The repair of reinforced concrete structures attracts more and more attention of researchers and constructors who see an ever growing number of pathologic phenomenons on several constructions that make use of this widely accepted material. The wrong notion which claims the concrete is an eternal and unchangeable matter has been definitively substituted by the fact that it s a dynamic and complex substance, vulnerable to several aggressive compounds which modify and cause damage to its chemical and physical structure. The present work intended to gather data about the performance of silica fume as a chemical admixture to mortars under the marine atmosphere in the tidal zone, and also evaluate if the magnesium sulfate has any major role in the development of the mortar s properties. To achieve the objectives of the study two groups of mortar were made, one used silica in its composition, and the other didn t. The mortar was cast in cylindrical and prismatic molds to, later, be subjected to natural drying and wetting cycles in the sea coast of Maceió. The cylindrical specimens were 10 x 5 cm and the prismatic ones were 50 x 15 x 4 cm and had reinforcement inside. The tests were conducted in the ages of 14, 28, 91, 135 and 180 days and concerned measuring the compressive, tensile and elastic modulos of the samples and also determine the corrosion potential of the reinforced mortar using the ASTM C 876-91 method. As an addition, X-Ray diffraction tests were conducted to verify if the compounds within the mortars had change and help explain the results from the earlier experiments. Results show that the silica fume mortars developed lower compressive strength than ordinary Portland cement mortars. The tensile strength tests displayed more balanced values for both mortars, with the ordinary exhibiting less strength than its silica fume counterpart at 91 and 135 days, but catching up with it (even slightly surpassing it) at latter ages. X-ray diffraction indicates changes on the phases of the hydrated paste. The analysis of the results suggests that cement mortar with silica fume addition doesn t present the same behavior related to ordinary cement mortar / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O reparo de estruturas de concreto armado atrai cada vez mais a atenção de pesquisadores e construtores que vêem um número crescente de fenômenos patológicos em diversas construções com este material. A noção errônea de que o concreto é um material eterno e imutável foi substituída pelo fato de que ele é uma substância dinâmica e complexa, vulnerável a muitos compostos agressivos que modificam e causam dano à sua estrutura química e física. O presente trabalho propôs-se a coletar dados sobre o comportamento da sílica ativa como uma adição mineral a argamassas expostas ao ambiente marinho, na zona de variação da maré, e também avaliar se o sulfato de magnésio participa de alguma maneira no desenvolvimento das propriedades da argamassa. Para alcançar os objetivos do estudo dois grupos de argamassas foram feitos, um de argamassa convencional e o outro usando sílica em sua composição. Corpos de prova cilíndricos (10 x 5 cm) e prismáticos (50 x 15 x 4 cm com armadura de aço) foram sujeitos a ciclos naturais de molhagem e secagem no litoral de Maceió. Os testes foram feitos nas idades de 14, 28, 91, 135 e 180 dias e compreenderam medir a resistência à compressão, à tração e o módulo de elasticidade das amostras. Ensaios de potencial de corrosão foram conduzidos nas placas de argamassa armada de acordo com a ASTM C 876 91 e análise por difração de raios X foram efetuadas para verificar mudanças nos compostos das argamassas. Resultados mostram que, ao fim do período de testes, a argamassa com sílica desenvolveu resistência à compressão menor quando comparada à argamassa convencional. A resistência à tração mostrou resultados mais equilibrados, com alguma vantagem para a argamassa com sílica. Análise da difração de raios X sugere possíveis mudanças nas fases da argamassa com sílica. Os resultados apontam que o uso de sílica ativa em matriz cimenticia aplicada em ambiente marinho não apresenta o mesmo desempenho quando comparado a matriz cimenticia convencional.

