自古以來，遊民(homeless )就一直存在人類社會。在過去，遊民主要是災民或乞丐，他們多半由於戰亂、天災、瘟疫、疾病、意外傷害等因素，而造成流離遷徙，甚至無家可歸的慘況，因此向為政府及地方善心人士布施的對象。現代的遊民，除了某些戰禍頻仍或經濟落後的地區，主要因為失業、貧窮、疾病、缺乏住宅，以及家庭破碎等而露宿街頭、公園、火車站等公共場所，或暫時棲身遊民收容所。他們的組成更廣泛地涵蓋社會的底層，包括失業工人、臨時短工、精神病患、單親婦女及失依兒童等，不僅人數暴增，並有日益複雜的趨勢，因此，此課題值得深入探討之需要。 本研究為瞭解臺北縣的遊民形成原因、遊民生活處境、遊民情感性、工具性社會支持及人生觀與未來展望，採深入訪談法，以12位遊民及4位從業人員為訪談對象。研究發現：受訪者對遊民印象充滿污名化與標籤化，加上現行社會救助法的資格審查機制背後所隱藏的工作倫理與家庭照顧責任，及社會福利發展趨勢邊緣化遊民福利，使遊民形同被社會拋棄的一群人。 最後，依據本研究發現提出幾項建議，包括：（一）全國統一界定遊民；（二）政府、民間與居民共同為遊民脫離遊民生活；（三）政府部門橫向聯繫，建立綿密整合性團隊工作模式；（四）預防高風險家庭生計者落入遊民；（五）預防走失人口淪為遊民；（六）重視人權，加強社區居民認知宣導；（七）加強政府與民間單位合作機制；（八）開設遊民職業媒合專門窗口，提供就業機會、急難救助與短期住宅；（九）建立遊民的自信心，推動社會重建協助重回職場；及（十）鼓勵大專院校社會工作相關科系學生實習或組成社團。 / From time immemorial, homeless has been existing in human being society. In the past, homeless were mainly of victims or beggars, who were suffered from wars, disasters, plague, diseases and accidents, forcing them scatter around, nowhere like home to stay, and became the target group aided by the government and local charities. In contrast, homeless people today, besides those who are in the war regions or low economy development areas, are caused by unemployment, poverty, disease, lack of shelters, and misfortune/unhealthy family as to live on the streets, parks, stations , either the other public places or stay in the homeless institutions temporarily. The whole group is widely contained of the bottom level of the society, including unemployed workers, temporary workers, mental sickness people, single-child parents (or mother) and orphans. The number of this group is increasing, and also growing more complicated. As the result, the problem requires deep research and discussion. The purpose of this study is to understand the reasons of being homeless, living conditions of homeless, emotional and instrumental supports from home and society, and the their perspectives of life and future. By taking deep interview, there are 12 homeless people and 4 homeless-relevant employees as the interviewees. The study found that interviewees have bad impressions and biases on homeless, moreover the inspecting mechanism of the qualification under the social rescue regulations has presumed the working ethic and family care responsibilities, while the benefit of homeless in the whole social welfare is lessening, homeless were like being abandoned by the society. Eventually, the research proposed several suggestions: (1) unified definition of homeless group; (2)aligning government、civil and residents to help homeless out of their homeless life; (3) horizontally connect governmental sub-division as to establish an integrated team work pattern; (4)prevent high-risk-family becoming homeless; (5) prevent stray becoming homeless; (6) emphasize on human rights, and strengthen the announcement in the community; (7) reinforce the corporation between government and civil authorities; (8) set up the service counter regarding to homeless as to provide job opportunities、emergent rescue and help, and temporary settlement; (9) rebuild the confidence among homeless and promote society reconstruction and aid to return working force; (10) encourage students who takes social work and other related subjects to practice intern or to organize clubs.

遊民作為未能被社會安全網承接的極度弱勢者，掉落至社會底層、陷入流浪循環。本文從居住缺乏的角度，假設：「當遊民的居住需求被滿足後，就能有效地幫助他們離開街頭，脫離流浪循環。」本文研究架構如下： 第一章為緒論，介紹本論文的問題意識、研究範圍、研究方法及研究架構。 第二章研究我國遊民安置輔導制度之歷史沿革、制度脈絡及執行。在歷史沿革部分，本文從台灣本島之制度出發，由從清治時期講耙梳至今日的制度樣貌。在執行層面，本文分別就遊民定義、輔導服務和安置服務進行介紹。並在安置服務部分，按三層次服務階段理論介紹遊民緊急、過渡和穩定階段之安置服務內容。 第三章研究經社文公約與我國住房權之保障。本章介紹經社文公約適足住房權之國際發展脈絡、保障內涵和國家之保障義務。接著，從憲法角度探討住房權於我國憲法之地位，並耙梳我國二戰後所發展的住宅政策，是否落實住房權保障的精神。 第四章係關於英國遊民安置輔導制度及住房權保障之比較研究。本章介紹英國遊民安置輔導制度之歷史沿革，以及法定安置給付對象的篩選過程和給付內容。儘管有遊民拒絕或不具法定安置資格，本文亦有介紹英國政府如何將他們再次網回社會安全網內。最後，本文介紹經社文公約委員會和聯合國特別專員對於英國相關制度之評釋。 第五章係對於我國遊民安置輔導制度之修法暨政策建議。經過第二章我國遊民安置輔導制度之探討、第三章經社文公約適足住房權之介紹，以及第四章比較英國遊民安置輔導制度之落實。本章回到本國的脈絡，回應前述三章研究成果，針對我國遊民安置輔導制度勾勒出以遊民居住需求為政策核心之政策暨修法建議，並附論國家向遊民扶養義務人追償費用之可行性。 第六章提出研究結論，就以下主題進行分述：（1）現行遊民安置輔導制度未獲得充分保障住房權（2）英國遊民安置輔導制度住房權保障之實踐（3）經社文公約適足住房權和英國制度應如何融會於我國遊民安置輔導制度。 最後，本文認為消極驅離遊民或僅提供維持基本生存需求之輔導服務，不但無法根絕流浪問題，輔導服務之失敗使遊民流竄社區，反而會強化社會大眾對於遊民之負面刻板印象、社會排斥和污名。本文研究發現，遊民安置輔導制度唯有按遊民之安置輔導需求進行設計，積極從居住需求之滿足，提供安置及輔導服務。如此才能增加遊民脫遊、脫離流浪循環的成功率、降低社會大眾對於遊民之排斥，幫助遊民儘快復歸社會、回歸社區、與社區共存。

