本文認為，1950年代馬寅初被批判一事，不論就其性質或時期，都與反右運動不同，只是有時間上一部分的重疊，有必要重新釐清。馬寅初有關計劃生育的主張，並非首倡，中共黨內的毛澤東，中共黨外的邵力子等人，比起馬寅初，在中共建政後對人口問題的重視，在時間點上都比馬寅初要早。毛澤東自始至終，始終強調要有計劃地控制人口。馬寅初所關切的，表面上是人口問題，實際上是中國大陸當時經濟積累的效率，因為這將影響中國大陸工業化的速度。若拉長時間縱深來看，馬寅初事件背後所呈現出來的，是馬爾薩斯主義和馬克思主義對於中國大陸人口研究典範的領導權爭奪戰，歷經四十年，馬克思主義終於取得優勢。而馬寅初作為一位知識份子，與其他同類型的傾左知識份子，在中共建政之後，政治上日漸認同中共，在思想上自覺地馬克思主義化，但多數不為那些更早轉向馬克思主義、掌握了馬克思主義在中國的詮釋權的人所接納，最終，大多在文革以前，便已受到不同程度的排擠和批判。 / This essay will argue that the Ma Yin-Chu incident and the Anti-Rightist Campaign is not the same thing, neither on the period nor on the nature, and he is not the first one who advocated birth control when he announced his article “New Principle of Population” in 1957. Instead, Mao Tze-Dong and the CCP have been promoted birth control several years ago. Besides, the aim of “New Principle of Population” focused on the economical accumulation for industrialization, not for birth control itself. On the other hand, if we consider this incident historically, we can see there are two diachronic trends: One is the struggle of the hegemony of China’s population research between the Malthusism and Marxism, this struggle lasts over 40years since the May-forth Movement, and in1960s’, the winner is Marxism. The other is there were many left-leaning intellectuals who changed their political or philosophical position into the CCP or Marxism since 1940s’, like Ma Yin-Cu, didn’t be affiliated by those intellectuals who had change their position before the “Yan-An Rectification” in 1942. Most of them like Ma Yin-Cu have been criticized before the Cultural Revolution.