The speed of a chemical reaction is important in determining the efficiency of many industrial chemical reactions. In organic reactions particularly, when there is the possibility of several reactions going on simultaneously, that reaction which is fastest is the one that predominates and often affects the economics of the process. The object of this investigation was to determine the effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the specific reaction rate of the hydrolysis of an aqueous solution of ethyl acetate in the presence of hydrochloric acid as the catalyst. The commercially obtained ultrasonic generator was limited to four frequencies - namely, 400, 700, 1000, and 1500 kilocycles. Two thousand volts plate voltage could be applied to the quartz crystal plates provided the plate current did not exceed 360 milliamperes. A special pyrex glass reactor was designed and constructed in order that isothermal conditions could be maintained within the boundary of the reactor. The period of time the reaction mixture was subjected to ultrasonic irradiation was arbitrarily set at 10 minutes for a given power and frequency at 19 ± 0.1°C and 30 ± 0.1°C respectively. The tests were then repeated using a 20 minute period of irradiation. Individual mixtures were respectively irradiated at 0, 500, 1000, and 1500 volts plate voltage. The composition and volume of the mixture irradiated was 100 ml of 1.9904 N hydrochloric acid, 90 ml of distilled water free from carbon dioxide, and 10 ml of ethyl acetate making a total volume of 200 ml. The chemical reaction assumed for the investigation was CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O + H⁺ ⇋ CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH + H⁺ The course of the reaction was followed in such a way that the concentrations of the reacting substances were not disturbed. Samples of the mixture were drawn off at intervals and titrated with sodium hydroxide using phenolphthalein as the indicator. Calculations were based on the difference of the titration at any time t in minutes and the titration at the end of 24 hours. When the reaction was completed, this difference was a measure of the concentration of ethyl acetate remaining unchanged or unhydrolyzed at time t. Each molecule of ethyl acetate that hydrolyzed produced one molecule of acetic acid, and the increase in acidity was a direct measure of the amount of ethyl acetate that had reacted. The amount of hydrochloric acid remained unchanged throughout the experiment. The concentrations of ethyl acetate calculated from the differences between the titration values and the final titration were arranged in tabular form. A graph was drawn on semilogarithmic paper by plotting the concentration of ethyl acetate, c, against time, t, in minutes and the best straight line through the points. Using the equation, - log c_A (k / 2,303) t+ constant, the specific reaction rate, k, was calculated by multiplying the slope of the line by 2.303. The activation energy, E, was calculated from the values of k at 19 ± 0.1°C and 30 ± 0.1°C using the equation, E = [2.303 log₁₀ k₂/k x R x T₁ x T₂] / [T₂ - T₁] where k₁ = specific reaction rate at 19 ± 0.1°C k₂ = specific reaction rate at 30 ± 0.1°C R = Constant T₁ = Absolute temperature for 19 ± 0.1°C T₂ = Absolute temperature for 30 ± 0.1°C The results of this investigation showed that the specific reaction rates were increased by ultrasonic irradiation of 400, 700, 1000, 1500 kc in the order of five percent for 20 minutes irradiation over the rates for 10 minutes irradiation. / Ph. D.