O ciclo produtivo da construção civil gera diversos problemas ambientais, desde a extração de matéria prima da natureza, que não são retornáveis, como areia, cal, ferro, alumínio, madeira, água potável etc., até a geração de entulho, sobras, oriundas dos desperdícios e dos rejeitos de materiais de construção em uma obra, sendo considerada grande vilã do meio ambiente. Portanto, a busca de novas tecnologias vem sendo estimulada nos últimos anos, onde a reciclagem de resíduos gerados pela indústria da construção civil vem se consolidando como uma prática importante, sendo considerada uma excelente alternativa sustentável para atenuar tais impactos. A argamassa é um material largamente utilizado nos mais diferentes fins dentro das áreas da arquitetura e engenharia. No Brasil a indústria de rochas ornamentais é considerada uma área bastante promissora para o setor mineral, produzindo um alarmante volume de resíduos, sendo grande parte encontrada em forma de lama abrasiva. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de aplicar parcialmente, em substituição do agregado miúdo (areia), os resíduos gerados no beneficiamento de rochas ornamentais, que causam severos impactos ao meio ambiente, em argamassas de revestimento e assentamento, como alternativa para destinação final de tais resíduos, tornando-se uma eficaz prática sustentável. Logo, para ser aplicada na construção civil essa argamassa deve atender a requisitos mínimos que foram analisados e comparados a uma argamassa mista convencional de traço, 1:1:6 (cimento:cal:areia), comumente utilizada em obra. A substituição foi feita nas proporções de 0% (referência), 5%, 10%, 15% e 20%. Foram analisadas as propriedades das argamassas tanto no estado fresco quanto no estado endurecido e segundo os resultados obtidos, elas podem ser classificadas de acordo com a ABNT NBR 13281:2005, como P5, M5, R2, C5, D6, U5, A3. Em relação à resistência mecânica, os resultados obtidos foram bem significativos, para à resistência à compressão axial e a resistência à tração na flexão os resultados indicaram aumento de resistência nas argamassas com inserção de até 15% de resíduo, já para a resistência de aderência à tração o aumento somente ocorreu nas argamassas cuja substituição do pó não ultrapassou 10%. Vale salientar que todos os resultados obtidos em relação a resistência mecânica das argamassas alternativas foram maiores que as da argamassa convencional. / The productive cycle of civil construction generates several environmental problems, since the extraction of raw materials from nature, that are not returnable, such as sand, lime, iron, aluminum, wood, water, etc., until the generation of rubble, leftovers from the waste and the tailings of construction materials in a work, being considered a great villain of the environment. Therefore, the search for new technologies has been stimulated in recent years, where the recycling of waste generated by the construction industry has been consolidating itself as an important practice, being considered an excellent sustainable alternatives to mitigate such impacts. The mortar is a material widely used in the most different purposes within the areas of architecture and engineering. In Brazil the industry of ornamental is considered a very promising for the mining sector, producing an alarming volume of waste, being a large part found in the form of mud abrasive. The objective of the present study was partially implementing, in place of the aggregate kid (sand), the waste generated in the processing of ornamental stones, which cause severe impacts to the environment, in mortars of coating and settlement, as an alternative to final disposal of such waste, making it an effective sustainable practice. Soon, to be applied in civil construction this mortar must meet the minimum requirements which were analyzed and compared to a mixed mortar conventional trace, 1:1:6 (cement:cal:sand), commonly used in the work. The replacement was done in the proportions of 0% (reference), 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. We analyzed the properties of mortars in both fresh and hardened state and according to the results obtained, they can be classified according to the ABNT NBR 13281:2005, as P5, M5, R2, C5, D6, U5, the3. In respect of the mechanical strength, the results were very significant, for resistance to axial compression and tensile strength in bending the results indicated increased resistance in mortars with insertion of up to 15% residue, already for the resistance of adhesion to the increase only happened in mortars with replacing the dust did not exceed 10%. It is worth noting that all results obtained in relation to the mechanical strength of the mortars alternatives were larger than those of conventional mortar.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Construction Management, Department of Construction Management and Quantity Surveying In the Faculty of Engineering, At the Cape Peninsula University of Technology / Sustainable buildings are structures produced to meet the present housing needs of a society without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their future needs. Based on the findings derived from the reviewed literature, the production process and the operational lifecycle of sustainable buildings promote a healthy well-being for the inhabitants and environmental balance through the effective management of energy, water, land and materials resources at every stage of construction. However, ineffective construction materials procurement strategy was found in literature as a major factor that constrains the production of sustainable buildings; leading to project failures or production cost and time overrun. Thus, the production cost of sustainable buildings is influenced by the total cost of construction materials acquisition, which amounts to about 65% of the total cost of building production. This factor on cost has over the years been a significant barrier to the adoption of sustainable building principles in the construction industry. This prompted the need to establish an effective strategy for construction materials procurement towards the enhancement of sustainable building production in Western Cape, South Africa. The research study adopted a mixed methodological approach, which involved the use of semi-structured qualitative interviews and closed-ended quantitative questionnaires administered to construction stakeholders (contractors and consultants) in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. SPSS version 23 software was used to analyse the quantitative data collected and ‘content analysis’ method was used to analyse the information collected through qualitative interview conducted.

