Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1997. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [136]-163).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [76]-93).

O ritmo diário de atividade é uma característica de todos os organismos vivos, que tem a capacidade de se orientar no tempo e no espaço, e distinguir entre tempo linear e tempo cíclico. O ciclo claro:escuro é um importante indicador circadiano para todos os organismos. O trabalho do relógio circadiano envolve mecanismos de retroalimentação positiva e negativa dos genes CLOCK e BMAL1 (brain and muscle Arnt-like protein 1) que formam um heterodímero, funcionando como fator de transcrição para a expressão dos genes per (period), cry (cryptochrome) e o receptor órfão REV-ERB. Em geral, o ciclo circadiano tem início nas primeiras horas da manhã com a ativação da transcrição de per e cry por CLOCK/BMAL1. A periodicidade do relógio circadiano resulta da combinação entre retroalimentação transcricional positiva e negativa destes genes. Hoje já se sabe que os vertebrados, além do relógio central (NSQ) possuem vários relógios, distribuídos pelo corpo, os chamados relógios periféricos. A resposta ao estímulo luminoso é resultado da interpretação da informação luminosa por diferentes tipos celulares. A molécula fotorreceptora de melanóforos dérmicos embrionários de X. laevis foi denominada melanopsina (Opn4/Opn4). Neste anfíbio, cones e bastonetes, continuam a exibir ritmo circadiano em cultura durante vários dias, e a sua capacidade de se ajustar pelo estímulo luminoso indica a presença do sistema circadiano. Os objetivos deste projeto foram: verificar qual é o padrão de expressão para Opn4, per1, per2, bmal1 e clock em melanóforos de X. laevis submetidos a diferentes fotofases; verificar se a expressão para Opn4, per1, per2 ,bmal1 e clock nos melanóforos de X. laevis é modulada pela melatonina. Opn4, per1, per2 ,bmal1 e clock Dados obtidos no presente estudo demonstram que nesta linhagem celular estes genes apresentam um padrão de expressão aparentemente rítmico, quando estas células são expostas a um ciclo claro:escuro (14C:10E), que difere do padrão obtido quando mantidas em regime de escuro constante. Em geral, estas células mantidas em escuro constante durante 5 dias tendem a apresentar aumento de expressão de RNAm para estes genes e, quando mantidas em escuro constante também durante 5 dias, mas com adição de melatonina por 1h, 24 h antes de sua extração, estes níveis de RNAm tendem a diminuir. Porém, quando comparamos as três situações, podemos observar que a adição da melatonina restaura, em geral, o padrão de expressão dos genes analisados em 14C:10E. O conjunto de resultados, que obtivemos em melanóforos dérmicos de Xenopus laevis, sugere que esta linhagem celular possue características de relógio periférico. / The daily rhythm of activity is a characteristic of all living organisms, which have the ability of to behave accordingly time and space, and distinguish between linear and cyclic time. The dark:light cycle is an important time cue for all organisms. The work of circadian clock involves mechanisms of positive and negative feedback of CLOCK and BMAL1 which as a heterodimer act as a transcription factor for the expression of per (period), cry (cryptochrome) and the orphan receptor REV-ERB. A typical circadian cycle begins in the first hours of daytime, which the activation of the transcription of per and cry by CLOCK/BMAL1. It is well known that the vertebrates, besides the central clock (SCN), have several other clocks distributed by the body, the so called peripheric clock. The responses to light are the result of the interpretation of light signal by several cell types The photoreceptor molecule in the dermal melanophores of X. laevis was denominated melanopsin (Opn4/Opn4). In this amphibian, rods and cones maintain circadian rhythm during several days in culture, and their ability to synchronize by light suggest the presence of a circadian system. The objectives of this project were: verify the expression pattern for Opn4, per1, per2 ,bmal1 e clock in dermal melanophores of X. laevis, under different photo phases; and verify whether the expression for Opn4, per1, per2, bmal1 and clock were modulated by melatonin. Our data show that these genes have a rhythmic pattern expression, when these cells are under a 14L:10D, which is different from the pattern exhibited in constant dark. In general, these cells in constant dark have a higher mRNA expression, and in the same condition, but with melatonin applied for 1h, 24h before the data collect, these mRNA levels are lower. However, when we compared these three different experimental conditions, we observed that melatonin resets, in overall, the expression pattern of 14L:10D. These data, taken together, suggest that Xenous laevis dermal melanophores have characteristics of a peripheric clock.

