Submitted by Ramon Moreira Peres null (ramon.mpe@gmail.com) on 2016-11-16T12:51:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado - Ramon Moreira Peres.pdf: 2352271 bytes, checksum: f6a0129949b15510489022df29120c6d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-11-23T11:44:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 peres_rm_me_guara.pdf: 2352271 bytes, checksum: f6a0129949b15510489022df29120c6d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-23T11:44:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 peres_rm_me_guara.pdf: 2352271 bytes, checksum: f6a0129949b15510489022df29120c6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-16 / Outra / O presente trabalho estuda a dinâmica de rotores e em particular a de um rotor modelo de Jeffcott. Para tanto, foi utilizada uma bancada experimental que consiste de um rotor montado sobre um eixo apoiado por mancais de rolamento fixo a uma base metálica, sendo o acionamento da bancada experimental feito por meio de um motor elétrico trifásico de 2 cv com uma rotação máxima de 3.475 rpm, onde foram realizados testes para determinação da primeira frequência natural estacionária (teste de impacto), tesde de partida e de parada. Dois eixos de materiais diferentes foram utilizados, sendo um de aço SAE 1020 e outro de material compósito. Foram determinadas através de análise estrutural pelo método dos elementos finitos as rigidezes dos mancais, com esses valores obteve-se analiticamente a primeira frequência natural do sistema. Ainda utilizando o método dos elementos finitos foram obtidas as frequências naturais, os modos de vibrar e o diagrama de Campbell através de análise modal. Os resultados experimentais obtidos foram discutidos e comparados com os resultados analíticos e com os resultados obtidos pela aplicação do método dos elementos finitos. Percebe-se que com essa comparação a aplicação do software na fase inicial de projeto mostra-se de extrema importância, visto que as frequências naturais podem ser previstas já na etapa inicial. / This work studied the dynamics of rotors and in particular a Jeffcott rotor. An experimental bench consisting of a rotor mounted on a shaft supported by a fixed bearing housings to a metal base. The drive of the testing bench is made a three-phase electric motor of 2cv power, having a maximum rotation of 3.475rpm, which were performed the tests to identify the first natural frequency (impact test), run up and coast down using two different material of shaft, one made by steel SAE 1020 and a composite shaft. It was determined through structural analyses by the finite element method and the rigidities of the bearings was obtained. With this values the first natural frequency for the system was obtained analytically. Still using finite element method was obtainedthe natural frequencies. The vibration modes and the Campbell diagram, using modal analysis. The experimental results were discussed and compared the analytical results and the results by applyingthe finite element method, with this comparion the software application in the initial phase project proved extremely important given that the natural frequencies can be provided in the initial stage. / PRH-ANP/MCTI: 48610.009725/2013

The diploma thesis is focused on designer works of Savounius rotor for Raječko location. Finish of this design work is equipment, which will be used in this location as decentralized source of electrical energy. In thesis are written manufacturing processes as so as the process of design part including the calculation part, which is focused on characteristic quantity of Savonius rotor. Thesis is finished by econominal assessment of project.

