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Today, software ecosystems have become transparent, allowing users to submit issue reports and new feature requests to the development team. The more permeable boundaries of ecosystems provide an open culture paradigm where stakeholders, customers, developers and other user groups have the access to participate during all phases of requirement development. One example of this open culture in software ecosystems is found in work item discussions, which are aimed to improve how requirements are elicited, analyzed and validated. In this thesis, we investigate who participates in requirements discussions, identifying and focusing on emergent contributors; discussants that are not officially part of the development team or required to participate, but contribute to work item discussions. We report form a case study of online requirement discussion in IBM’s collaborative lifecycle management. We find that external contributors emerge frequently during discussions and that they mediate the clarification of requirements. Our results indicate that it is important for emergent contributors to be involved early in the requirements process, otherwise there is a negative effect on the work items’ progress. We discuss the implications of our findings for both practitioners and researchers with suggestions for future studies. / Graduate / 0984 / 0291 / 0790 / aminah.yussuf@gmail.com

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The purpose of clarification in the sugar industry is to remove soluble, insoluble and colloidal matter from cane juice. Efficient clarification is required to produce high quality sugar and to prevent entrainment of solids in downstream equipment. The objective of this study is to produce a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of the Magra Ultrasep clarifier. This was accomplished by: • Modelling the hydrodynamics of a laboratory scale clarifier In the Fluent CFD program. • Incorporating the flocculation process into the CFD model. • Performing experiments on a pilot scale clarifier to obtain parameter values for the flocculation model. The hydrodynamic model of the clarifier showed the presence of a recirculation zone above the baffle plate. Particle injections using Fluent's discrete phase modelling option determined that particles within the size range of IOOj..Lm to 4mm would circulate in this region, forming the bed of floc particles required for the Magra Ultrasep to work efficiently. The flocculation process in Fluent was represented using three different solid phases of different particle sizes. Small and medium sized particles were allowed to combine to form larger particles by changing the volume fractions according to three rate equations. A fibre glass laboratory scale model was set up at Maidstone Sugar Mill and fed the same sugar cane juice that enters the Rapi-Dorr clarifiers. The experimental results were then fed into a simplified flocculation model in MATLAB. An overall rate constant (k) of 5kg.m-3.s-) for the flocculation kinetic equation satisfied the experimental result. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.

The urban sprawl creates a gap between producers and consumers and the a sustainable circuitof nutrients and energy is difficult to maintain. Many times the waste that is created in urbanareas is not reused and the circuit is lost. In this project, wastewater treatment is looked atwith the view point that resource recovery is possible through energy production and reuse ofnutrients. In order to optimally run each process step at a wastewater treatment plant forimproved resource recovery, more knowledge is needed in order to not disregard the finaleffluent quality. The goal of this project was to develop a model in MATLAB/Simulink for achemically enhanced primary clarifier at a wastewater treatment plant. The potential ofproducing more biogas and reducing the aeration energy needed in the biological treatmentstep was looked at by focusing on describing the settling velocity of suspended solids.Experimental analysis on settling properties for solids was performed on sampled wastewaterentering the primary settler after changing the addition of chemicals prior in the process line.The wastewater samples were homogenized and then rapidly vacuum pumped up in a column.The solids in the column could thereafter settle and was retained in a cup at the bottom. Themass of total suspended solids (TSS) was classified in five different settling velocity classes,each class assigned a characteristic settling velocity. The experimental procedure followed theViCA's protocol (French acronym for Settling Velocity for Wastewater). A settler, much likethe secondary settler in the Benchmark Simulation Model No. 2 (BSM2), a 10 layer nonreactivetank was modeled. The mass balance in each layer of the settler was decided by thevertical solid flux in the tank and built on the characteristic settling velocity gained