No description available.

During vertebrate oocyte maturation, the chromosomes progress to and arrest at metaphase of meiosis II in preparation for fertilization. This process includes emission of the first polar body. The second polar body is emitted after fertilization. A number of proteins are accumulated during oocyte maturation. Inhibition of this de novo translation does not appear to affect the progression of meiosis during oocyte maturation. The role of these pools of proteins has yet to be elucidated. Curiously, several of the upregulated proteins are key players in mitosis, including INCENP, a subunit of the chromosome passenger complex implicated in chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. During early stages of development in Xenopus laevis, the embryo cycles through mitosis, also known as embryo cleavage, every 30min with little to no time for transcription/translation. Our goal is to determine if the de novo translation of these mitotic proteins during oocyte maturation has a role in early embryogenesis. We used morpholino oligonucleotides antisense to INCENP mRNA (INCENPmorpho) to inhibit de novo translation during oocyte maturation. Using confocal imaging and the host transfer technique, these injected oocytes were matured, fertilized and assessed for developmental competency. INCENPmorpho and a control morpholino (ctrlmorpho) had no discernable effect on 1st or 2nd polar body emission. Whereas ctrlmorpho embryos developed normally, INCENPmorpho embryos did not cleave. Thus, de novo translation of INCENP during oocyte maturation is necessary for embryogenesis. Specifically, accumulation of INCENP and other mitotic proteins during oocyte maturation may be a common strategy in this species to prepare for the rapid and synchronous mitoses during early embryogenesis.

M.Sc. (Zoology) / An investigation was made into the presence and uptake of seven selected metals by the organs and tissues of the various developmental stages of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis from industrial, mine and sewerage polluted aquatic environments on the Witwatersrand. These results were compared with conditions in two relatively unpolluted localities where the clawed frog also occurs. Attention was given to the physical and chemical conditions including the concentration of the metals at various localities. Gut content analyses of the frog stages of the plataona was made to identify the particular food items ingested by the animal but also to correlate this with the incidence of the macro invertebrate organisms present. Metal concentrations were determined for both the gut contents as well as the macro invertebrates as a group at two selected localities. The presence and concentration of various metals were determined in specific organs and tissues of the frog and compared with each other. According to the data the spleen, gallbladder, middle & Hind gut as well as the testes were identified as the target organs containing the highest concentrations of the various metals. Shortcomings in the work is pointed out and recommendations made on possible further research.

No description available.

CK2α is a serine-threonine kinase that is involved in a large number of biological processes, including embryonic development, cancer, and cell proliferation. Recently, it has been found that mutations in CK2α results in a developmental condition known as Okur-Chung neurodevelopmental syndrome (OCNDS). This disorder commonly results in intellectual disability, congenital heart defects (CHDs), gross motor delay, and facial abnormalities. CK2α inhibition has so far primarily been studied in mice, through methods such as knockout, gene floxing, and CRISPR/Cas9 mutations. In this thesis, we provide a proof of principle that chemical inhibition of CK2 in Xenopus laevis embryos can induce a phenocopy similar to the heart phenotype of the CK2α knockout mouse model, and demonstrate the potential of Xenopus laevis as an animal model to study molecular mechanisms that may underlie OCNDS. Here we carefully examined whole embryos, sections stained with multiple antibodies, sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and assessment of proliferation and apoptosis rates. The phenotypes observed in the Xenopus laevis model were analyzed and compared to both the CK2α knockout mouse model and OCNDS patients. Results found commonalities among facial features, heart deformities, and muscle patterning between the animal models, which overlapped heavily with patient symptoms. Thus, this work has established Xenopus laevis treated with chemical inhibitors as an appropriate animal model for further characterization of the mechanisms that may underlie OCNDS. / 2023-11-18T00:00:00Z