Heart disease remains the leading cause of death globally, and prevalence has nearly doubled over the past three decades. It is estimated that up to 90% of cardiovascular events are preventable, but early detection and treatment is crucial. In this dissertation, we report on the optimization of the ultrasound-based cardiac strain imaging technique known as Myocardial Elastography (ME), a method for the detection of the most common and most lethal forms of heart disease: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) which affects the major coronary arteries, and Coronary Microvascular Disease (CMD) which affects smaller coronary vessels. CAD has historically been the primary focus of clinical cardiac imaging, whereas CMD has been under-diagnosed due to a lack of awareness and challenges associated with imaging at the microvascular level. Ultrasound-based cardiac strain imaging has been shown capable of detecting functional changes due to CAD and may be effective in CMD detection, although the latter has not yet been sufficiently investigated. However, the diagnostic accuracy of strain imaging is reduced by noise from transcostal imaging, known as clutter, and by the limited lateral resolution of high framerate ultrasound. These factors preclude accurate strain imaging in up to 30% of patients. Myocardial elastography is a precise high framerate strain imaging technique that analyzes radiofrequency (RF) signals to quantify myocardial deformation. We hypothesize that ME can effectively image and diagnose the functional effects of CMD and CAD, and that novel beamforming and clutter-filtering techniques can improve ME imaging and strain estimation quality, thereby increasing diagnostic accuracy. To improve disease detection, Stress ME (S-ME) was proposed as a method to compare strain measurements at rest to strain during induced cardiac stress. A novel strain difference (Δ𝜺) metric was presented and investigated in a canine model of induced acute ischemia, as well as in a human CAD patient study with validation by myocardial perfusion imaging. In the canine model, flow-limiting stenosis was induced by partial ligation in N=2 canines, and stenosis was found to significantly reduce Δ𝜺 in the affected myocardial regions. In the clinical study, radial and circumferential ME strain and radial Δ𝜺 was measured in N=49 myocardial segments from 8 patients suspected to have ischemia or infarction due to CAD. The median Δ?, radial strain, and circumferential strain magnitudes were lowest in infarcted regions and highest in regions with normal perfusion, while measurements in ischemic regions fell in between. ROC analysis of radial strain metrics revealed that Δ𝜺 had the highest AUC for detecting ischemia (AUC=0.788 p<0.01) and infarction (AUC=0.792, p<0.05), followed by radial strain during stress (ischemia AUC=0.774 p<0.05, infarct AUC=0.758 p<0.05) while the AUC was lowest when considering only the radial strain at rest (ischemia AUC=0.52 p>0.05, infarct AUC=0.58 p>0.05). The results thus indicate that S-ME may improve detection of mild CAD cases that are functionally asymptomatic at rest. Despite these promising findings, accurate strain imaging remains hindered by clutter noise and poor image quality. Two complementary techniques were thus developed to improve image quality and strain estimation in high frame rate cardiac strain imaging; a novel Sliding Window implementation of the Minimum Variance beamformer (SWMV) was proposed to enhance speckle quality, while a spatiotemporal singular value decomposition filter (SVD) was developed to increase tissue visibility and contrast by suppressing static clutter signals using automated cutoff selection. SWMV and SVD were shown to effectively improve image quality in simulation studies and phantom imaging experiments. In vivo performance evaluation consisted of applying SWMV beamforming and SVD filtering techniques to a dataset of N=70 strain images from 13 patients suspected to have CAD. CCTA imaging was used for validation of strain estimation. Tracking was improved in 92% of cases with a median improvement of 15% in displacement estimation accuracy as evaluated by an intersection-over-union (IoU) metric. The proposed techniques also improve agreement with CCTA results; ROC analysis shows improved AUC with SWMV+SVD compared to DAS when comparing healthy regions to those with any degree of stenosis (AUC 0.64 vs 0.56) as well as when comparing healthy to severely stenosed regions (AUC 0.69 vs 0.60). The observed results point to significant improvement in strain estimation reliability due to SWMV beamforming combined with SVD processing. The final aim and the overarching goal of this work is a culmination of the previous sections for a clinical evaluation of ME as a diagnostic tool for CAD and CMD. In this clinical study, the enhanced ME technique utilizing SWMV and SVD filtering was applied to a cohort of N=201 patients with suspected coronary disease. All patients underwent invasive angiography or noninvasive cardiac imaging in the form of coronary computed tomography or nuclear stress testing. In addition, demographic information and patient clinical history were collected and accounted for in a multivariate statistical analysis. A K-nearest-neighbor (KNN) classifier was trained to distinguish between healthy and stenosed myocardial regions, and achieved an AUC of 0.91, with sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 85% after training with 10-fold cross validation. CMD was also shown to significantly reduce regional strain measurements. This retrospective study identified the clinical factors which impact strain, and assessed the potential advantages of incorporating ME imaging to the existing clinical imaging pipeline for CAD and CMD diagnosis.

A basic physical explanation, a model, and comments on NDE application of the acoustoultrasonic method for composite materials are presented. The basis of this work is a set of experiments where a sending and a receiving piezoelectric transducer were both oriented normal to the surface, at different points, on aluminum plates, various composite plates, and a tapered aluminum plate. Chapter one introduces the purpose and basic idea of the dissertation, while supporting its need. Also, general comments on the AU method are offered. The second chapter offers a literature review of areas pertinent to the dissertation, such as composite materials, wave propagation, ultrasonics, and the AU method. Special emphasis is given to theory which is used later on and past experimental results that are important to the physical understanding of the AU method. The third chapter describes the experimental set-up, procedure, and the ensuing analysis. In the fourth chapter, the experimental results are presented in both a quantitative and qualitative manner. Chapter five furnishes a physical understanding of experimental results based on elasticity solutions, Lamb wave theory, and through-the-thickness-transverse·resonance (TTTR). Computer results are presented for sake of comparison. The sixth chapter discusses modeling and applications of the AU method for composite materials and the seventh chapter states general conclusions. The unique offering of this work is the physical model of the AU method for composite materials, something which has been much needed and sorely lacking. This physical understanding is possible due to the extensive set of experimental measurements, also reported in this dissertation. / Ph. D.

