O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do teor de umidade e da dimensão do corpo−de−prova na velocidade de propagação ultra−sônica em madeira serrada. As espécies utilizadas no procedimento experimental foram: cupiúba {Goupia glabra), eucalipto grandis (Eucalyptus grandis), jatobá (Hymenaea spp), eucalipto citriodora (Eucalyptus citriodora), pinus caribea (Pinus caribea var. caribea) e pinus elliottii (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii). Utilizou−se o equipamento de ultra−som Sylvatest, com transdutores exponenciais de 22 kHz. A experimentação para avaliar a influência da dimensão do corpo−de−prova foi feita em duas etapas: variando a seção transversal e mantendo o comprimento da peça constante e a seguir mantendo a seção e variando o comprimento. Na primeira etapa, foram utilizados doze corpos−de−prova com dimensões variando desde 6 cm x 12 cm x 50 cm até 1 cm x 12 cm x 50 cm. Para a análise da influência do comprimento, foram utilizadas doze vigas por espécie com dimensão inicial de 6 cm x 12 cm x 300 cm, avaliadas até o comprimento final de 10 cm. A aplicação da onda ultra−sônica foi feita na direção longitudinal. Foram feitos ensaios destrutivos em vigas e corpos−de−prova para a comparação entre os módulos de elasticidade obtidos nos ensaios estáticos e no ensaio com ultra−som. Na experimentação para avaliar a influência do teor de umidade na velocidade de propagação, foram avaliadas doze peças por espécie com dimensões 2,5 cm x 30 cm x 75 cm, desde saturadas até o teor de umidade em torno de 6%. Os resultados demonstraram que a influência da seção transversal do corpo−de−prova ocorre em função da relação entre as dimensões da seção e o comprimento de onda utilizado. Quando o comprimento de onda (λ) se aproxima de uma das dimensões da peça, ocorre uma diminuição na velocidade causada pelo efeito fronteira. O estudo sobre a influência do comprimento do corpo−de−prova (L) evidenciou que existe um ponto crítico na relação entre L e comprimento de onda (L/λ)a partir do qual a velocidade não é mais afetada. Os resultados sobre a influência do teor de umidade indicaram uma tendência de diminuição da velocidade com o aumento do teor de umidade, em ambas as direções de propagação da onda ultra−sônica (paralela e perpendicular às fibras), para todas as espécies estudadas. A influência do teor de umidade ocorreu de modo diferente, acima e abaixo do ponto de saturação, sendo mais significativa no segundo caso. Os resultados obtidos permitiram desenvolver uma expressão matemática para a correção da velocidade de propagação em função do teor de umidade e da densidade da madeira / The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of moisture content and dimensions of specimens on the ultrasonic velocity in wood. The species used were: cupiúba (Goupia glabra),eucalipto grandis (Eucalyptus grandis), jatobá (Hymenaea spp), eucalipto citriodora (Eucalyptus citriodora), pinus caribea (Pinus caribea var. caribea) and pinus elliottii (pinus elliottii var. elliottii). Ultrasonic measurements were taken with the experimental equipment Sylvatest with 22 kHz transducers. Experimental procedure about dimensions were carried out in two steps: specimens of constant length and variable cross−section and of constant cross−section and variable length. In the first case, were taken twelve specimens with initial cross−section of 6 cm x 12 cm, planed until 1 cm x 12 cm and constant length (50 cm). In the second case, were taken twelve specimens with length from 300 cm to 10 cm and constant cross−section (6 cm x 12 cm). Ultrasonic measurements were made in the longitudinal direction. They were also made destructive tests in beams and specimens with the purpose of comparison between static and ultrasonic methods. In the study of the influence of moisture content, twelve specimens (2.5 cm x 30 cm x 75 cm) were dried from green until about 6% moisture content The results showed that the influence of cross−section depends on the relation between dimensions and wavelength, when λ is next to one of the dimensions, the ultrasonic velocity decreases because edge’ s effect. The study about the length showed that there is a critical point in the relation between sample length and wavelength (L/λ), and above it the velocity is not affected. The results about moisture content demonstrated that ultrasonic velocity, parallel and perpendicular to the grain, decreased when moisture content increased, and this influence was more significant below the fiber saturation point. It was developed an expression to correct the ultrasonic velocity as a function of moisture content and density of wood

