自古以來，遊民(homeless )就一直存在人類社會。在過去，遊民主要是災民或乞丐，他們多半由於戰亂、天災、瘟疫、疾病、意外傷害等因素，而造成流離遷徙，甚至無家可歸的慘況，因此向為政府及地方善心人士布施的對象。現代的遊民，除了某些戰禍頻仍或經濟落後的地區，主要因為失業、貧窮、疾病、缺乏住宅，以及家庭破碎等而露宿街頭、公園、火車站等公共場所，或暫時棲身遊民收容所。他們的組成更廣泛地涵蓋社會的底層，包括失業工人、臨時短工、精神病患、單親婦女及失依兒童等，不僅人數暴增，並有日益複雜的趨勢，因此，此課題值得深入探討之需要。 本研究為瞭解臺北縣的遊民形成原因、遊民生活處境、遊民情感性、工具性社會支持及人生觀與未來展望，採深入訪談法，以12位遊民及4位從業人員為訪談對象。研究發現：受訪者對遊民印象充滿污名化與標籤化，加上現行社會救助法的資格審查機制背後所隱藏的工作倫理與家庭照顧責任，及社會福利發展趨勢邊緣化遊民福利，使遊民形同被社會拋棄的一群人。 最後，依據本研究發現提出幾項建議，包括：（一）全國統一界定遊民；（二）政府、民間與居民共同為遊民脫離遊民生活；（三）政府部門橫向聯繫，建立綿密整合性團隊工作模式；（四）預防高風險家庭生計者落入遊民；（五）預防走失人口淪為遊民；（六）重視人權，加強社區居民認知宣導；（七）加強政府與民間單位合作機制；（八）開設遊民職業媒合專門窗口，提供就業機會、急難救助與短期住宅；（九）建立遊民的自信心，推動社會重建協助重回職場；及（十）鼓勵大專院校社會工作相關科系學生實習或組成社團。 / From time immemorial, homeless has been existing in human being society. In the past, homeless were mainly of victims or beggars, who were suffered from wars, disasters, plague, diseases and accidents, forcing them scatter around, nowhere like home to stay, and became the target group aided by the government and local charities. In contrast, homeless people today, besides those who are in the war regions or low economy development areas, are caused by unemployment, poverty, disease, lack of shelters, and misfortune/unhealthy family as to live on the streets, parks, stations , either the other public places or stay in the homeless institutions temporarily. The whole group is widely contained of the bottom level of the society, including unemployed workers, temporary workers, mental sickness people, single-child parents (or mother) and orphans. The number of this group is increasing, and also growing more complicated. As the result, the problem requires deep research and discussion. The purpose of this study is to understand the reasons of being homeless, living conditions of homeless, emotional and instrumental supports from home and society, and the their perspectives of life and future. By taking deep interview, there are 12 homeless people and 4 homeless-relevant employees as the interviewees. The study found that interviewees have bad impressions and biases on homeless, moreover the inspecting mechanism of the qualification under the social rescue regulations has presumed the working ethic and family care responsibilities, while the benefit of homeless in the whole social welfare is lessening, homeless were like being abandoned by the society. Eventually, the research proposed several suggestions: (1) unified definition of homeless group; (2)aligning government、civil and residents to help homeless out of their homeless life; (3) horizontally connect governmental sub-division as to establish an integrated team work pattern; (4)prevent high-risk-family becoming homeless; (5) prevent stray becoming homeless; (6) emphasize on human rights, and strengthen the announcement in the community; (7) reinforce the corporation between government and civil authorities; (8) set up the service counter regarding to homeless as to provide job opportunities、emergent rescue and help, and temporary settlement; (9) rebuild the confidence among homeless and promote society reconstruction and aid to return working force; (10) encourage students who takes social work and other related subjects to practice intern or to organize clubs.