Recentemente o setor da construção civil no Brasil vem apresentando um ritmo intenso de crescimento, cujo dinamismo se deve às mudanças institucionais e a evolução do cenário macroeconômico. O volume crescente das obras tem pressionado os setores de insumos e alguns reflexos disto já foram sentidos, como problemas localizados de abastecimento e de variação dos preços de alguns materiais. Neste cenário insere-se a presente pesquisa, de caráter exploratória, que se propõe a realizar o diagnóstico do setor de produção e comercialização de insumos (materiais) da Cadeia Produtiva da Construção Habitacional, segundo os princípios do conceito de prospecção tecnológica. O método básico de pesquisa correspondeu às pesquisas bibliográfica e descritiva, utilizando-se da pesquisa de campo para a obtenção de dados atualizados. Para realizar o diagnóstico foi adotado um modelo conceitual de prospecção tecnológica de análise de cadeias produtivas, proposto por Castro & Lima (2001). Os principais resultados obtidos foram modelagem, análise de desempenho, identificação dos fatores críticos, respectivas forças impulsoras e restritivas e, por fim, a determinação de gargalos do setor. O estudo mostra que todos os segmentos deste setor estão direcionando seus esforços na busca da eficiência produtiva, como meio de garantir o fornecimento de seus produtos ao setor da construção. Quanto ao método adotado, pode-se concluir que apresenta forte potencial de ser utilizado para análise dos setores e cadeias produtivas que compõe o complexo industrial de materiais de construção. / The Brazilian construction sector has recently been showing intense growth, and its dynamism is due to institutional changes and evolution in the macroeconomic scenario. The increasing volume of new constructions has put pressure on the construction materials sectors and some consequences of this situation have already been noticed, such as local supply problems and variation in the price of some materials. This explorative research is inserted in this scenario and aims to make a diagnosis of the production and sales sectors of materials in the house construction production chain, using the concept of technological foresight. The method is based on bibliographical and descriptive researches, also using field data collection to gather up-to-date information. The conceptual model proposed by Castro & Lima (2001) of technological foresight for production chain analysis was adopted. The main results were the modeling, performance analysis, identification of critical factors, their respective driving and restrictive forces and, finally, the determination of bottlenecks in the sector. The study shows that all segments of the construction sector are focusing their efforts to obtain production capacity efficiency, so as to guarantee the supply of their products. It can be concluded that the adopted method shows strong potential to be used to analyze production chains in the construction materials industry.

Orientador: Tarcisio de Paula Pinto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T17:01:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cunha_NelmaAlmeida_M.pdf: 16326698 bytes, checksum: b2dfcde7c1a4abbf31e4fe5300c81045 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Este trabalho é uma abordagem do desenvolvimento sustentável no setor da construção civil, enfocando os resíduos gerados pelas atividades construtivas e o papel das usinas de reciclagem nesse contexto. Apresenta, ainda, conceitos referentes à sustentabilidade, à inovação cultural, aos impactos gerados e à reciclagem como alternativa técnica, econômica e ambientalmente viável. Desse modo, faz referência aos vários aspectos da legislação e do mercado, aos resíduos, considerando-se suas fontes geradoras, sua composição e sua minimização, baseada na redução quantitativa e em mudanças tecnológicas. É abordada, também, a reciclagem no canteiro de obra como alternativa para a minimização dos resíduos e apresenta-se um breve histórico das usinas no Brasil, os equipamentos utilizados na reciclagem, o processo de produção e o material produzido. Dessa forma, foi realizada pesquisa de campo em cinco usinas de reciclagem no estado de São Paulo, observando-se a chegada dos resíduos, a linha de produção, os produtos reciclados e sua utilização em obras civis. Constata-se que as usinas pesquisadas possuem características próprias em função de seus projetos, aspectos administrativos, infra-estrutura e equipamentos operacionais. Entre os diferenciais de cada usina destacam-se: o layout, os equipamentos utilizados na reciclagem e sua relação com os agentes sociais envolvidos. Analisam-se os dados de cada usina individualmente e os resultados, apresentados por categorias, sintetizam as características individuais e os aspectos essenciais de cada empreendimento. O trabalho finaliza com as considerações dos aspectos mais importantes para o sucesso das usinas pesquisadas, as quais serviram de embasamento para projetar o modelo de usina otimizada que poderá provocar o interesse na reutilização desses resíduos e incentivar caminhos para novos materiais de construção. / Abstract: This work is an approach to the development for sustentability in the sector of the Civil Construction, focusing the residues generated by the constructive activities and its use in the recycled aggregates production. As the production