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de determinar as constantes elásticas de laminados compósitos de carbono/epóxi através do método não destrutivo de ultrassom, utilizando a técnica da imersão. Foram implementados dois métodos de imersão em água para a determinação das constantes elásticas. Um que utiliza o percurso na água sem a amostra como referência (FRM), e outro que utiliza o percurso com incidência normal na amostra como referência (SRM). Laminados unidirecionais e biaxiais foram ensaiados em um goniômetro com elevada precisão de movimento angular, e a aquisição de sinais feita com alta taxa de amostragem e grande resolução de amplitude. Uma análise da influência da variação da temperatura e espessura foi feita e comprovada a superioridade do método SRM sobre o FRM. A compensação da temperatura através de um par de transdutores, bem como através de um termômetro com resolução de 0.01°C foi implementada e comparada. As curvas de velocidade foram obtidas com transdutores de diferentes frequências centrais e comparadas. Foi realizada uma análise detalhada da sensibilidade das constantes elásticas com relação as velocidades em cada plano de medição, e através desta análise foram utilizados os planos mais adequados para reconstrução das constantes elásticas. Também foi verificada a polarização das ondas de cisalhamento para cada plano de medição, uma vez que é necessária a correta associação da velocidade experimental com a velocidade calculada para o procedimento de otimização. Um algoritmo de otimização foi utilizado para reconstruir as constantes elásticas dos laminados compósitos a partir da medição experimental das velocidades, onde foi avaliada a convergência utilizando a equação de Christoffel na forma implícita e explícita, para os materiais de simetria tetragonal e hexagonal. / The objective of this work is to obtain the elastic constants of carbon/epoxy composite laminates using ultrasonic non destructive testing, with immersion technique. Two immersion methods were implemented. One method uses as reference the path without sample, called fluid reference method (FRM), the second method uses the path with the specimen in normal incidence, called self-reference method (SRM). Unidirectional and biaxial laminates were tested using a goniometer with high angular resolution, and the signals were acquired with a high sample rate and amplitude resolution. Analyses of the influence of temperature and thickness variations were performed and concluded the superiority of the SRM over the FRM method. Temperature compensation using a pair of transducers and a 0.01° resolution thermometer was implemented and compared. Velocity curves were obtained and compared using transducers with different frequencies. A detailed analysis was performed to evaluate the sensitivity of the elastic constants to each velocity in different acquisition planes, and the results were used to reconstruct the elastic constants in the planes/velocities which they were most sensible to. As the correct association of each experimental velocity with the calculated velocities from Christoffel\'s equation is necessary, an analysis of the polarization mode of each velocity in the acquisition planes was also performed. An optimization algorithm was used to reconstruct the elastic constants of composite laminates from experimental velocities. Its convergence was evaluated for the implicit and explicit form of Christoffel\'s equation, and for materials with tetragonal and hexagonal symmetry.

Three dimensional (3D) ultrasound has become an increasingly popular medical imaging tool over the last decade. It offers significant advantages over Two Dimensional (2D) ultrasound, such as improved accuracy, the ability to display image planes that are physically impossible with 2D ultrasound, and reduced dependence on the skill of the sonographer. Among 3D medical imaging techniques, ultrasound is the only one portable enough to be used by first responders, on the battlefield, and in rural areas. There are three basic methods of acquiring 3D ultrasound images. In the first method, a 2D array transducer is used to capture a 3D volume directly, using electronic beam steering. This method is mainly used for echocardiography. In the second method, a linear array transducer is mechanically actuated, giving a slower and less expensive alternative to the 2D array. The third method uses a linear array transducer that is moved by hand. This method is known as freehand 3D ultrasound. Whether using a 2D array or a mechanically actuated linear array transducer, the position and orientation of each image is known ahead of time. This is not the case for freehand scanning. To reconstruct a 3D volume from a series of 2D ultrasound images, assumptions must be made about the position and orientation of each image, or a mechanism for detecting the position and orientation of each image must be employed. The most widely used method for freehand 3D imaging relies on the assumption that the probe moves along a straight path with constant orientation and speed. This method requires considerable skill on the part of the sonographer. Another technique uses features within the images themselves to form an estimate of each image's relative location. However, these techniques are not well accepted for diagnostic use because they are not always reliable. The final method for acquiring position and orientation information is to use a six Degree-of-Freedom (6 DoF) tracking system. Commercially available 6 DoF tracking systems use magnetic fields, ultrasonic ranging, or optical tracking to measure the position and orientation of a target. Although accurate, all of these systems have fundamental limitations in that they are relatively expensive and they all require sensors