本研究透過比較大誌雜誌與街遊導覽活動社會企業方案對遊民服務產生的影響，以及兩者於服務系統中的角色，了解社會企業於遊民服務中的功能。雖然兩者均以促進遊民就業為社會目的，但是在牽涉教育訓練、生活安排與遊民長期規劃時，兩社會企業方案發展出不同的商業模式。相映著社會企業於臺灣社會福利供給體系日漸重要的角色，本研究關注社會企業的「社會性」如何與商業模式結合，社會與商業的互動如何影響遊民的生活安排，藉此了解社會企業發揮的功能以及對於遊民社會融合的影響。 本研究分析架構是藉由考察社會企業於工作模式與經營目標中的差異，了解其對遊民權益的影響。進一步觀察社會企業所提供的工作性質與企業中組成人員怎麼影響遊民於區域面向、經濟所得、教育訓練、社會參與、勞動市場面向的社會融合效果。此外，特別關注遊民在工作之餘，如何調適生活安排與工作之間的生存策略。 研究結果發現兩種社會企業方案的商業模式與社會目的反應於工作模式和經營目標之間的互動模式與平衡策略，如此的組織設計以及其衍生的互動與平衡策略也使其在遊民福利服務中發揮不同的功能。組織設計而言，大誌偏向以商業模式為主，組成人員為出版專業人員與志工，提供無工作門檻且時間彈性安排的工作機會，使參與者透過販售大誌累積資產與工作經驗。街遊則偏向以社會目的為主，組成人員為社工專業人員與志工，導覽工作需要長期的培訓，因此，街遊志工與社工人員參與個案生活安排的機會較多，因此個案能夠更直接地接觸所需的服務。 兩家社會企業都提供了具促進社會融合功能的支持性就業環境，一方面大誌提供了勞動市場多元的工作機會，另一方面街遊則是提供完整的教育訓練與社會服務，補充了穩定服務中的就業機會與過渡服務中的職業訓練。從兩個社會企業案例可發現，社會企業透過提供穩定工作機會，能夠舒緩社會排除的程度，也嫁接遊民與社會福利體系的連結。本研究認為由於社會企業所目前提供的收入水準仍無法使遊民穩定地維持居住需求，因此若可以搭配安置服務或居住相關的補助，較容易使社會企業方案發揮脫貧功能。次之，建議可以將社會企業納入遊民就業服務的資源之一，由於兩家社會企業方案都提供具有教育與訓練功能的工作機會，能夠補足目前遊民就業服務中較少職業訓練的部分。 / By analyzing The Big Issue Taiwan and Hidden Taipei, in terms of their business models and social aims, this research investigates the role of social enterprise programme in the welfare service for the homeless and the impact of the programme on the latter. Both of the social enterprise programmes aims at offering supportive working environment and job opportunities. However, they have developed different resource balancing and transferring strategies on the issues of homeless’ income, education, training and housing needs. Responding to the gradually important role of social enterprise, this thesis aims at researching how a social enterprise copes with the balance between social aims and business model, and finally, how the balance effects the social inclusion of homeless. The research investigates the differences between two business models to understand how it influences homeless’ rights. Furthermore, by investigating the business model, in terms of the numbers of employee and volunteer and the types of job opportunities being provided, we can understand the effect of social inclusion in various dimensions: for instance, housing, income, education and training, social participation and labour market. Special attention is paid to know how homeless navigate the balance between work and daily life. The result shows the different interaction between social enterprise and homeless, and the balance strategies reflected from the different business models and social aims. Additionally, different business models and the balance strategies have different impacts on the homeless welfare services. As a business-inclined social enterprise, The Big Issue Taiwan offers job opportunities with flexible requirements and working hours. The Big Issue vendors can save money from selling the magazine and gain working experience for the next job. On the other hand, Hidden Taipei, which plays as a pro-social aim business model, offers job with high-quality requirements, which requires long-term training. Therefore, the social workers and volunteers could spend more time with the clients. Both of the social enterprises offer and create a supportive employment environment promoting social inclusion of the homeless and various opportunities in the labour market. While The Big Issue Taiwan has created job opportunities, Hidden Taipei has offered complete employment training program and social service. By creating a stable and supportive working environment, social enterprise has not only changed the vulnerable status and promoted the social inclusion of homeless, but also the connection between homeless and social welfare system. However, The Big Issue vendors and Hidden Taipei guides can still hardly afford the rent for their residence on a stable basis. Therefore, this research suggests that the income may have better effect if it has accompanied with housing-related benefit. Secondly, regarding the lack of the education and training program in homeless service, it is suggested that social enterprise could be integrated into the homeless service for its complete training program.