Cette étude se propose d’analyser le comportement du double rotor contra-rotatif caréné dans lecadre des échelles réduites des microdrones, pour exploiter le potentiel d’amélioration desperformances stationnaires des rotors libres. La demande d’une performance propulsive de hautniveau, alors que les échelles sont très réduites constitue un véritable défi scientifique. De façongénérale, par rapport au rotor libre, l’ajout de la carène permet de piloter la contraction del’écoulement et offre un potentiel de poussée de carène. La tuyère par sa condition d’adaptationpilote le débit entrant à puissance donnée. L’augmentation du débit massique, par comparaison ausystème de rotor libre, amplifie la poussée à travers la dépression distribuée sur toute la surface decaptation. Pour comprendre les lois de fonctionnement d’un système propulsif caréné, il a d’abord été proposé un modèle théorique simplifié basé sur une extension de la théorie de Froude pour les rotors libres: le système rotor est assimilé à un disque actuateur, générateur de débit dans une conduite à section variable. Une simulation Navier Stokes 2D axisymétrique a permis d’optimiser les paramètres de forme du carénage. Les simulations ont confirmé l’influence déterminante des sections d’entrée et de sortie, et relativisé l’impact des formes possibles, pourvu que les variations de sections limitent le décollement de la couche limite. Après conception d’un banc d’essai utilisant un doublet de rotor coaxial placé dans cette carène optimisée, l’étude expérimentale complète et confirme les performances globales du système et qualifie l’écoulement méridien. Enfin, une simulation 3D instationnaire a été entreprise pour compléter l’analyse de l’écoulement autour des rotors. / This study aims to analyze the behavior of shrouded, contrarotating coaxial rotor in the reducedMAVs’ scale in order to exploit its potential to improve the free rotor steady performance. The highhover ability under low operational Reynolds number is therefore, a scientific challenge. Generally,comparing with free rotor, the addition of the shroud decreases the flow contraction and gives thepotential to generate an extra thrust. A suitable nozzle can control the mass flow for a given power.The increased mass flow, comparing with free rotor, amplifies the thrust offered by the lowpressure formed at the air entrance. To understand the principals of shrouded propulsion system, a simplified theory model was first proposed through the extension of Froude theory for free rotors: the double rotor is initially treated as an actuator disk, generating the flow at varied sections through the shroud passage. A 2D simulation which accounts for an axial flow of viscous effects within the actual shroud profile, confirmed effects of all defined geometrical parameters. It further demonstrated that within the non-stalling region of the different crosssections, shroud shape and inlet shape do not have asignificant impact on performance. The experimental study, carried out with coaxial rotor, contributed to the confirmation of the overall performance and the approximation of the flow field through the shroud. Meanwhile, the 3D simulation, developed to better model the actual coaxial rotor in counter rotation, was validated to well solve the steady performance. It was applied to complement the analysis of the flow around the coaxial rotor.

The effect of the ground on a rotor wake in forward flight has been investigated experimentally in the working section of an 8ft x Oft straight-through wind tunnel. A three bladed fully articulated rotor with a solidity ratio of 0.07 and diameter of 1.06m, powered by a hydraulic motor, has been tested at a height of 0.47 rotor diameter above a solid ground board which has an elliptical leading edge. Tests have been run at various low advance ratios (<0.1) with two collective pitch settings. A three-element hot wire anemometer probe has been used to measure the average value of the three components of velocity simultaneously in the forward half (advancing side) of the rotor wake and in the main stream surrounding it. The rotor wake and the ground vortices have been visualized by smoke. Surface flow patterns on the ground board have located the interaction region between the rotor wake and the oncoming flow on the ground board. Theoretical estimates of the flowfield based on Heyson's vortex cylinder model (Ref. 2) are compared with the experimental results. Both experimental results and theoretical estimates show that the ground-induced interference is an upwash and a decrease in forward velocity. The upwash interference' opposes the vertical flow through the rotor, and have large effects on the rotor performance in producing thrust. The streamwise interference decelerates the mainstream and becomes more noticeable as the wake boundary is approached.

In the theoretical analysis of high speed rotor bearing systems, it is common to use four displacement and four velocity based coefficients, which characterise the behaviour of the lubricating fluid film. Although a great deal of work has been published establishing theoretical models of all types of hydrodynamic journal bearings, the large amount of experimental work has centred on relatively low speed conditions. This work presents a contribution to the experimental study of the static and dynamic characteristics of oil films in journal bearings used in high-speed rotating machinery. The main objectives of the work are: • To devise new experimental techniques for the measurement of dynamic coefficients suitable for use at high rotational speeds • To design, manufacture, assemble and commission a test facility to measure the static and dynamic characteristics of journal bearings at speeds up to 30000 rpm • To determine the static and dynamic characteristics of a 5 Pad Tilting Pad Journal Bearing Unit of 80 mm diameter at speeds up to 25 000 rpm using the said test facility. New techniques are particularly necessary for the measurement of velocity coefficients because these invoke the necessity of imposing a velocity on to the bearing housing and previous techniques have utilised synchronous motion of the bearing. Consequently a new experimental procedure for measuring the four velocity or damping coefficients of an oil film journal bearing from imposed dynamic "orbits" has been devised called the "double pulse" technique. All four velocity coefficients are derived from one imposed journal centre dynamic orbit and, therefore may be regarded as being obtained at the same time. The method requires the production of a "cross- over" point similar to that of a "figure of eight" shaped orbit and utilises the "cross-over" point therein. Coefficients are initially evaluated in a co-ordinate system, which is chosen to align with the designated parts of the measured orbit. Each coefficient is then evaluated from single values of instantaneous imposed force and resulting journal centre velocity. Coefficients are them converted into any other desired axes system. The result is a simpler experimental procedure, with reduced uncertainty compared to hitherto existing methods. The use of non-sinusoidal excitation of the oil film was explored, in the form of applying a step-pulse train load pattern to produce a cross-over pattern in the journal displacement ·orbit'. Experimental tests were completed on a tilting pad bearing at speeds up to 15 000 rpm inclusive. At speeds above this, the bearing exhibited a vibrational response, which precluded the accurate measurement of journal centre displacement.