process in the construction industry is based on a lineal model is unviable, it degrades the middle-atmosphere and they contribute to the exhaustion of the natural resources. The recycling of the waste of the constructive activities for the Plants of Recycling constitutes an environmental alternative consolidated by several countries. With the implantation of recycling plants it becomes possible the minimization of the residues, transformed in raw material and beneficiaries for the production of recycled aggregates. Investigations were accomplished at located Plants of Recycling in the State of São Paulo through field research, observing the arrival of the residues in the plants, the production line, the generation of the recycled aggregates and its use in civil works; it was verified that the researched plants process own characteristics in function of their administrative aspects, of its infrastructure and of the operational equipments. Among the differential of the plants they stand out the plants, the equipments used in the recycling, the cooperative participation, the users of the recycled wastes and innovations in the administration of the development for sustentability in the Civil Construction. Datas were analysed individualy for each recycling plant and results were presented by categories , as well as, the individual characteristics and the seential aspects for each undertaking. Final considerations show the most important aspects for the success of the analysed plants that can give an orientation to up-to-date plants projects and to increase interests in the reuse of the residues and to start challenges to new construction materials / Mestrado / Edificações / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Newton de Oliveira Pinto Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T14:07:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Galletto_Adriana_M.pdf: 4576824 bytes, checksum: bb2af65a6526865497bbe467584e09d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: o setor de reparo e reforço de concreto vem apresentando relevante importância na indústria da construção civil pelo aumento do volume de trabalho nesta área. Um dos métodos mais usuais de reparação estrutural é a remoção do concreto deteriorado e sua recomposição por meio da ligação com outro concreto, utilizando produtos denominados pontes de aderência. Entretanto, a falta de normalização e experiência científica acumulada conduz ao emprego desses materiais baseado somente em informações dos fabricantes e em experiências pessoais dos aplicadores, o que mostra a necessidade de um maior número de pesquisas acadêmicas sobre o assunto. O programa experimental desenvolvido avaliou o desempenho de três diferentes sistemas adesivos usualmente utilizados nos reparos estruturais (junta seca, adesivo à base de epóxi e adesivo à base de resina acrilica), por meio do ensaio de compressão-cisalhamento de prismas de concreto reconstituídos com junta diagonal (slant shear test), levando em consideração características como ângulo, umidade e rugosidade da superficie da interface, comparados á prismas monolíticos de concreto e em termos de critério de Mohr-Coulomb. Os resultados mostram que alguns sistemas de reparo podem prejudicar a resistência de aderência, como é o caso dos adesivos à base de resina acrilica, enquanto o epóxi é capaz de promover a aderência até mesmo em situações onde o ângulo da junta é considerado crítico / Abstract: The repair section and concrete reinforcement comes presenting important in the industry of the construction for the increase of the work volume in this area. One of the most usual methods of structural repair is the removal of the deteriorated concrete and its repair by means of the connection with other concrete, using products of adherence. However, the normalization lack and accumulated scientific experience drives to the employment of those materials only based on the makers' information and in personal experiences of the professional, what shows the need of a larger number of academic researches on the subject. The developed experimental program usually evaluated the acting of three diferent adhesive systems used in the structural repairs (it joins drought, sticker to the epoxy and sticker to the base of acrylic resin), by means of the rehearsal of slant shear test of concrete prisms reconstituted with diagonal committee, taking in consideration characteristics as angle, humidity and roughness of the surface of the interface, compared monolithic prisms of concrete and in terms of approach of Mohr-Coulomb. The results show that some repair systems can harm the resistance of adherence, as it is the case of the stickers to the acrylic resin, while the epoxy is capable to promote the adherence even in situations where the angle ofthe committee is considered critical / Mestrado / Edificações / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Apesar dos fornecedores de materiais e componentes serem a principal fonte de inovação no setor da construção, eles geralmente apresentam uma postura passiva na implantação de novas tecnologias no processo produtivo das empresas construtoras. Nos últimos anos, porém, diversos pesquisadores têm apontado para uma nova tendência no sentido de as construtoras estreitarem relações com seus fornecedores, buscando ampliar a atuação destes. Indo além do simples fornecimento de