or transmitters to be placed in fixed locations to provide a fixed frame of reference. The goal of the work presented here is to create a probe tracking system for freehand 3D ultrasound that does not rely on any fixed frame of reference. This system tracks the ultrasound probe using only sensors integrated into the probe itself. The advantages of such a system are that it requires no setup before it can be used, it is more portable because no extra equipment is required, it is immune from environmental interference, and it is less expensive than external tracking systems. An ideal tracking system for freehand 3D ultrasound would track in all 6 DoF. However, current sensor technology limits this system to five. Linear transducer motion along the skin surface is tracked optically and transducer orientation is tracked using MEMS gyroscopes. An optical tracking system was developed around an optical mouse sensor to provide linear position information by tracking the skin surface. Two versions were evaluated. One included an optical fiber bundle and the other did not. The purpose of the optical fiber is to allow the system to integrate more easily into existing probes by allowing the sensor and electronics to be mounted away from the scanning end of the probe. Each version was optimized to track features on the skin surface while providing adequate Depth Of Field (DOF) to accept variation in the height of the skin surface. Orientation information is acquired using a 3 axis MEMS gyroscope. The sensor was thoroughly characterized to quantify performance in terms of accuracy and drift. This data provided a basis for estimating the achievable 3D reconstruction accuracy of the complete system. Electrical and mechanical components were designed to attach the sensor to the ultrasound probe in such a way as to simulate its being embedded in the probe itself. An embedded system was developed to perform the processing necessary to translate the sensor data into probe position and orientation estimates in real time. The system utilizes a Microblaze soft core microprocessor and a set of peripheral devices implemented in a Xilinx Spartan 3E field programmable gate array. The Xilinx Microkernel real time operating system performs essential system management tasks and provides a stable software platform for implementation of the inertial tracking algorithm. Stradwin 3D ultrasound software was used to provide a user interface and perform the actual 3D volume reconstruction. Stradwin retrieves 2D ultrasound images from the Terason t3000 portable ultrasound system and communicates with the tracking system to gather position and orientation data. The 3D reconstruction is generated and displayed on the screen of the PC in real time. Stradwin also provides essential system features such as storage and retrieval of data, 3D data interaction, reslicing, manual 3D segmentation, and volume calculation for segmented regions. The 3D reconstruction performance of the system was evaluated by freehand scanning a cylindrical inclusion in a CIRS model 044 ultrasound phantom. Five different motion profiles were used and each profile was repeated 10 times. This entire test regimen was performed twice, once with the optical tracking system using the optical fiber bundle, and once with the optical tracking system without the optical fiber bundle. 3D reconstructions were performed with and without the position and orientation data to provide a basis for comparison. Volume error and surface error were used as the performance metrics. Volume error ranged from 1.3% to 5.3% with tracking information versus 15.6% to 21.9% without for the version of the system without the optical fiber bundle. Volume error ranged from 3.7% to 7.6% with tracking information versus 8.7% to 13.7% without for the version of the system with the optical fiber bundle. Surface error ranged from 0.319 mm RMS to 0.462 mm RMS with tracking information versus 0.678 mm RMS to 1.261 mm RMS without for the version of the system without the optical fiber bundle. Surface error ranged from 0.326 mm RMS to 0.774 mm RMS with tracking information versus 0.538 mm RMS to 1.657 mm RMS without for the version of the system with the optical fiber bundle. The prototype tracking system successfully demonstrated that accurate 3D ultrasound volumes can be generated from 2D freehand data using only sensors integrated into the ultrasound probe. One serious shortcoming of this system is that it only tracks 5 of the 6 degrees of freedom required to perform complete 3D reconstructions. The optical system provides information about linear movement but because it tracks a surface, it cannot measure vertical displacement. Overcoming this limitation is the most obvious candidate for future research using this system. The overall tracking platform, meaning the embedded tracking computer and the PC software, developed and integrated in this work, is ready to take advantage of vertical displacement data, should a method be developed for sensing it.

Thesis. 1975. Sc.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / Sc.D.

Thesis (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1978. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / B.S.

