Les corps lipidiques (CLs) sont des organites de stockage de lipides neutres rencontrés dans des organismes très variés, depuis les procaryotes jusqu’aux organismes complexes (animaux, végétaux). La surface des CLs est constituée d’une monocouche de phospholipides (PLs) entourant un coeur hydrophobe dans lequel sont stockés les lipides neutres. La monocouche de PLs est associée plus ou moins étroitement avec des protéines structurales, capables de stabiliser les CLs et d’accompagner certaines de leurs modifications morphologiques. Dans les graines de plantes oléagineuses, les CLs sont stabilisés par les oléosines. Ces protéines contiennent le plus long domaine hydrophobe connu (70 résidus) situé entre deux extrémités N et C-terminales hydrophiles. Leur mode d’association avec les CLs n’est pas connu et la littérature fait état de résultats contradictoires concernant leur structure secondaire. Nous avons montré que les oléosines de graines d’Arabidopsis thaliana sont maintenues en solution par différentes catégories de surfactants, comme les détergents anioniques ou des polymères amphiphiles appelés amphipols (Apols). La détermination de la structure secondaire des oléosines maintenues en solution dans ces différents surfactants, par dichroïsme circulaire utilisant le rayonnement synchrotron, a mis en évidence des profils contrastés. Les détergents chargés augmentent le contenu en hélices α des oléosines alors que des proportions plus importantes de feuillets β sont observées avec le détergent zwitterionique (Foscholine-12) ou les Apols. Afin d’obtenir un profil structural modèle dans un système proche du naturel, nous avons réalisé une expression hétérologue d’une isoforme d’oléosine pour la cibler dans les CLs de Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Les CLs purifiés de levures restent intacts et contiennent une forte majorité de cette isoforme d’oléosine à leur surface. Nous avons été les premiers à montrer que les oléosines étaient repliées dans un tel environnement, avec un profil structural majoritairement β. Celui-ci se rapproche du profil observé en Foscholine-12. Ce détergent est par conséquent un outil de choix pour envisager des études structurales plus résolutives (structures tridimensionnelles). / Lipid Bodies (LBs) are neutral lipid storage organelles found in various organisms from procaryotic cells to complex organisms. These neutral lipids are packed into the core of the particle which is surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. The surface of LBs is more or less tightly associated with structural proteins involved in their stabilization and able to assist modifications of their shape or size. In oleaginous seeds, LBs are stabilized by oleosins. These proteins contain the longest known hydrophobic domain (70 residues) flanked by hydrophilic N and C-termini. The way of association of these proteins with LBs is poorly known and secondary structure descriptions in the literature are contradictory. We have shown that Arabidopsis thaliana seed oleosins could be solubilized by various surfactants such as detergents or amphiphatic polymers called amphipols (Apols). Secondary structure determination of solubilized oleosins using synchrotron radiation circular dichroism gave contrasted profiles. Negatively charged detergents increase the α-helix content of oleosins whereas the zwitterionic detergent (Foscholine-12) or Apols allow higher proportions of β-sheets. In order to get closer to the natural environment of olesins, we have opted for the heterologous expression of one oleosin isoform in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This approach allows the biological targeting and insertion of oleosins into cytosolic LBs. Purified yeast LBs remain intact and contain a large majority of oleosins at their surface. In this natural like environment, oleosins are folded and contain a majority of β-sheets. This secondary structure profile is close to that of oleosins solubilized by Foscholin-12, making it a suitable detergent for more resolutive structural studies (three-dimensional structures).

Ce travail est basé sur l'intuition que seul de nouveaux systèmes biomimétiques permettant un contrôle de la localisation spatiale des phénomènes d’oxydation peuvent conduire à une compréhension profonde de l’oxydation des lipides dans les cellules eucaryotes. Nous avons donc développé un nouveau type de molécule photosensible pouvant être ancré dans des Vésicules Géantes Unilamellaires (GUVs). Nous montrons dans cette étude que, pour le cas particulier de l’hydroperoxydation, contrôler la distribution spatiale permet une sélection des réactions d’oxydation, ce qui nécessite également une adaptation des stratégies de traitement antioxydant. En association avec de nouvelles techniques pour la quantification des événements d’oxydation, ces nouveaux modèles fournissent un scénario complet des mécanismes d’hydroperoxydation, de la production des espèces réactives (1O2) aux modifications physiques et chimiques induites dans les bicouches auto-assemblées. Nous montrons que les GUVs sont capables de survivre lorsque tous les lipides sont hydroperoxydés, confirmant que l’intégrité de la membrane est conservée dans ces conditions d’oxydation. Notre expérience permet de mesurer avec une bonne précision : l’augmentation d’aire produite sous hydroperoxydation, les modifications des propriétés mécaniques de la membrane, ainsi que l’efficacité d’hydroperoxydation. Pour une compréhension approfondie, les modifications moléculaires sous oxydation ont été étudiées à l’interface eau-air en utilisant des monocouches de lipides. / Our contribution to research in the area of lipid oxidation in eukariotic cells is based on the central intuition that progress can only be achieved in new biomimetic membrane systems where the spatial localization of the oxidation events might be controlled and monitored. Accordingly, we have developed new photosensitizer agents that can be anchored in Giant Unilamelar Vesicles (GUVs). It is important to stress that progress in the control of the spatial distribution of oxidation allows for a selection of the oxidation pathways, as we show in this study for the particular case of hydroperoxidation, and therefore constrains anti-oxidant strategies. In association with new tools for the quantification of the oxidation events, these new models have provided a complete scenario for the hydroperoxidation mechanisms, from the production of the oxidant species (1O2) to the final chemical and physical modifications induced on the self-assembled bilayers. We report that GUVsare able to survive full hydroperoxidation, showing that membrane integrity can be preserved under these oxidation conditions. Our experimental setup allows to measure the relative area increase produced upon peroxidation, the associated change in mechanical properties of the membrane and also the hydroperoxidation efficiency, all of them with good precisions. Further insights into the molecular modifications under oxidation have been studied at the air –water interface, using lipid monolayers.

Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharm / The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of fenfluramine-induced pulmonary phospholipidosis, by comparing the profile and levels of induced phospholipids in the rat and the mode of phospholipase inactivation, both relative to that produced by chlorphentermine. Wistar and BD9 rats were injected with fenfluramine (FF) and chlorphentermine (CP) intra-peritoneally daily over a six week period to induce phospholipidosis. The lungs isolated from such treated and untreated animals, were grouped into unlavaged lungs and lungs to be lavaged and from the latter group the alveolar macrophages were isolated. Small sections of the unlavaged lungs were microscopically examined to verify the induction of phospholipidosis. Further the levels of phosphatidyl choline (PC), spingomyelin (SPM), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), phosphatidyl glycerol (PG), phosphatidyl inositol (PI), phosphatidyl serine (PS) and phosphatidic acid (PA) were determined in both groups of lungs using a TLC method. To assess whether the drug-mediated inactivation of the phospholipases (PL) occurred via direct inhibition of the enzymes or via the drug-phospholipid complex, the hydrolysis of the above phospholipids by PL-A or PL-C were monitored using colorimetric methods. The feasibility of the phospholipid-drug complex-mediated mechanism was further explored, by assessing the effect the two drugs had on the phase transition temperature of the phospholipids. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of hypertrophied and elevated counts of alveolar macrophages in the treated-Wistar and -BD9 rats. In the FF- and CP treated Wistar and BD9 rats there were, compared to the saline-treated rats, a 200 % and 235 % increase in macrophage counts, respectively, for the FF-treated rats and a 700 % and 965 % increase in macrophage counts, respectively, for the CP treated rats. The levels of all the phospholipids in the unlavaged lungs of both rat strains were elevated, except that for PG, PS and PA. In both rat strains following the treatment with both drugs the PG levels were not elevated and the PS levels were not elevated following CP treatment. Following the treatment for both drugs, the PA levels were also not elevated in the BD9 rats. Relative to the levels found in the unlavaged lungs of the control rats, the increases ranged from a minimum of 9 to a maximum of 216 %. In general, Wistar rats appeared to be more susceptible to both FF and CP treatment. In both rat strains, lavaging of the lungs considerably reduced the levels of phospholipids remaining in the lung and the differences between the treated and untreated animals became less striking. The addition of FF or CP, whether directly to the enzyme, or in the form of the drug phospholipid complex, resulted in significant decreases in the PL-A-mediated or PL-C-mediated hydrolysis of virtualy all the test phospholipids. The average decrease ranged from 0.811 to 4.04 ,.,.FFAbbb ,.,.1-1sample min-I, for the PL-A activity and 0.023 to 0.827 ,.,.gIp'CC100 ,.,.1-1 sample min-I, for the PL-C activity. In the case of FF, the inhibition of PL-A activity could not be ascribed exclusively to either direct inhibition of the enzyme or reduced susceptibility of the phospholipid substrate-drug complex. The PL-C activity appeared to be inhibited to a greater extent via the phospholipid substrate-drug complex rather than by direct inhibition. On the other hand, CP induced a small, but significantly greater degree of inhibition of PL-A activity, more via direct inhibition, rather than by the phospholipid substrate-drug complex. The PL-C activity appeared to be inhibited to a greater extent via phospholipid substrate-drug complexation than by direct inhibition. From the above data, considered collectively, it was not possible to declare either of the two possible mechanisms as the more likely one for FF or CP-induced inhibition of the phospholipases. The feasibility of the indirect mode was further explored, by determining the phase transition temperatures for the phospholipid-drug complexes of each drug. The addition of each drug caused a depression of the phase transition temperature of all the phospholipids with a .1T'dd ranging from 0.52 to 15.73 °C. This appears to support the notion that both drugs bind to the phospholipids and the differences in the extent of the phase transition temperature depression of the individual phospholipids may indicate differences in the binding capacities of these drugs. The following major conclusions may be drawn from the results of this investigation. Fenfluramine induces a phospholipidosis syndrome in the lungs of Wistar and BD9 rats that are histologically similar to that induced by CP. It induces the elevation of essentially the same phospholipids as CP, primarily in the alveolar spaces and macrophages, and by implication, most likely via similar mechanisms. For both FF and CP, both direct inhibition and phospholipid-drug complex-mediated inhibition of phospholipases were found to be a viable mechanism for this syndrome. The mechanism for FF-induced pulmonary phospholipidosis thus appears to be similar to that of CP; small quantitative differences in essentially similar mechanisms, may explain the differences in the levels of induced phospholipidosis found in this study.