研究者採用質性訪談方法，以高風險家庭處遇方案為場域，邀請執行該方案之督導員及社工員各六位為研究對象，運用宋麗玉與施教裕(2010)所擬定之「社會工作處遇的服務項目和結果指標：概念架構及操作定義」為成效指標之參考，進行個別訪談與資料收集。本研究主要探討高風險家庭處遇服務的社工督導模式，以及在不同督導模式下，社工員在「兒少成長發展」、「成人主要照顧者的改善發展」、「整體家庭功能的增強提昇」、「案家週邊社會支持體系」四大工作成效層面之情形。研究結果發現六種督導模式，分別為：「優勢觀點取向督導模式」、「生態系統取向督導模式」、「焦點解決取向督導模式」、「詮釋學取向督導模式」、「工具性督導模式」，以及「表達性督導模式」。於工作成效上，經社工員處遇後，在「兒少的成長發展層面」上，不論是一般兒少或是特殊兒少，經相關社會資源輸入後，如飲食、衛生、醫療、教育等系統，已使兒少漸漸步入正常的發展階段，發揮兒少自身之潛能，轉變成身、心、靈皆較為圓滿之狀態；在「成人主要照顧者的改善發展層面」上，原先家中之主要照顧者，因自身疾病因素或自我功能不足之情形，經社工的協助與鼓勵，多可獲得進一步的醫療處置以及良好的社會支持系統，發揮既有之社會功能，減緩低落的心理狀態，並以兒少之最佳利益為優先考量，以照顧兒少為其目標，提升本有之照顧功能；在「整體家庭功能的增強提昇層面」上，顯而易見的即是主要照顧者與兒少之間，多可站在雙方之立場，彼此接納與尊重，共同為家庭目標努力，各自扮演好應盡之角色義務，維持家庭之順利運行，使整體家庭功能有所提昇；在「建構案家週邊社會支持體系層面」上，經社工員引入正式與非正式資源後，案家危機狀況多可獲得即時性的改善，使家庭狀態趨於穩定，更重要的是案家在此過程擁有能力，當家庭需求無法滿足時，案家主動找尋社會資源以自我協助，預防家庭危機之再次出現。此外，經不同督導模式下的社工員，其工作成效亦可見其特殊性，如優勢觀點取向督導模式，使社工員在工作成效指標的四大面向，呈現多元的面貌，尤其在「成人主要照顧者的改善發展層面」、「整體家庭功能的增強提昇層面」，以及「建構案家週邊社會支持體系層面」上有突出的表現；生態系統取向督導模式，則在「兒少的成長發展層面」、「整體家庭功能的增強提昇層面」，以及「建構案家週邊社會支持體系層面」上擁有明顯表現；焦點解決取向督導模式，其在「整體家庭功能的增強提昇層面」上多有助益；詮釋學取向督導模式，主要展現於「成人主要照顧者的改善發展層面」。最後，研究者建議在政策規劃上，政府可強化社會工作督導員職能培訓與效能提升，並將該成效指標納入政策內容與高風險家庭個案管理系統；在實務工作上，建議督導員善用社會工作理論於督導過程，並建構出屬於自身的督導模式來模塑社工員的工作表現，以及實際運用該成效指標於處遇工作中。 / The researcher, applying the qualitative interview research in the field of the high-risk family service project, interviewing with six supervisors and six social workers in the project by applying the “complete conceptual framework and operational definition of service classification and outcome indicators” proposed by Song & Shih (2010) to gather data. Our research explored the social work supervision models for the services of high-risk family treatment and social workers’ outcomes in the areas of “child development”, “care takers’ improvement”, “family function empowerment” and “informal social support network”.According to our findings, six supervision models, “strengths perspective-approached supervision model”, “ecological systems-approached supervision model”, “solution-focused approached supervision model” , “hermeneutics-approached supervision model”, “instrumental supervision model” and “expressive supervision model”, all displayed work effectiveness as the treatments by social workers. In the area of “child development”,they inputted social resources such as diet, health, medical and education systems, to enable both normal and special children to begin to move into normal development stage for exhibiting their own potential and transforming into more successful physical, mental and spiritual state. In the “area of care takers’ improvement”, most of the main care takers of families, who had previously suffered from their own diseases or insufficient self-functions, were given better medical treatments and good social support system through the assistance and encouragement from the social workers, with their depressed mental state alleviated, and their inherent function of care taking giving priority to the consideration of best interests of children and setting the goal at care of children.In the “area of family function empowerment”, obviously both the main care takers and the children became more able to be take the stand points of each other to accept and respect each other to work hard jointly for the family’s aim, which each playing its own part well to sustain the smooth operation of the family and enhance the family function as a whole. In the “area of constructing of informal social support network”, most of the families of the case had their crises improved promptly after the social workers introduced formal and informal sources. Stabilizing the family status, and, more importantly, once these families possessed such capability during the treatment process, they would take initiatives in seeking social resources to self-help when their needs cannot be met, for preventing the family crises from re-occurring.In addition, social workers under different supervision models also showed their uniqueness in work effectiveness. For example, the strengths perspective-approached supervision model enabled social workers to exhibit diversely in the four areas of work effectiveness indicators, particularly the “area of care takers’ improvement”, the “area of family function empowerment” and the “area of constructing informal social support network”, where outstanding performances were seen. With the ecological systems-approached supervision model, notable performances were seen in the “area of child development”, the “area of family function empowerment” and the “area of constructing informal social support network”. The solution-focused approached supervision model helped greatly in the “area of family function empowerment”. The hermeneutics-approached supervision model stood out in the “area of care takers’ improvement”. At last, the researchers recommend that the governments, in formulating their policies, can strengthen the capacity training and efficacy increase for social work supervisors and take the outcome indicators as part of the policy contents and case management systems of high-risk families. Regarding the practice, we recommend that supervisors make good use of the theories of social work in their supervisory processes and construct supervision models that are for themselves to shape the performance of social workers and to apply the outcome indicators in the work of treatment.