In RF communications with a rotorcraft such as a helicopter, the rotor blades can impart a modulation onto the received signal called Rotor Blade Modulation (RBM). This modulation is caused by the reflection of a signal off the rotating blades. The reflected signal is Doppler shifted based on where the signal is reflected along the length of the blade as well as the angle between the axis of rotation and the emitter. RBM is known to degrade the performance of RF communications on rotorcraft and can be used in radar applications to detect and classify aircraft, but there is little on its usefulness in other areas. This thesis looks at the ability to utilize the RBM phenomenon on the rotorcraft itself to geo-locate and track a signal emitter on the ground. To do this a 3D RF ray tracing program was developed in C++ to produce simulations of RBM signals. The developed program is based on optical ray tracing algorithms with modified physical propagation effects for RF signals, and swapping lights and cameras for RF transmitters and receivers respectively. The ray tracer was then run over a realistic set of physical parameters to determine their effects on the received signal; this includes transmitter azimuth and elevation angle, receiver position, blade pitch, etc. along with their combinations. The simulations of the azimuth and elevation angle produce predictable modulations on the received signal. Based on the trends in the signal's modulation, a DSP algorithm was distilled down that accurately determines the azimuth and elevation angle of the transmitter from simulated signal data.

Les broches d’Usinage à Grandes Vitesses sont des systèmes mécaniques très précis au comportement dynamique complexe et sensible. La moindre instabilité lors de l’usinage peut générer des défauts sur les pièces et réduire considérablement la durée de vie de la broche. Afin de prédire et mieux comprendre le comportement dynamique de telles broches, notamment vis-à-vis des conditions d’exploitations (vitesses de rotation, température, usure, …) un modèle numérique basé sur une approche phénoménologique est proposé. Dans un premier temps le comportement axial du système de roulements préchargés est considéré. L’équilibre axial est résolu de manière itérative en calculant les raideurs des roulements à partir d’un modèle analytique tenant compte notamment des effets dynamiques sur les billes. Ce modèle axial est recalé grâce à des mesures expérimentales de chargement axial de broche et permet l’obtention des matrices de raideurs des roulements ainsi que des valeurs des efforts et des raideurs de précharge de la broche étudiée. Un modèle de comportement dynamique global est alors développé. Un excitateur électromagnétique permettant d’appliquer une excitation dynamique sur la broche en rotation est utilisé pour rendre possible l’identification des paramètres du modèle. Celui-ci est enrichi pour modéliser au mieux le comportement observé expérimentalement. Le modèle numérique est alors utilisé pour étudier l’influence des conditions d’exploitations sur le comportement dynamique de la broche et sur sa stabilité en usinage. / High Speed Machining spindles are very efficient systems with a complex and sensitive dynamic behavior. Stability issues during machining can lead to bad quality of machined parts and also can reduce spindle lifetime. During this thesis, a numerical model has been developed to predict such instabilities. It also aims to improve the understanding of the spindle behavior and its variations with operating conditions (spindle speed, temperature, wear …). A phenomenological approach has been chosen for the model. At first, the axial behavior of the preloaded bearing system is considered. The axial equilibrium is resolved iteratively. The bearing stiffness are obtained from an analytical model that considers dynamic effects on bearing balls. The model updating performed on this axial model with a specific experiment lead to the complete bearing stiffness matrices and to preload parameters values. A radial model of the dynamic behavior of the spindle is then developed. An electromagnetic excitation device is used to measure the dynamic behavior of the spindle while rotating. The model parameters are identified from this experiment and some enrichment are proposed to improve the simulations results. Simulations are finally performed to study the influence of the operating conditions on the dynamic behavior of the spindle and also on its stability.