componentes, essas empresas são chamadas a dividir ou assumir maior responsabilidade em todo o processo produtivo. Entretanto, essas relações não vêm se fazendo de maneira sistêmica, ocorrendo em função da experiência de cada um dos envolvidos. Este trabalho reúne e analisa os principais estudos disponíveis na literatura a respeito dos processos de desenvolvimento e de implantação de inovações, no setor de construção de edifícios, bem como estudos que tratam das relações entre construtoras e seus fornecedores, destacando-se aqueles que tratam de parcerias. Além disso, apresenta-se um caso prático, relativo a uma inovação destinada à produção de vedação vertical de edifícios de múltiplos pavimentos, que vem sendo desenvolvida e comercializada por um grande fabricante de componentes de alvenaria do Estado de São Paulo. Essa inovação tem sido implementada por meio de parceria com empresas construtoras e fornecedoras de materiais, componentes e serviços. Os resultados do presente trabalho permitem depreender que, através da aplicação de um modelo de desenvolvimento adequado, o fornecedor da inovação ampliou seu mercado de atuação e, além disso, aumentou a rentabilidade de seus negócios. Com a reunião de dados da literatura e a partir da análise do caso prático sintetiza-se um modelo que pode auxiliar os fornecedores de materiais e componentes no desenvolvimento e implantação de uma inovação tecnológica, além do estabelecimento de relações mais adequadas com as empresas construtoras. / Although the suppliers of materials and components have been the main source of innovation in the construction industry, they generally present a passive attitude in the implementation of new technologies into the production process of construction companies. Recently, researchers identified a new trend under which construction companies are working closer to suppliers, mainly through partnerships, looking to them to increase their roles from the mere supply of components to the sharing of responsibility for the entire production process. Such relationship vary on a case by case basis, depending on the experience of each participant. This work compiles and analyzes the major studies available in the literature related to the development and implementation processes of innovation as well as research about the relationship between construction companies and their suppliers, focusing on partnerships. Moreover, this work presents a case study involving innovation applied to walls of multiple-level buildings, which has been developed and commercialized by a large manufacturer of mansory components in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, through partnership with construction companies and suppliers of materials, components and services. The results indicate that, through application of an appropriate development model, the supplier of innovation enlarged his market and, in addition, increased the profitability of his business. Based on literature and a practical case study this work summarizes a development model that may help suppliers of materials and components to develop and implement technology innovation as well as to establish an appropriate relationship with the construction companies.

Orientador: Paulo José Rocha de Albuquerque / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T07:16:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Laister_Eliezer_M.pdf: 9273595 bytes, checksum: 143d883d817e6a2b13b7baf7e0af8df9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Para a confecção de argamassa para o preenchimento da estaca raiz, a norma vigente, NBR 6122/2010 recomenda uma resistência mínima de 20 MPa, consumo mínimo de cimento de 600 kg/m³, e relação A/C entre 0,5 a 0,6, porém a determinação de consumo mínimo de cimento é um tema polêmico quanto à garantia de durabilidade, no entanto, nessas condições, com um consumo de cimento nesse patamar, ter-se-á resistência à compressão axial acima dos 20 MPa exigidos por norma sem grande tecnologia para a confecção de argamassas. A presente pesquisa estudou a influência do consumo de cimento e da relação A/C por meio de ensaios de absorção capilar, avaliando seu desempenho para condições de consumo de cimento menor do que 600 kg/m³. Identificou-se que além do consumo de cimento e relação A/C, a distribuição granulométrica tem influência na absorção capilar, e que é possível obter argamassas com baixa absorção e consumos menores que 600 kg/m³, através do controle da distribuição granulométrica global e utilização de aditivos para o controle da relação A/C. A presente pesquisa também recomenda a utilização do mini slump em campo para o controle da exsudação das argamassas / Abstract: The standard in force (NBR 6122/2010) for preparation of mortar to fill root piles recommends minimum resistance of 20MPa, minimum consumption of cement of 600 kg/m³, and W/C ratio between 0.5 and 0.6. However, determining the minimum consumption of cement to ensure durability is a controversial topic. Under these conditions, with a consumption of cement at this level, we will get resistance to axial compression above 20MPa as required by a standard without top technology to produce mortars. The present research reviewed the influence of consumption of cement and the W/C ratio by means of capillary absorption tests, and assessed their performance under conditions of consumption of amounts of