from theexperiments. Re-circulation of excess sludge from the subsequent steps at the plant showed toeffect the settling properties of the sludge in the primary settler. The components of TSSshowed to have the largest effect on the distribution of settling velocity. The variation in doseof both coagulant and cationic polymer prior the primary settling tank showed to effect theparticle settling distribution somewhat. A first simulation with an applicable dynamic influentscenario was run. Despite any proper calibration the model gave fairly good predictions ofmeasured TSS in the effluent and sludge outtake water. / När urbana områden växer uppstår svårigheter i att bibehålla ett hållbart kretslopp av energioch näringsämnen. Avståndet mellan producent och konsument ökar och många gångeråteranvänds inte det avfall som städerna producerar och det hållbara kretsloppet bryts. Dettaprojekt har fokuserat på resursåteranvändningen i avloppsvattenhanteringen genommöjligheterna som finns i energiproduktion i form av biogas samt återanvändning avnäringsämnen genom slamåterförsel. Mer kunskap behövs inom varje processteg för attoptimalt använda avloppsreningsverk för förbättrad resurs-återvinning så att inte utgåendevattenkvalitet blir lidande. Målet med projektet var att utveckla en modell iMATLAB/Simulink för primärsedimentering med kemisk fällning. Experimentelltanalyserades sedimentationsegenskaperna hos primärslam genom provtagning avavloppsvatten inkommande till försedimenteringen efter tillsatser av fällnings-kemikalier.Proverna homogeniserades och vakuumpumpades sedan snabbt upp i en kolonn. Detpartikulära materialet i kolonnen kunde därefter sedimentera och fångades upp i en kopp ibotten. Den sedimenterade massan av totalt suspenderat material (TSS) klassificerades i femolika sedimenteringshastighetsklasser och varje klass tilldelades en karakteristisksedimentationshastighet Det experimentella förfarandet följde ViCA’s protokoll (franskförkortning för sedimentationshastigheter för avloppsvatten). En modell av ensedimentationstank, ungefär som för sekundär-sedimenteringen i Benchmark SimulationModel No. 2 (BSM2), utvecklades som en 10 lager icke reaktiv tank. Massbalansen i varjelager bestämdes av det vertikala flödet av partiklar och beräknades med de experimentelltframtagna karakteristiska sedimentationshastigheterna. Återcirkulering av överskottsslam frånde efterföljande reningsstegen visade sig ha stor påverkan på slammetssedimentationsegenskaper i försedimenteringen. Typen av TSS-komponenter hade den störstainverkan på fördelningen av sedimentationshastigheter. Variationen i dos av bådefällningskemikalie och katjonspolymer före primär-sedimenteringstanken hade en visspåverkan på fördelningen. En första simulering med ett sannolikt dynamisk inflödesscenariokördes. Utan någon riktig kalibrering av modellen gav den ändå en relativt realistisk prognospå TSS i utgående vatten och i slamuttaget. / I samarbete med forskningsgruppen ModelEAU, Quebec, Kanada

Objective: We aimed to analyze the birth experience of women with caesarean section (CS) and the influence of clarification. Furthermore weaknesses of care from women’s view should be determined. Method: Online survey of women who had at least one CS Results: We analyzed data of 383 women. 47,8% women had a primary, 52,2% a secondary CS . The birth experience ranged from wonderful (13,3%) to gruesome (25,1%). There were significant more women with secondary CS whose birth experience was associated with negative emotions. Regarded in hindsight for 29,0% the CS was better than expected and 39,6% stated it had been worse than assumed. Almost half of participants stated having coped (rather) bad with the CS and its concomitants. The opportunity of psychological consultation in hospital or at least addresses to contact when needed were repeatedly required. In this survey the birth experience as well as the meeting of expectations toward CS depended on the satisfaction with the antenatal discussion by obstetricians and the clarification by medical staff while for antenatal classes no significant influence could be proved. Conclusions: A substantial amount of women had a negative birth experience. More effort concerning clarification and patient-centered care is required.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. / Committee Chair: Hsieh, Jeffery; Committee Member: Breedveld, Victor; Committee Member: Empie, Jeff; Committee Member: Forney, Larry; Committee Member: Singh, Preet