This thesis investigates the development of a machine which is termed as singly salient reluctance (SSR) motor and its drive system. The stator of SSR motor is identical to that of a conventional induction motor or any other ac machine. Its rotor has salient poles with internal flux barriers or flux guides. This research covers the detailed designs of the SSR motors and their magnetic circuit analysis using finite element method (FEM). The parameters which are important for designing the SSR motor are investigated. This investigation resulted in designs which have low manufacturing cost as well as high torque per ampere, efficiency and power factors. This thesis also researches the different drive system for the SSR motor. The SSR motor is tested as a variable speed drive with closed loop control and supplied with dc source. Therefore for this purpose a controller system is designed and built. In addition, the SSR motor supplied by ac source using open loop control is also tested for synchronous operation. Some of the proposed designs are built and their performance compared with their predicted analysis. The SSR motors showed a competitive performance compared with equivalent induction motor in both efficiency and power factor. However the validity of the theoretical designs is assessed by comparing them with experimental results. Quite good agreement between experimental and theoretical evaluations has been achieved. In addition, suggested further improvements for SSR motors and drive systems are discussed. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The present work investigates the nature of dry-friction whip and whirl through experimental and numerical methods. Efforts of the author, Dyck, Pavalek, and coworkers enabled the design and construction of a test rig that demonstrated and recorded accurately the character of multi-mode dry-friction whip and whirl. These tests examined steady state whip and whirl characteristics for a variety of rub materials and clearances. Results provided by the test rig are unparalleled in quality and nature to those seen in literature and possess several unique characteristics that are presented and discussed. A simulation model is constructed using the Texas A and M University (TAMU) Turbomachinery Laboratory rotordynamic software suite XLTRC2 comprised of tapered Timoshenko beam finite elements to form multiple degree of freedom rotor and stator models. These models are reduced by component mode synthesis to discard highfrequency modes while retaining physical coordinates at locations for nonlinear interactions. The interaction at the rub surface is modeled using a nonlinear Hunt and Crossley contact model with coulomb friction. Dry-friction simulations are performed for specific test cases and compared against experimental data to determine the validity of the model. These comparisons are favorable, capturing accurately the nature of dryfriction whirl. Experimental and numerical analysis reveals the existence of multiple whirl and whip regions spanning the entire range of frequencies excited during whirl, despite claims of previous investigations that these regions are predicted by Black's whirl solution, but are not excited in simulations or experiments. In addition, spectral analysis illustrates the presence of harmonic sidebands that accompany the fundamental whirl solution. These sidebands are more evident in whip, and can excite higher-frequency whirl solutions. Experimental evidence also shows a strong nonlinearity present in the whirl frequency ratio, which is greater than that predicted by the measured radius-toclearance ratio at the rub location. Results include whirl frequencies 250% of that predicted by the measured radius-to-clearance ratio.

The existing 3-stage research turbine at Turbomachinery Performance and Flow Research Laboratory (TPFL) facility, Texas A & M University (TAMU) was replaced with a newly designed and manufactured 2-stage turbine in accordance with the design requirements as per DooSan, DHI. This new design of turbine consisted of bowed stator and rotor blades to study the effect on reduction of secondary ow losses and thus improvement in turbine efficiency if any. The new design also incorporated labyrinth seals on both inner and outer shrouds. Extensive Inter-stage and Performance experiments were carried out on this new turbine. Inter-stage measurements were accomplished by traversing three 5-hole probes radially and circumferentially, using the existing probe traverse system in TPFL. Performance tests were conducted for varying pressure ratio, at fixed rotational speed and for varying rotational speed with fixed pressure ratio and the efficiency was plotted against u/c_0. Each condition was tested and measured two to three times to check for reproducibility of the data. The results from inter-stage experiments show that the rotor row loss coefficient is about four times higher than the stator row loss coefficient. This high rotor loss coefficient reduces the total to static efficiency. From the performance tests, the maximum total-to-static efficiency observed was 85.2 percent located at around u/c_0 = 0.75. This relatively low efficiency is in consonance with the inter-stage results (high rotor loss coefficient).