兒童的依附品質就如同樹木的根基和莖葉，是身心健全成長的關鍵；然而，並非每一個家庭皆能滿足兒童的依附需求，特別是當家庭遭逢風險事件。本研究旨在探究高風險家庭中兒童之依附品質。 研究目的有三項，包含探究高風險家庭中兒童與主要照顧者之依附品質；風險因子對兒童依附關係所產生的衝擊；社會工作者（以下簡稱社工）對於兒童依附關係修復之處遇方式。本研究採質性研究之深度訪談法，訪談主體為社工，係以臺北市五間高風險家庭承辦單位之督導與社工為選樣對象，一共徵得二位督導、七位社工同意受訪。研究結果茲分為四面向，敘述如下： 一、高風險家庭兒童的依附對象多元，兒童除透過主要照顧者獲得依附滿足外，亦會向他人尋求情感連結。其中，兒童的依附行為包含正向的、矛盾的，以及負向的依附行為。 二、本研究參考相關文獻，以「照顧品質」、「信任關係」、「溝通品質」、「親疏遠近」四面向為主軸以探究兒童的依附品質。研究結果顯示風險因子會直接或間接地影響兒童的依附品質；其中，風險因子對「照顧品質」、「親疏遠近」的衝擊最大。 三、風險因子可能為不安全依附的預兆。本研究結果顯示家庭中經濟困難、婚姻關係不佳與物質濫用等風險因子，對兒童的依附發展有很大的衝擊。 四、高風險家庭社工對於兒童依附關係的修復，除透過直接服務外，社工亦會尋求替代性資源作為兒童的安全堡壘，以修復其依附關係。 最後，本研究亦針對高風險家庭兒童的依附修復策略和未來研究方向提出相關建議，以作為未來實務工作和更進一步研究之參考。 / The attachment quality of children is like the roots and leaves of tree, which is the key to complete well-being and optimal development of children. However, it is unfortunate that not every family can satisfy the attachment need of children, especially when one is struck by risk events. The research focus on children attachment quality in high-risk families. The three purposes of the research are as follows: analyzing the attachment quality between children and primary caregiver in high-risk families; probing into the impact incurred from the risk factors to the children attachment; exploring the practical intervention of the social workers adopted to fix the children attachment. The study conducted the method of qualitative research, utilizing in-depth interview to the social workers. The research recruited two supervisors and seven social workers from the five agents of high-risk families in Taipei City. The results of the research can be presented in the four following prospects. 1.The attachment figure of children in high-risk families can be diversified. They might seek affectional bond from people other than primary caregivers for their special family background. To find the attachment satisfaction, their attachment behaviors might include positive attachment behavior, ambivalent attachment behavior, and negative attachment behavior. 2.The research referred to related literature and established four prospects, "Care Giving Quality", "Trust Relationship", "Communication Quality", and "Intimacy Nurturing" to explore the children attachment quality. The results point out that the risk factors might influence the children attachment quality directly or indirectly. Among all of prospects, the risk factors can cause greatest influence to "Care Giving Quality" and "Intimacy Nurturing". 3.The appearance of risk factors might cause the insecure attachment. Especially economic difficult, crisis in marriage, and substance abuse can greatly influence the children attachment quality. 4.Social workers can provide direct services or seek alternative resources as secure base to fix the children attachment in high-risk families. Lastly, the research proposes attachment fix strategies for children in high-risk families and points out the potentialities of the topic, hoping the results of the research may enrich the related understanding and serve as a reference for practical fieldwork and future studies.