cement smaller than 600 kg/m³. It was observed that, besides consumption of cement and the W/C ratio, the granulometric distribution also impacts capillary absorption and it is possible to get mortars with low absorption and consumptions below 600 kg/m³ through control of the global granulometric distribution and use of additives to control the W/C ratio. The present research also recommends the use of mini slumps on the field to control mortar exudation / Mestrado / Geotecnia / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Daniel de Carvalho Moreira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T10:38:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_SaraBeloti_M.pdf: 24510882 bytes, checksum: 9a555af21d7fdcf40d0dd120ffa5abd1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A pesquisa discutiu conceitos que tratam da exploração da materialidade no processo de projeto, partindo da discussão sobre os métodos de projeto - conforme a literatura - e das questões que determinam as propriedades físicas e materiais da composição arquitetônica. Verificou-se que as possibilidades oferecidas pelas novas tecnologias no desenvolvimento de materiais e de técnicas construtivas representam um fator relevante na investigação, exploração e aplicação dos materiais durante a atividade projetiva. Esta constatação é demonstrada na revisão teórica que trata sobre a aplicação de novos materiais na construção - como o ferro na metade do séc. XIX, o concreto armado no início do séc. XX - até as técnicas mais recentes de desenvolvimento da forma, como a fabricação digital, e que se tornaram elementos-chave para uma mudança do vocabulário arquitetônico. No entanto, verificou-se, também, que a experiência adquirida pela prática é um fator que capacita o arquiteto desenvolver um trabalho complexo de investigações dessa materialidade. A atividade projetiva do arquiteto João Filgueiras Lima (Lelé) demonstra esta condição no domínio do conhecimento e das habilidades construtivas. Além do conhecimento prático, observou-se que, quando o projetista assume o estudo dos materiais como parte fundamental de seu trabalho, o seu desenvolvimento e os resultados obtidos adquirem outro valor: a mensagem do arquiteto não só se torna mais clara, mas desenvolve-se o campo de possibilidades de expressão com a criação e reconfiguração de significados, sensações e efeitos espaciais / Abstract: The research discussed concepts that deal with the exploration of materiality in the design process, starting with the discussion of design methods - according to literature - and the issues that determine the physical properties of materials and architectural composition. The possibilities offered by new technologies in the development of building materials and construction techniques represent an important factor in research exploration and application of materials during the design activity. The latest design techniques - such as digital manufacturing - became a key element in changing architectural vocabulary of design studies. However, there was also the experience gained through practice, enables the architect to develop his work with the investigation of building materials. João Filgueiras Lima (Lelé) is a clear example of this condition - only reached the architectural quality having mastered all the knowledge and skills necessary for constructive practice. Besides knowledge, it was observed that when the designer takes the study of material as a fundamental part of their work, their development and results acquire another value - the message of the architect not only becomes accurated and increases the field of possibilities / Mestrado / Arquitetura e Construção / Mestra em Engenharia Civil

Modernization has brought about steady increase in the consumption of goods and services by human societies across the globe, which mostly driven by both population growth and the change of individual living standards. This, of course, leads to an ever-increasing waste production that ends up in landfills and very often as a source of pollution on natural ecosystems, especially in the low and middle-income countries where waste management is almost inexistent. The management of waste streams is a huge challenge for developed countries as well, where societal and environmental impacts are visible despite massive investments in waste management. One of the most problematic waste materials is plastic, which can remain in nature for over 100 years without degradation, leading to serious environmental concerns. As one of the most significant innovations of the 20th century, plastic is a widely used and cost-effective material for many applications. After their useful lifetimes, their management is problematic. Thus, robust and innovative approaches of managing such waste material are needed in order to mitigate the problem. One of the innovative approaches of tackling the menace cause by plastic waste is through its incorporation into the construction materials. This thesis seeks to address this problem by exploring the use of melted plastic wastes (High Density Poly Ethylene, HDPE and Low Density Poly Ethylene, LDPE) as binder in developing new construction materials (mortar with melted plastic as the only binder, MPB and Plastic Waste Crete, PWC) as an alternative to partially replace traditional concrete and mortar, or finding other engineering uses for this type