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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Rhode Island, 2003. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-68).

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The portrayal of HIV/AIDS in photographic imagery provides a powerful foundation from which to examine how one can interpret and understand text through the use of images, and how images have the ability to influence the meaning of text in an uninhibited fashion. The representation of the HIV/AIDS epidemic is considered, not through metaphors of language but rather metaphors of visual representations, along with substantiating themes such as stigma, stereotyping and visual markers of the disease. These themes are used to explore the way in which Sontagian metaphoric representations are substantiated by selection of Gideon Mendel’s photographic collection. This disease marks the infected visually, often with lesions or emaciation, and leads one to consider a visual explanation in order to understand text around the disease. Rather than using text to decipher images, this study reflects on the use of images, namely photographic images, to decipher text. The complex relationship between image and text is explored through an analysis of Gideon Mendel’s photographic collection, A Broken Landscape, as well as Susan Sontag’s AIDS and Its Metaphors. The World Press Photo catalogue is used as a visual framework from which to analyse and criticise this visual representation of the disease, and the way it has been covered and presented since the 1980s. A selection of photographic images from Mendel’s A Broken Landscape is used to understand Sontag’s textual metaphoric approach toward disease, and specifically HIV/AIDS. Visual representations of HIV/AIDS give transparency and understanding to textual representations of disease as an alternative of using text to read images. Using images to decipher text illustrates a contemporary method of understanding, unlocking a broader meaning rather than relying on prescribed (textual) meaning. Key words: HIV/AIDS, Text, Image, Stigma, Stereotype, Photography, Sontag, Mendel, Visual Analysis

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The stigma scale (The Stigma Scale) can actually measure the degree of stigma of mental health problems nowadays. Although The Stigma Scale is a convenient and effective self-report assessment tool, there is no Chinese version in Taiwan. Therefore, this study aims to: (1) two stage translation of The Stigma Scale; (2) item analysis and streamline the number of items; (3)check the reliability and validity of the streamlining The Stigma Scale. Participants with chronic schizophrenia come from a psychiatric teaching hospital and a hospital center in south of Taiwan. After the exploratory factor analysis and the item analysis of the pre-test by 151 patients and the literature analysis, we found that the stigma of mental health problems includes three domains, discrimination, positive perception and disclosure. According to dimensions of analysis we retained 22 questions after selection, and test to 215 formal samples for confirmatory factor analysis, reliability and validity. Results showing: (1) The content validity is .92; (2) the internal consistency reliability after selection ranged from .83 ~ .93, one-month test-retest reliability Cronbach's coefficient ranged from .55 ~ .73; (3) confirmatory factor analysis showed that the "The Stigma Scale" has an acceptable model fit, ideal reliability and validity, and suitable for assessing the sense of the stigma of domestic patients with mental disorders. Also can be used on medical services and clinical assessment.

Obesity is a serious growing public health issue in the world, and it is increasing rapidly in Latin America. Obese people are an exposed group of patients that are stigmatized for various reasons. Negative attitudes and stigma against obese patients among healthcare personnel and within the healthcare environment can affect their care negatively. This study aims to see if nurses in Costa Rica view and experience the healthcare environment as a stigmatizing place for obese patients and if they experienced any negative attitudes that may affect the care of obese patients. The aim is to examine nurses attitudes and experiences with obese patients in the healthcare environment in Costa Rica. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven registered nurses (RN). The semi-structured interview guide contained 11 questions in four different areas based on a survey about healthcare professionals attitudes about obesity (Attitudes Toward Obese People). The registered nurses perceived obesity as a disease with uncontrollable causes as genetics and socioeconomic factors but also with self-inflicted factors as excessive eating of junk food and sedentary lifestyles. The lack of resources and time in the healthcare environment in general were major factors for the stigmatizing attitudes. Exhausted nurses could be more vulnerable for making mistakes and present bad attitudes. Despite the reported experiences of stigmatizing and negative attitudes in the healthcare environment none of the nurses felt that they had contributed to such attitudes. No particular differences between female and male attitudes were found through the interviews, but the female nurses pointed out that it is more difficult for a female to be obese in this superficial society.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Texas State University-San Marcos, 2009. / Vita. Appendices: leaves 105-124. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-132). Also available on microfilm.

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Detta är en litteraturbaserad studie som belyser ungdomars upplevelser av att leva med en ADHD-diagnos, samt vilken påverkan diagnosen har för den enskilde individen och samhället i stort. Många svårigheter i vardagen framkommer, så även brister i kunskap, bemötande och samverkan från sjukvårdens sida.  ADHD är en neuropsykiatrisk funktionsnedsättning som karaktäriseras av brister i uppmärksamhet, impulskontroll och reglering av aktivitetsnivå. ADHD hos ungdomar är associerat med risker som exempelvis utvecklandet av psykiatriska samsjukliga tillstånd, drogproblem och kriminellt leverne. Ungdomar med ADHD beskrivs vara känsliga för negativ miljöpåverkan och beteenden relaterade till diagnosen påvisas kunna leda till stigmatisering och diskriminering. Trots att behandling för ADHD i många fall leder till en bättre funktion för individerna är behandlingsföljsamheten låg. Det framkommer att många väljer att avsluta sin sjukvårdskontakt och behandling, specifikt i övergångsåldern mellan ungdom till vuxen. Resultatet lyfter att ADHD i många fall leder till stora svårigheter i vardagen och ungdomarna rapporterar ett stort omvårdnadsbehov. Brister i delgivning av information framkommer vid kontakten med sjukvården. Så även brister i upplevelser av behandling samt bemötande. För att kunna främja hälsa ur ett holistiskt synsätt, krävs bättre samverkan mellan de olika aktörer i samhället som är i kontakt med denna patientgrupp. Sjuksköterskan möter individer med ADHD inom både den somatiska och psykiatriska delen av vården. Hanteringen av diagnosens yttranden hos patienterna ställer i många fall högra krav på kompetensen hos sjuksköterskan. Sjuksköterskor inom både den somatiska och psykiatriska delen av vården behöver mer kunskap om ADHD och diagnosens yttranden för att kunna tillhandahålla personcentrerad vård med ett gott bemötande till patientgruppen. / Background: ADHD is a neuropsychiatric disorder which characteristics has been proven to cause many difficulties in the everyday life, both from an individual perspective and in society as a whole. The diagnosis is associated with high mortality, drug use, deviance behaviour, criminality and the individuals who's been diagnosed and treated often experiences stigmatization. The health care and especially the nurse plays a big role in the management and caring for these patients. The core essence of nursing is to promote health through a holistic approach and relieve the suffering which these patients experience. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate how adolescents and young adults with ADHD experiences their everyday life, and how the diagnose influence their psychosocial function. Method: This study is formed as a literature review based on ten scientifical articles, which was conducted through a systematic literature search. The articles were examined and sorted based on similarities in their result sections. Results: The experiences of ADHD in everyday life and psychosocial functioning were charactered by behaviour issues which led to limitations in social interactions, academic performances, home environment and experiences of stigmatization. Regarding the meeting with health care professionals, youths reported lack of individualistic approach, personcentered care and information. Conclusion: Adolescents and young adults with ADHD experiences a lot of malfunctioning in their everyday life, both due to their diagnosis and the consequences which it leds to. Health care professionals needs more knowledge about the disorder to present good care and to promote health.