A principal forma de transporte de petróleo e derivados, entre outras substâncias, são os dutos, e um dos processos críticos relacionados é a sua inspeção periódica, que é necessária e obrigatória, de alto custo devido à sua complexidade, e que na maioria das vezes são realizadas manualmente, em procedimentos demorados, pouco confiáveis e insalubres devido ao meio e aos riscos a que o trabalhador é exposto. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de testar diversas aplicações e situações de um sistema de inspeção de dutos robótico desenvolvido. O interesse de observação foi a praticidade e facilidade de montagem e desmontagem do equipamento sobre a tubulação, a agilidade dos graus de liberdade propostos para o sistema, a flexibilidade do equipamento para utilização de diferentes métodos de inspeção, a rapidez e confiabilidade dos resultados de inspeção por ultrassom para varredura de espessuras em busca de corrosão generalizada interna de uma tubulação e a capacidade de precisão e resolução desta inspeção por ultrassom. Para abordar estes pontos, foram realizados uma série de testes, inicialmente para verificação do bom funcionamento dos graus de liberdade do sistema, e posteriormente com métodos diferenciados de inspeção, como testes para medição geométrica externa de uma tubulação, testes com sistemas de ultrassom embarcado em laboratório e em campo com diferentes malhas de inspeção e com um ou múltiplos cabeçotes, e para diferentes tubulações e formatos de redução de espessuras de parede na tubulação. / The main way for transporting petroleum and substances alike is through ducts, and one of the most critic processes involved is the periodic inspection, wich is necessary and mandatory, with a high cost due to its complexity, and, in most cases, done manually in long time consuming procedures and with little reliability and high risk for the workers involved. This work is intended to test various situations of a robotic inspection system developed. The observation interest was the practicity and easiness of assembling and disassembling the equipment on the pipes, the agility of degrees of freedom proposed for the system, the flexibility of the equipment for the use in different methods of inspection, the quickness and reliability of the results by ultrasound for scanning different thicknesses of a duct in search of "generalized internal corrosion" and the level of precision and resolution of this ultrasound scan. To approach this topics, a series of test were conducted, at first to check if the degrees of freedom of the system were working as intended and afterwards with different methods of inspection, such as external geometric measurements of the pipes, tests with onboard ultrasound systems in lab and on the field with different inspection grades and with one or multiple ultrasound sensors, and for different kinds of pipes and thickness reduction shapes of the pipe's walls.

An emerging demand for the precise manipulation of cells and microparticles for applications in cell biology and analytical chemistry has driven recent development of ultrasonic manipulation technology. Compared to the other major technologies used for cell and particle manipulation, such as magnetic tweezing, optical tweezing and dielectrophoresis, ultrasonic manipulation has shown excellent capabilities and flexibility in a variety of applications with its advantages of versatile, inexpensive and easy integration into microfluidic systems, maintenance of cell viability, and generation of sufficient forces to handle cells with dimensions up to tens of microns and agglomerates of a large number of cells. This thesis reviews current state-of-the-art of ultrasonic manipulation technology and reports the development of various ultrasonic manipulation devices, including simple devices integrated with high frequency (> 20 MHz) ultrasonic transducers for the investigation of biological cells and complex ultrasonic transducer array systems to explore the feasibility of electronically controlled 2-D and 3-D manipulation. Piezoelectric and passive materials, fabrication techniques, characterisation methods and possible applications are discussed. The behaviour and performance of the devices have been investigated and predicted in virtual prototyping with computer simulations, and verified experimentally. Issues associated during the development are highlighted and discussed. To assist long term practical adoption, approaches to low-cost, wafer level batch-production and commercialisation potential are also addressed.