A utilização da Moringa oleifera (M.O) na clarificação de água seguida pela exposição solar como forma de desinfecção vem sendo usada em regiões desfavorecidas em infraestrutura e recursos financeiros. Essas tecnologias proporcionam as pessoas que habitam nessas regiões, água, de maneira fácil, autossustentável e a custo baixo. O objetivo do estudo foi de avaliar o uso conjunto da M.O na coagulação-floculação e do sistema solar na desinfeção da água para consumo humano. Os objetivos específicos da pesquisa foram: a) determinar a dose de M.O na remoção da turbidez e cor aparente da água bruta; b) determinar o tempo de exposição solar necessário para a remoção de E. coli e coliformes totais presentes na água clarificada com M.O; c) identificar com a técnica delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR) quais variáveis independentes (pH, dosagem, tempo de mistura lenta e rápida) exerceram maior remoção da cor aparente e turbidez na água bruta. Na desinfeção solar foi considerado um tempo de exposição de 2, 4 e 6 horas, e para a determinação da dosagem e tempos ótimos foram realizados 28 ensaios em Jarteste. Os dados obtidos foram analisados através da Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta do DCCR do programa Statistic 8. As condições do ensaio que apresentou os melhores resultados foram: pH, 6,3; tempos de mistura rápida e lenta de 4 e 25 minutos, respectivamente; dosagem ótima de Moringa de 950 mg/L. Nestas condições, houve remoção de 80% da cor e 94% da turbidez. Adicionalmente, a clarificação com Moringa removeu 98,5 e 96,3% de coliformes totais e E. coli presentes na água bruta. A análise de variância mostrou que a dosagem ótima, os tempos de mistura rápida e lenta e a interação dos tempos de mistura lenta e rápida influenciaram na remoção da turbidez, enquanto a remoção de cor foi influenciada pela dosagem ótima e tempo de mistura lenta. As amostras com e sem filtração em filtro quantitativo de porosidade disforme (tecido de algodão de uso doméstico) foram expostas a desinfeção solar para a remoção de E. coli e coliformes totais. Houve eliminação de 64,8 e 59,7% em 2 horas; 100% e 99,7% em 4 horas e 100% em 6 horas para água não filtrada. Para água filtrada, as remoções foram de 70 e 19,2% (2 horas); 100 e 46% (4 horas) e 100% (6 horas). A desinfecção solar mostrou-se mais eficiente na exposição da água por 6 horas. Assim sendo, o uso conjunto da Moringa e da desinfeção solar em geral promoveram a clarificação e a desinfecção da água, reduzindo significativamente a turbidez e deixando-a livre de E. coli e coliformes totais. / The use of Moringa oleifera (M.O) in clarifying water followed by sunlight exposure as a means of disinfection has been used in disadvantaged areas with lack of infrastructure and financial resources. These technologies provide the people living in these regions, water in self-sustainable and cost-effective way. The objective of the study was to evaluate the combined use of M.O in coagulation-flocculation followed by solar disinfection to produce water suitable for human consumption. The specific objectives of the research were: a) to determine the optimal dose of M.O for removing turbidity and apparent color of the raw water; b) to determine the exposure time required for solar disinfection and removal from E. coli and total coliforms (TC) in the clarified water with M.O; c) to identify with the technical design central composite (CCRD) which independent variables (pH, dosage, slow and fast mixing time) had higher removal of apparent color and turbidity in the raw water. Exposure times tested in solar disinfection were 2, 4 and 6 hours. Twenty eight jartests were performed to determine the optimal dose, slow and fast mixing time and pH. Data were analyzed by CCRD Response Surface Methodology using the program Statistic 8. Test conditions that showed the best results were: pH, 6.3; fast and slow mixing times of 4 and 25 minutes, respectively; Moringa optimum dose of 950 mg/L. Under these optimal conditions, removals efficiencies for color and turbidity were, respectively, 80% of color and 94%. In additional, clarification with Moringa removed 98.5 and 96.3% of total coliforms and E. coli present in the raw water. Analysis of variance showed that the optimal dosage of the fast and slow mixing times, and the interaction of the fast and slow mixing times influenced the removal of turbidity, while the color removal was influenced by the optimum dosage and duration of slow mixing. The samples filtered in filter quantitative without unsightly porosity and were exposed to solar disinfection for removal of E. coli and total coliforms. There elimination 64.8 and 59.7% at 2 hours; 100% and 99.7% in 4 hours and 100% at 6 hours for unfiltered water. For filtered water removals were 70 and 19.2% (2 hours); 100 and 46% (4 hours) and 100% (6 h). Solar disinfection was more efficient in water exposure for 6 hours. It could be concluded that the joint use of the Moringa and solar disinfection generally promoted the clarification and disinfection of water, significantly reducing turbidity and leaving the water free of E. coli and total coliforms.