of waste. Worldwide, about 190 m3 of concrete is poured every second, which translates to 6 billion m3 per year and making it, one of the most widely used manufactured materials. However, the production of concrete requires water and cement. Cement is expensive, and its production contributes to the emission of environmentally polluting gases. Replacing this binding element with recycled plastic derivatives would have significant economic and environmental benefits. In addition to the elimination of cement cost, this will result in water savings, which is especially important for areas without fresh water scarcity. Some researchers have used plastics in concrete and mortars as additives and/or replacement for fine and coarse aggregates. In addition, different types of plastics have been used in bitumen as an additive to reduce construction cost and improve sustainability by adding value to wastes materials. However, there is paucity of technical information about the use of the melted HDPE and LDPE plastic wastes as the only binding phase in concrete- or mortar-like materials. Moreover, many parameters such as preparation conditions, field variables, constituent elements, and final applications have impacts on the performance of construction materials Thus, the key objective of this PhD research is to develop the mortar with plastic binder (MPB) and PlasticWasteCrete (PWC) by using molten HDPE and LDPE plastic wastes as the only binder as well as to investigate the engineering properties of these new types of construction materials. The plastic contents of 45%, 50%, 60% and 65% and HDPE to LDPE ratios of 40/60, 50/50, and 60/40 were selected for the experimental tests. Clean river sand was used as the only aggregate for the MPB, while both sand and gravel were used for the PWC. Various tests were then performed on prepared MPB and PWC samples at different curing times from early to advanced ages to assess their engineering properties. These tests were conducted in accordance with the ASTM standards to evaluate the mechanical properties (compressive strength and splitting tensile strength), permeability and density of the MPB and PWC materials. Additional tests were carried out to analyze the products at the microstructural level (optical microscope, SEM, MIP and thermogravimetric analysis) to gain an insight into the microstructural properties of the developed materials and how that affect their engineering properties. The compressive strength tests revealed the optimal plastic content for the MPB and PWC with the best strength performance. The average compressive strength values for various optimal formulations after 28 days were found to be in the range of 9 to 18 MPa. The splitting tensile strength for the new materials from 1 to 28 days of curing time, were found to be between 1 and 5 MPa. The average hardened density of the MPB and PWC is about 2 g/cm3, which makes them lightweight material according to RILEM classification. In addition, various absorption tests (capillary and immersion) were performed on different MPB and PWC samples, and the obtained results showed that they are porous materials having lower rate of absorption than the traditional cementitious materials (mortar, concrete). This observation was supported by the results from both MIP and SEM analyses. Finally, thermogravimetric analysis provided interesting details on the thermal decomposition of the new materials, with significant changes or mass loss for these products being observed only at temperatures higher than 300°C. The findings from this study suggest MPB and PWC made with melted plastic waste as the only binder have a promising potentials for use in construction. The research conducted in this PhD study offers a good understanding of the engineering properties of the materials as well as the optimal formulations that yield best performance in terms of strength and durability. In summary, it provides useful technical information and tools on the MPB and PWC that will contribute in setting guidelines on the optimal applications of these products in the field of construction in order to have safe, durable and cost-effective structures. Résumé Avec la modernisation de nos sociétés, les habitudes ont considérablement changé, ainsi, on observe une forte consommation des biens et services, due à l’augmentation de la population et l’amélioration de leurs conditions de vie. Ce qui conduit à une augmentation considérable des quantités des déchets qui terminent leurs cycles au niveau des décharges ou dans les océans/fleuves devenant ainsi une source de source de pollution des écosystèmes naturels, surtout dans les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire avec des systèmes défaillants ou moins performants de gestion des déchets. La gestion des flux de déchets est aussi un défi pour certains pays développés, où les impacts sociaux et environnementaux sont visibles en dépit des investissements massifs dans ce secteur. Parmi ces déchets, nous avons les plastiques, l’une des innovations du 20e siècle avec des qualités versatiles et coût faible, se trouve partout dans nos vies quotidiennes. Après leur utilisation, les plastiques deviennent des déchets qui peuvent rester dans la nature plus de 100 ans sans aucune dégradation, avec des conséquences néfastes sur l’Homme et l’environnement. Ainsi, une approche robuste et innovante de gestion