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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

結合專家意見與隨機方法:台灣生育率推估 / Combining Expert Opinion with Stochastic Forecast: A Study of Taiwan Fertility Projection

李政豫 Unknown Date (has links)
政府制訂與規劃政策,需要未來人口數或人口結構的資訊,以期能針對國家需求對症下藥;預測未來人口總數及人口結構通稱為人口推估(Population Projection),台灣的官方人口推估由行政院經濟建設委員會負責。人口推估通常使用人口變動要素合成法(The Cohort Component Method),根據現有人口總數及結構,加上對未來生育(Fertility)、死亡(Death)、遷移(Migration)三要素的預期,推估出未來的人口數及其結構;除了參考歷史資料外,目前三要素大多參考專家意見(Expert opinion)決定變動範圍。 在三要素之中,生育和遷移由於變動趨勢較大,較不容易以歷史資料找出趨勢,過去大多倚賴專家意見進行生育和遷移的假設。但專家意見也有蒐集上的疑慮,例如意見沒有固定的形成格式,推估結果也難以機率角度詮釋發生可能性,亦即推估數值大多不隨時間波動。為了彌補專家意見的不足,近年不少國家的人口推估使用隨機方法(Stochastic Methods),大致可分為三種:隨機推估法(Stochastic Forecast)、模擬情境法(Random Scenario Method)和推估誤差法(ex post Method),這三種方法可組合使用,例如Lutz (1995)合併隨機推估和模擬情境,而郭孟坤與余清祥(2008)則是以隨機推估和推估誤差的組合來進行推估,使隨機方法更具有彈性,適用於不同情境的人口推估。 本文目的在於結合專家意見與隨機方法,希冀綜合兩者的優點,提出適用於台灣的人口推估方法。首先,本文提出將專家方法數量化的幾種作法,配合德菲法蒐集專家意見,先以電腦模擬找出較佳的數量化方法;接著再參考由歷史資料及隨機方法(區塊拔靴法)得出的推估結果,分別以主觀角度、貝氏分析(Bayesian Analysis)和貝氏可信度(Bayesian Credibility)的角度進行加權平均,結合專家意見及隨機方法的推估。
2

小區域生育率與人口推計研究 / Small Population Projections:Modeling and Evaluation

曹郁欣, Eunice Y. Tsao Unknown Date (has links)
由於許多國家死亡率下降快速、壽命延長幅度超乎預期,加上生育率持續低於替代水準,人口老化現象愈發明顯,近年來個人生涯規劃及政府施政,都格外強調退休後經濟生活及老年相關社會資源分配的比重。以臺灣為例,行政院經濟建設委員會 (簡稱經建會) 從1990年代開始,每兩年公布一次未來的人口推估,但過去十年來經建會屢次修正歷年的推估假設,以因應生育率及死亡率變化快速,適時提醒臺灣日益加速的人口老化。正因為人口推估可能受到人口數、社會變遷、資料品質等因素,影響統計分析的可靠性,常用於國家層級的推估方法,往往無法直接套用至縣市及其以下的層級 (即小區域),使得小區域人口推估較為棘手,需要更加謹慎面對。 本文延續王信忠等人 (2012) 的研究,以小區域人口推估為目標,著重在生育率推估研究,結合隨機模型與修勻方法,尋找適合臺灣縣市層級的小區域人口推估方法。本文考量的隨機模型計有區塊拔靴法 (Block Bootstrap) 和 Lee-Carter 模型 (Lee and Carter 1992),以預測未來的生育率和死亡率,並套用年輪組成推計法 (或稱為人口要素合成法;Cohort Component Method) 及修勻 (Graduation) 方法,探討這些方法與人口規模之間的關係,評估用於小區域人口推估之可行性。 本文首先以電腦模擬,探討生育率的推估,討論是否可直接推估總生育率,類似增加樣本數的概念,取代各縣市的年齡別生育率,以取得較為穩定的推估。根據模擬結果,發現人口規模對出生數的推估沒有明顯的關係,只要使用總生育率、再結合區塊拔靴法,就足以提供穩定的推估結果。實證研究方面,以臺灣縣市層級的人口及其年齡結構 (例如:0-14歲、15-64歲、65歲以上) 為驗證對象,發現分析結果也與電腦模擬相似,發現以區塊拔靴法推估臺灣各縣市的總生育率、年齡組死亡率,其推估精確度不因人口規模而打折扣,顯示以區塊拔靴法推估總生育率、年齡組死亡率,可用於推估臺灣小地區的未來人口。 / Due to the rapid mortality reduction, prolonging human longevity is a common phenomenon and longevity risk receives more attention in 21st century. Many developed countries encounter many problems brought up by prolonging life, such as poor community infrastructure and insufficient financial pension funds for the elderly. Population Projection thus becomes essential in government planning in dealing with the population aging. However, rapid changes in mortality and fertility make the projection very tricky. It would be even more difficult to project areas with fewer populations (i.e., small areas) since it takes extra efforts to deal with the larger fluctuations in small population. The objective of the study is to construct a standard operating procedure (SOP) for small population projection. Unlike the previous study, e.g., Wang et al. (2012), we will take both the fertility and mortality into account (but set migration aside for simplicity). First, for the fertility projection, we evaluate if total fertility rates (TFR) are more appropriate than the age-specific fertility rates for small population. Also, we compare two fertility projection methods: Lee-Carter model and block bootstrap, and check which shows better results. Based on the computer simulation, we found that TFR performs better and the block bootstrap method is more sensitive to rapid fertility changes. As for mortality rate projection, we also recommend the standard operating procedure by Wang et al. (2012). However, the smoothing methods have limited impacts on mortality projection and can be ignored. In addition to simulation, we also apply the SOP for projecting the small population to Taiwan counties and it achieves satisfactory results. However, due to the availability of data, our method can only be used for short-term projection (at most 30 years) and these results might not apply to long-term projection. Also, similar to the previous work, the fertility rates have the larger impact on small population projection, although we think that the migration has large impact as well. In this study, only the stochastic projection is considered and we shall consider including expert opinions as the future study.

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