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo do estudo foi verificar ex vivo a penetração de duas substâncias irrigantes hipoclorito de sódio 5% e Chlor-Xtra (Vista Dental Products, Racine, WI) através da adição de corante em canais simulados de dentes clarificados. Sessenta caninos inferiores unirradiculares humanos foram utilizados. As raízes foram seccionados em 16mm e instrumentadas com limas rotatórias do sistema Protaper até a F2 no comprimento de trabalho de 15mm. As amostras foram submetidas ao processo de clarificação para ficarem transparentes e durante o processo foram criados os canais simulados no terço apical. As raízes foram divididas aleatoriamente em três grupos ( NaOCl 5%, Chlor-Xtra e água) contendo 20 espécime por grupo. As amostras foram irrigadas com 1,5mL de solução contraste( tinta chinesa junto com a solução irrigante do respectivo grupo). E cada amostra foi fotografada e analisada. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes Kruskal-Wallis e Student-Neuman-Keuls. Não houve diferença estatística entre as substâncias irrigantes testadas (p>0,05). A partir da análise dos dados, foi possível concluir que apesar da presença de agentes surfactantes na solução irrigante de Chlor-Xtra não houve uma melhor penetrabilidade nos canais simulados em comparação ao hipoclorito de sódio(NaOCl). / The aim of this work was to asses ex vivo penetration of two irrigation substances sodium hypochlorite 5% and Chlor-Xtra (Vista Dental Products, Racine, WI) by the addition of dye in simulated canals from cleared teeth. Sixty single-rooted human mandibular canines were used. Roots length was standardized to 16 mm and root canal shaping was performed to a working length of 15 mm using Protaper Universal rotary files (Maillefer) up to F2 corresponding to a 25/.08 size/taper. The samples were cleared using clearing technique and and simulated canals were created in apical third at the time of process. Roots were randomly divided into three groups (5% NaOCl, Chlor-Xtra and water) containing 20 specimens per group. Samples were irrigated with 1.5 mL of contrast solution (Chinese ink and irrigating substance of the group). And each sample was photographed and analyzed. Data were statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Student-Neuman-Keuls tests. No statistical difference between the tested irrigating solutions was found (p> 0.05). From the data analysis, we conclude that in despite of the presence of surfactants in the irrigating solution Chlor-Xtra did not result better penetration into simulated canals than sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-07-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:16:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 madaleno_ll_me_jabo.pdf: 245102 bytes, checksum: f2d0b6a1de01e9b4c0293839adb72382 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da infestação de cigarrinha-das-raízes e controle químico tardio na qualidade da matéria prima e clarificação do caldo de cana. Foram realizados contagens de ninfas e perfilhos, avaliações biométricas, análises tecnológicas do caldo extraído e processo de clarificação. O delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com parcelas sub subdivididas, com três repetições, foi adotado para os parâmetros contagem de ninfas, perfilhos e avaliações biométricas. Para as análises tecnológicas do caldo e purificação foram adotados o delineamento fatorial em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de Tukey (P=0,05). A infestação de cigarrinha-das-raízes diminuiu com a utilização tardia de thiamethoxam, que induziu o aumento da massa seca de folhas nos níveis mais elevados de infestação. A massa seca dos colmos aumentou nas parcelas tratadas com a dosagem de 0,3 kg ha-1 nos meses próximos a colheita, enquanto o inseticida provocou aumento de massa seca de folhas, bainhas e palmitos. O ataque de ninfas diminuiu o Brix, a Pol e o ATR no caldo e a aplicação tardia de thiamethoxam aumentou a acidez total, o que pode ter interferido no aumento da cor do caldo e na diminuição da massa seca e densidade da borra no processo de clarificação. / This research was undertaken to evaluate the effects of spittlebug infestation and late chemical control on sugarcane quality and juice clarification. Nymphs and tillers were counted, plant growth was measured and juice technological analysis and clarification process were performed. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design in split split-plots with three replications to nymphs and tillers counts and plant growth analysis. The statistical design for technological analysis and purification was randomized complete blocks, in a factorial arrangement. The data were submitted to ANOVA and means were compared by Tukey test (P=0.05). Spittlebug infestation was reduced with late thiamethoxam application and the insecticide increased leaf dry matter at higher infestation levels. The dosage 0.3 kg ha-1 allowed a stalk dry matter increase in months prior to harvest, while induced higher dry matter of leaves, sheaths and tops. The attack of nymphs decreased Brix, Pol and TRS in the cane juice. Late chemical control increased juice total acidity, increased juice color and reduced the dry matter and mud density in the clarification process.