sorted as the basis of in-depth interview. Then, the in-depth interview is conducted on 12 married women, penetrating on the cause of extremely low fertility rate in Taiwan. This research finds the reasons to cause the low rate of fertility are as below: First, the traditional idea is decline currently to have children caring the agedness. Meanwhile, the females are learning the independent consciousness to decide how many children they want in life. The second: high grade education & late marriage is one of the trends of declining birth rate with elder females. The third: taking consideration into the family’s economy as well as hard teaching on child, most families turn to focus on life quality instead of having kid's amount. The fourth: the heavy loading of housework on females is also the reason to reduce the will of bearing children. Finally, not only the current child care policy/system but also the limited subsidization by the government is not perfect to meet the family’s requirements; which are unable to promote the will of bearing children. Based on such research findings, I come up with six policy recommendations as follows to encourage our country’s bearing rate：(一) to enhance family function according to the research, with increment women of social support；(二) look after the kids as the country’s property to promote the subsidization of bearing children to reduce the declining birth rate；(三) government should forward to superior quality population, and to avoid the population runs short；(四) the government should actively draw up some bearing plans to encourage male’s participation (sharing evenly) on child care, housework & teaching responsibility in family; which is aimed to build a sweet home for couples；(五) to improve the female’s economic position. And, to encourage/guide women to work with complete working training for proper job arrangement, which will encourage their will of bearing children when woman gets independent incomes；(六) the government should notice the serious declining birth rate currently – i.e. not only to establish some responsible organizations, but also to refer successful growing policy and child care system from other countries (such as Japan, France) in order to raise the fertility rate in Taiwan..

本研究は，就学前児童の親における「次世代育成支援対策推進政策に対する認知的評価」と「社会福祉関連QOL」の関係を明らかにすることを目的とした．政策評価における課題を整理し，プログラム評価，特にロジックモデル評価に焦点を当てた．大中小3都市の1,583名分のデータを用い，アウトカム指標を開発し，政策のロジックモデルを評価した．地域・性別ごとの分析も実施し，就学前児童の親の視点によるアウトカム・インパクトを効果的・効率的に高める政策に関する知見を得た． / The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between "cognitive appraisal of the policy on Advancement of Measures to Support Raising Next-Generation Children" and "social welfare related quality of life" of preschool children's parents. I organized the issues in policy evaluation and focused on program evaluation, especially logic model evaluation. I used 1,583 data of preschool children's parents in three large, medium and small cities and evaluated the logic model of the policy using the developed outcome and impact indicators. I also analyzed by region and gender, and gained knowledge on measures to effectively/efficiently enhance the outcome and the impact from the viewpoint of the parents. / 博士(社会福祉学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Social Welfare / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University