Orientador: Marcus Antônio Rossi Feliciano / Coorientador: Ricardo Andrés Ramirez Uscategui / Coorientador: Vivian Tavares de Almeida / Banca: Mirela Tinucci Costa / Banca: Leandro Nassar Coutinho / Resumo: A incidência de neoplasmas mamários em cadelas tem aumentado o seu diagnóstico juntamente com a sobrevida desses animais e a avaliação completa das mamas e anexos é fundamental para o diagnóstico adequado. Uma característica dos neoplasmas mamários é a grande capacidade de desenvolver metástase e os linfonodos regionais por serem responsáveis pela drenagem das mamas, desenvolvem um papel importante na disseminação de células tumorais, sendo um fator prognóstico negativo para os pacientes. O desenvolvimento de novas técnicas para detecção do linfonodo sentinela e identificação prévia de alterações contribuem positivamente na sobrevida do paciente. Todavia, a maioria dos métodos utilizados para o diagnóstico conclusivo são métodos invasivos. Sendo assim, este estudo prospectivo visou avaliar a sensibilidade e especificidade das técnicas ultrassonográficas para avaliação de linfonodos locoreginais em cadelas com tumores mamários (Modo-B, Doppler em cores e Elastografia Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse - ARFI), pela diferenciação da malignidade (livres, reativos e metastáticos) Linfonodos axilares (n = 96) e inguinais (n = 100) ipsilaterais de cadeias mamárias de 100 cadelas acometidas foram avaliados por meio da ultrassonografia modo-B (comprimento, altura, relação eixo curto/longo, forma, ecotextura e ecogenicidade), Doppler em cores (presença ou ausência de vascularização) e Elastografia ARFI (rigidez, padrão, deformabilidade, velocidade de cisalhamento e profundidade). As var... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The incidence of mammary neoplasms in bitches has increased their diagnosis along with a survival of the animals and a complete evaluation of the mammarys and appendages is fundamental for the proper diagnosis. A characteristic of mammary neoplasms is a great capacity to develop regional metaphors and lymph nodes because they are responsible for the production of breasts, they play an important role in the dissemination of tumor cells, being a negative prognostic factor for the patients. The development of new techniques for lymph node detection and the preventive identification of positive contributions to patient survival. However, most of the methods used for conclusive diagnosis are invasive methods. (B-mode, Doppler in nuclei and Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Elastography - ARFI), by the difference in the literature, reactive and metastatic measurements of malignancy (lp, Doppler color and Elastography). Axillary lymph nodes (n = 96) and inguinal lymph nodes (n = 100) ipsilateral mammary chains of 100 bitches were reassessed by means of B-mode ultrasonography (length, height, short / long axis, shape, ecotexture and echogenicity), core Doppler (presence or absence of vascularization) and ARFI Elastography (stiffness, pattern, deformability, shear velocity and depth). The variables that obtained the significant difference have cut-off value, sensitivity, specificity, area over the curve and accuracy. The shear velocity obtained by ARFI elastography showed 95% sensitivi... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Chung, Shu Lu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-118). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i-iv / 中文摘要 --- p.v-vii / Publications --- p.viii / Acknowledgements --- p.ix / List of Abbreviations --- p.x-xi / Index for Figures --- p.xii-xiv / Index for Tables --- p.xv / Table of Contents --- p.xvi-xix / Chapter Session 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Biology of fracture healing process --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Stage of inflammation --- p.2-3 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Stage of soft callus formation --- p.3-4 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Stage of hard callus formation --- p.4-5 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Stage of bone remodeling --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Conventional treatments and its limitations --- p.5-6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Biological treatments in accelerating fracture healing process --- p.6-7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Biophysical treatments in accelerating fracture healing process --- p.7-8 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Electromagnetic fields --- p.8-9 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Shockwave --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Low intensity pulsed ultrasound --- p.9-11 / Chapter 1.5 --- Properties of ultrasound --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Ultrasound signals --- p.11-12 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Attenuation of ultrasound --- p.12-14 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Modes of ultrasound wave propagation --- p.14-15 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Reflection and critical angle --- p.15-18 / Chapter 1.6 --- Insights from previous studies --- p.18-19 / Chapter 1.7 --- Hypothesis --- p.19 / Chapter 1.8 --- Study plan --- p.20 / Chapter 1.9 --- Objectives --- p.20 / Chapter Session 2: --- Materials and Methodology --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2. --- Closed femoral fracture rat model --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Operation procedures --- p.26-27 / Chapter 2.3 --- Groupings --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4 --- Low Iintensity Pulsed Ultrasound treatment --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Incident angles determination --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- LIPUS devices --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Set up of standardized platform --- p.29-30 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Treatment procedure --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5 --- Radiographic analysis --- p.31 / Chapter 2.6 --- Micro-Computed Tomography --- p.32 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Micro-Computed Tomography scanning --- p.32 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Micro-Computed Tomography analysis --- p.32-33 / Chapter 2.7 --- Histology --- p.34 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.34 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Histomorphometrical analysis --- p.34-35 / Chapter 2.8 --- Mechanical Testing --- p.35 / Chapter 2.9 --- Statistical analysis --- p.35 / Chapter Session 3: --- Results --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1 --- Radiographic analysis --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Qualitative analysis - Callus bridging rate --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Quantitative analysis - Callus area and callus width --- p.49-50 / Chapter 3.2 --- Micro-computed tomography analysis --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Qualitative analysis - 3D reconstructed images --- p.50-51 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Quantitative analysis - Bone volume of callus --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Quantitative analysis - Bone mineral density and bone mineral content --- p.51-52 / Chapter 3.3 --- Biomechanical test --- p.52-53 / Chapter 3.4 --- Histomorphological analysis --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Qualitative analysis --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Quantitative analysis --- p.53-54 / Chapter Session 4: --- Discussion --- p.85-87 / Chapter 4.1 --- Enhancement effects of LIPUS at different incident angles --- p.88 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- LIPUS transmitted at 350 accelerated the fracture healing process --- p.88 / Chapter 4.1.1.1 --- Callus bridging and callus mineralization --- p.88-89 / Chapter 4.1.1.2 --- Dose dependent effects of LIPUS -Maximization of ultrasound energy --- p.89-90 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- LIPUS transmitted at 35° enhanced the restoration of mechanical properties in fracture healing process --- p.90 / Chapter 4.1.2.1 --- Biomechanical properties --- p.90-91 / Chapter 4.1.2.2 --- Bone mineral density and bone mineral content --- p.91-92 / Chapter 4.1.2.3 --- Highly mineralized callus area and volume --- p.92-93 / Chapter 4.2 --- 35° may be the critical angle for further enhancing fracture healing --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- LIPUS transmitted at 35° may be the first critical angle in this study --- p.93-95 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Effects of different incident angles --- p.95-96 / Chapter 4.3 --- Mechanism of LIPUS at different incident angles on fracture healing process --- p.96 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Endochondral ossification --- p.96-99 / Chapter 4.4 --- Advantages in using LIPUS transmitted at critical angle --- p.99 / Chapter 4.5 --- Limitations of the study --- p.100 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Animal model --- p.100 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Treatment sites of LIPUS transmitted at different incident angles --- p.100 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Types of fracture --- p.101 / Chapter Session 5: --- Conclusions --- p.102-104 / Chapter Session 6: --- Future Studies --- p.105 / Chapter 6.1 --- Protocol and regime of LIPUS transmitted at different angles --- p.106 / Chapter 6.2 --- Periosteum-stripped fracture model --- p.106-107 / Chapter 6.3 --- Molecular mechanism of LIPUS transmitted at different incident angles --- p.107-108 / Bibliography --- p.109-118 / Appendix I --- p.119

A fundamental investigation of the use of ultrasonic consolidation (UC) to produce deck panels for small satellites was undertaken. Several fabrication methods for producing structural panels and decking were analyzed. Because of its ability to create aluminum objects in an additive fashion, and at near-room temperatures, UC was found to be a powerful solution for creating highly integrated and modular satellite panels. It also allowed a lightweight and stiff deck to be fabricated without the use of adhesives. A series of experiments were performed to understand the issues associated with creating a sandwich-type structure using UC. The experiments used a peel test apparatus to evaluate the bond strength for various geometric configurations and materials. Aluminum 3003 was chosen as the sole material constituting the deck panel. The honeycomb lattice was found to offer the best core configuration due to its ability to resist vibration from the sonotrode and provide adequate support for pressure induced by the sonotrode. Support materials for enhancing the bonding of the facings to the core were investigated but did not lead to implementation. A CAD model was created to integrate the honeycomb core, facings, and modular bolt pattern into the ultrasonically consolidated structure. The model was used to develop a build procedure for fabricating the deck on the UC machine. A finite element analysis was performed that used an equivalent properties method to represent the deck. The stiffness of a prototype deck was evaluated in a three-point bending test and the results were found to correlate with the finite element model. A sine sweep vibration test was then performed on the prototype deck panel to measure its natural frequencies. Finally, a case study was performed on a deck built for the TOROID spacecraft. A final deck panel was designed using the results from the prototype. The deck included the USUSat bolt pattern, vented honeycomb, and a reinforced rim. The cost and benefits of the final deck panel versus traditional fabrication methods were outlined.