de ces déchets est nécessaire afin d'atténuer leurs impacts. L'une des approches innovantes pour réduire l’impact causé par les déchets plastiques consiste à les incorporer dans les matériaux de construction. Ainsi, le problème est abordé dans cette thèse en développant des technologies permettant de recycler les plastiques fondus comme liant dans les nouveaux matériaux de construction (MPB et PWC), afin d’offrir une alternative pour remplacer partiellement le béton / mortier traditionnel. Le béton est l’un des matériaux les plus utilisés au monde, avec environ 190 m3 coulés chaque seconde, correspondant à 6 milliards de m3 par an. Cependant, la production de béton nécessite de l'eau et du ciment. Le ciment coûte cher et sa production contribue à l'émission de gaz polluants l'environnement. Le remplacement d'une partie du béton traditionnel par un matériau à base des déchets plastique aura des avantages économiques, sociaux et environnementaux importants. Allant dans ce sens, certains chercheurs ont utilisé les plastiques dans le béton et le mortier comme additifs et / ou substituts des matériaux granulaires tels que le sable et le gravier. Aussi, différents types de plastiques ont été utilisé dans le bitume comme additif pour réduire les coûts de construction et améliorer la durabilité, ainsi contribuer à donner de la valeur aux déchets. Cependant, jusqu'à présent, il existe peu d’informations techniques sur l'utilisation de déchets plastiques (HDPE et LDPE) fondus comme seuls liants pour développer de nouveaux types de matériaux de construction. En plus, plusieurs facteurs (les conditions de préparation, les éléments constitutifs, les applications finales, etc.) ont un impact sur les caractéristiques des matériaux de construction. Ainsi, l'objectif de cette recherche doctorale est de développer des nouveaux matériaux de construction (MPB et PWC) en utilisant les déchets plastiques fondus (HDPE et LDPE) comme seul liant, puis déterminer les propriétés caractéristiques de ces matériaux afin de trouver la formulation optimale conduisant à la meilleure résistance. En plus de l'élimination du coût du ciment, cette technologie permet aussi de faire des économies d'eau, bénéfique surtout pour les zones avec des difficultés d'accès à l’eau potable. Cela contribuera à la réduction des coûts de la construction en utilisant les produits innovants comme alternative au béton / mortier conventionnel. Un vaste programme expérimental, comprenant des tests à petite et grande échelle, a été développé afin d'atteindre les objectifs de cette étude de doctorat. La campagne expérimentale a comporté différentes étapes comprenant la sélection des matériaux, la détermination de la formulation optimale et les conditions appropriées pour la préparation des matériaux susmentionnés. Par la suite, pour une meilleure compréhension du comportement technique et des propriétés du produit final, divers tests ont été effectué sur les matériaux préparés à différents temps de durcissement. Ces tests ont été menés conformément aux normes ASTM pour évaluer les propriétés mécaniques (résistance à la compression et à la traction), la perméabilité et la densité des nouveaux matériaux. Les expériences ont été approfondies en analysant les produits au niveau microstructural (microscope optique, SEM, MIP et analyse thermique) pour avoir un aperçu des propriétés microstructurales des matériaux développés et essayer de comprendre les relations avec leur comportement mécanique. Les essais de compression ont permis de trouver la teneur en plastique optimale pour les matériaux (MPB et PWC) avec les meilleures valeurs de résistance. Les résistances moyennes à la compression à 28 jours pour diverses formulations étaient comprises entre 9 et 18 MPa. La résistance à la traction par fendage des nouveaux matériaux entre 1 et 28 jours se situait entre 1 et 5 MPa. La densité moyenne du béton et mortier écologique est proche de 2 g / cm3, ils peuvent donc être considérés comme des matériaux légers selon la classification RILEM. De plus, divers tests d'absorption (capillaire et par immersion) ont été réalisé sur différents échantillons de MPB et PWC, les résultats obtenus ont montré qu'il s'agit de matériaux poreux ayant un taux d'absorption plus faible que les matériaux traditionnels contenant du ciment. Plusieurs analyses microstructurales ont été réalisées sur différents échantillons des nouveaux produits (MPB et PWC) et les matériaux cimentaires traditionnels ont été utilisés pour renforcer notre compréhension. Enfin, l'analyse thermique a fourni des détails intéressants sur la décomposition thermique de ces nouveaux matériaux ; des changements significatifs avec une perte de masse considérable ont été observés seulement pour des températures supérieures à 300 ° C. Les résultats de ces essais permettent d'acquérir une bonne compréhension des propriétés techniques des nouveaux matériaux (MPB et PWC) ainsi que de déterminer les teneurs optimales en plastique conduisant aux meilleures performances en termes de résistance et de durabilité. Ainsi, les recherches menées dans cette étude de doctorat fournissent des informations techniques et des outils utiles sur le MPB et le PWC; et contribueront à installer des bases pour guider les applications optimales de ces nouveaux produits dans le domaine de la construction afin d'avoir des structures sûres, durables et rentables.