Thesis advisor: Laura Anne Lowery / Axon guidance is a critical process in forming the connections between a neuron and its target. Development of a properly functioning nervous system relies heavily on how accurately an axon is guided to the right target. Defects in the guidance machinery may result in neurological disorders. The growth cone that is formed at the tip of a growing axon is responsible for navigating axons to their final targets. The growth cone steers the growing axon towards the appropriate direction by integrating extracellular guidance cues received by membrane-associated receptors at the growth cone periphery. Upon receiving guidance cues, a number of intracellular signal transduction pathways are initiated downstream of the guidance receptors, that can promote or halt growth cone advance. The growth cone generates these responses by remodeling its cytoskeletal components, which are actin network in the periphery and microtubules in the growth cone center. In this thesis, we focus on understanding the role of microtubule dynamics regulation within the growth cone as it makes guidance decisions. Specifically, we examine the role of TACC3 as a microtubule plus-end binding protein during axon outgrowth and guidance. We show that TACC3 localizes at microtubule plus-ends in embryonic Xenopus laevis growth cones and regulates microtubule growth parameters. We also show that TACC3 is important for promoting axon outgrowth in cultured neural tube explants. Furthermore, our data suggests that TACC3 affects axon guidance in vivo and ex vivo. Examination of embryos depleted of TACC3 revealed guidance defects in the spinal cord neurons, while TACC3-overexpressing cultured spinal neurons showed increased resistance to Slit2-induced growth cone collapse. Finally, in an attempt to delineate the mechanism behind TACC3-mediated axon guidance under Slit2, we studied the importance of tyrosine phosphorylation induced by Abelson tyrosine kinase. We find that retaining phosphorylatable tyrosines within the TACC domain is important for its microtubule plus-end tracking behavior and its impact on microtubule dynamics regulation, axon outgrowth and guidance. Together, this thesis contributes new insights to the understanding of the role of TACC3 as a microtubule plus-end binding protein and identifies TACC3 as a potential regulator of axon outgrowth and guidance during Xenopus laevis embryonic development. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2019. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Biology.

Melatonin is an indolamine hormone presumably synthesized by retinal photoreceptors, and may act as a paracrine signal of darkness within the retina. Previous studies have suggested that melatonin, acting through specific receptors, may be involved in cyclic retinal functions such as photoreceptor outer segment disc shedding and phagocytosis, and modulation of neurotransmitter release in the inner retina. The goal of this study was to determine if melatonin receptor mRNA is expressed in the neural retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of Xenopus laevis. Sheets of RPE, devoid of contaminating cells, were obtained from Xenopus eyes, and epithelial cultures were subsequently established on microporous membrane filters in a defined medium. Total RNA was isolated from whole brain, neural retina, fresh RPE sheets, and cultured RPE cells. RNA expression of the three known Xenopus melatonin receptor subtypes (MEL1A, 1B, and 1C) was determined by reverse- transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) amplification, followed by Southern hybridization with RNA probes. PCR-amplified cDNA encoding melatonin receptor subtypes 1B and 1C, but not 1A, were detected in reverse-transcribed RNA obtained from brain, neural retina and RPE. RPE cells grown in culture for two weeks also demonstrated 1B and 1C receptor RNA expression. This study suggests that RNA encoding the 1B and 1C melatonin receptor subtypes is expressed in the neural retina and RPE of Xenopus retina, and the expression persists in RPE cells when grown in culture. The expression of melatonin receptor RNA in the RPE may reflect a regulatory role for melatonin in some diurnal events that occur in this tissue, such as phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segment membranes, and intracellular migration of pigment granules.