The diploma thesis deals with cellular membrane model preparation on microfluidic devices. It summarizes means of microfluidic device fabrication, phospholipid bilayer formation mechanisms, optimization techniques and characterization methods of those systems. It focuses on free-standing planar lipid bilayers which are easily accessible by a number of different characterization methods and at the same time exhibit good stability and variability. The aim of this work is to design and prepare a microfluidic chip on which a planar lipid bilayer can be prepared. It therefore presents microfluidic device prepared by soft lithography of PDMS adapted for model membrane formation by self-assembly of phospholipids at the interface of aqueous and organic phases created by the architecture of the microfluidic device. Formation of the model membrane was visualized by optical microscopy and fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy.

Background: Near-IR fluorescence (NIRF) imaging is becoming a promising approach in preclinical tumor detection and clinical image-guided oncological surgery. While heptamethine cyanine dye IR780 has excellent tumor targeting and imaging potential, its hydrophobic property limits its clinical use. In this study, we developed nanoparticle formulations to facilitate the use of IR780 for fluorescent imaging of malignant brain tumor. Methods: Self-assembled IR780-liposomes and IR780-phospholipid micelles were prepared and their NIRF properties were characterized. The intracellular accumulation of IR780-nanoparticles in glioma cells were determined using confocal microscopy. The in vivo brain tumor targeting and NIRF imaging capacity of IR780-nanoparticles were evaluated using U87MG glioma ectopic and orthotopic xenograft models and a spontaneous glioma mouse model driven by RAS/RTK activation. Results: The loading of IR780 into liposomes or phospholipid micelles was efficient. The particle diameter of IR780-liposomes and IR780-phospholipid micelles were 95 and 26nm, respectively. While stock solutions of each preparation were maintained at ready-to-use condition, the IR780-phospholipid micelles were more stable. In tissue culture cells, IR780-nanoparticles prepared by either method accumulated in mitochondria, however, in animals the IR780-phospholipid micelles showed enhanced intra-tumoral accumulation in U87MG ectopic tumors. Moreover, IR780-phospholipid micelles also showed preferred intracranial tumor accumulation and potent NIRF signal intensity in glioma orthotopic models at a real-time, non-invasive manner. Conclusion: The IR780-phospholipid micelles demonstrated tumor-specific NIRF imaging capacity in glioma preclinical mouse models, providing great potential for clinical imaging and image-guided surgery of brain tumors.

B1 B cells have received increasing attention recently due to their newly discovered phagocytic and microbicidal capabilities. Several studies have demonstrated that B1 cells can phagocytize polystyrene fluorescent particles, bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli), and even apoptotic cells. Nevertheless, little is known about the biological significance of this seemingly redundant function of B1 B cells as compared to that of conventional phagocytes. Here we investigate the unique phosphotidylcholine (PtC)-specific B1 B cell phagocytosis. PtC is a major phospholipid in the biological membrane and a classical antigen recognized by B1 B cell-derived natural antibodies. These antibodies play important roles in immune defense as well as tissue homeostasis. Here we report that B1 cells preferentially phagocytose PtC-coated beads, differing from that of conventional macrophages. We further attest that these beads were truly internalized and subsequently fused with hydrolytic lysosomes indicated by increasing fluorescent intensity of a pH-sensitive dye. Despite the differences in antigen specificity, phagocytosis of both B1 cells and macrophages can be inhibited by the microtubule-inhibitor, Colchicine, in a dose-dependent manner. Most intriguingly, upon chronic high-fat diet (HFD) consumption by the host, B1 cell phagocytosis starts to lose antigen-specificity for PtC. Morphologically, some of these B1 B cells in DIO mice show enlarged cytosol and engulfed more beads, indicating a transition to macrophage-like cells. Our study suggests for the first time that B1 B cells have unique phospholipid-specific phagocytosis capacity, which is affected by diet-induced obesity.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(薬科学) / 甲第20305号 / 薬科博第74号 / 新制||薬科||8(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院薬学研究科薬科学専攻 / (主査)教授 中山 和久, 教授 竹島 浩, 教授 根岸 学 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21379号 / 農博第2303号 / 新制||農||1071(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H30||N5152(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 栗原 達夫, 教授 植田 充美, 教授 小川 順 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

付記する学位プログラム名: 充実した健康長寿社会を築く総合医療開発リーダー育成プログラム / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21794号 / 工博第4611号 / 新制||工||1718(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科合成・生物化学専攻 / (主査)教授 梅田 眞郷, 教授 跡見 晴幸, 教授 秋吉 一成 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

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