Ultrasonic humidifiers use sound vibrations at frequencies higher than can be heard by humans (> 20,000 Hz) to generate aerosolized water also have potential for inducing sonochemical reactions for chemicals present in water. This research focuses on examining oxidants formed within ultrasonic humidifiers, as well as the oxidants effects of contaminants in water used in the systems. Hydroxyl radicals were found using DMPO as a spin trap. Caffeine and 17β-estradiol, as pharmaceutical contaminants of drinking water, were both emitted from the humidifier when present in the water reservoir and would enter breathing air. Emitted 17β-estradiol was found at 60% of the initial concentration filled in the ultrasonic humidifier after 480 minutes. Caffeine exhibited less degradation than 17β-estradiol. Degradation of both pharmaceuticals was attributed to ultrasonic processes, most likely oxidation with hydroxyl radicals produced. Bromide as a contaminant of the fill water was found to remain constant over time. / MS / Ultrasonic humidifiers carry health benefits from humidified air, but also have potential for chemical reactions within the systems that can impact human health. This research focuses on examining oxidants formed in ultrasonic humidifiers, as well as the degradation of contaminants in water used in the ultrasonic humidifiers. Hydroxyl radicals were found to be generated within the humidifier system. Caffeine and 17β-estradiol, a common estrogen, are possible contaminants in drinking water, which may be used to fill a humidifier. Both were introduced and emitted from the ultrasonic humidifier. Emitted 17β-estradiol was found at 60% of the initial concentration filled in the ultrasonic humidifier at the start of 8 hours. Degradation of both pharmaceuticals was attributed to ultrasonic processes, most likely oxidation with hydroxyl radicals produced.

New materials and manufacturing processes, and the quest for economy and user safety, have necessitated the development of nondestructive testing methods to quantify the life and reliability of a product during manufacture and service. Described herein, is a testbed to be used in the research and development of these testing methods. A brief motivation for using ultrasonics applied to nondestructive evaluation is followed by a chapter on the feasibility of using a unique testing method and animated data presentation on advanced composite materials. This testing method, conceived by the author, utilizes oblique injection of ultrasound into the specimen. Several cycles of the ultrasonic waveform radiated from the specimen downstream of the injection area is digitized and recorded. The data has three independent dimensions; cartesion location and time. The time variable is the key to the presentation of the data as an animated two dimensional image. It was this work that illustrated the need for a flexible scanning imaging research testbed, not only for the discussed method, of which it is an integral part, but for advanced development of other techniques. Software development and integration of off -the-shelf parts into a unified computer controlled testing facility is the contribution by the author in the second phase of this research. Chapters on the description of the system, an example showing the capabilities of the system analogous to traditional ultasonic C-scanning, accomplishments, and a look to the future conclude this thesis. The appendices include listings of the programs developed for the system, a manufacturer address list. A videotape of the animation data presentation is included as a second volume of this thesis. / Master of Science

The ultrasonic NDE technique to characterize the ultrasonic nonlinear response of the cyclically load 7075-T6 aluminum is described in this thesis. In order to estimate the nonlinear relation of the ultrasonic waves due to material fatigue damage or degradation, the spectral analysis techniques such as the power spectrum, bispectrum, and bicoherence spectrum are applied. The ultrasonic nonlinearity parameters by Cantrell and Jhang are introduced and presented as a function of the material fatigue growth, the number of fatigue cycles. This thesis presents the effectiveness of the bispectral analysis for evaluating the nonlinear aspects of the ultrasonic wave propagation. The results show that the nonlinearity parameters by Cantrell and Jhang are responsive to the output amplitude of the received signal and vary for the various materials, and independent of the input frequency and the ultrasonic wave propagation distance. By using the bispectral analysis tools, particularly the bicoherence spectrum, the increase of the coupling levels between the fundamental, its harmonic, and subharmonic frequency components is presented as the number of fatigue cycles is increased. This thesis suggests that the application of the bicoherence spectrum based on the nonlinear wave coupling relations be more effective for estimating the level of the material fatigue life. / Master of Science

Wei, Fangyuan. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 182-211). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

"The present study utilizes the ultrasonic travel-time technique to diagnose grid-generated turbulence. The statistics of the travel-time variations of ultrasonic wave propagation along a path are used to determine some metrics of the turbulence. The motivation for this work stems from the observation of substantial delta-t variation in ultrasonic measuring devices like flow meters and circulation meters. Typically, averaging can be used to extract mean values from such time series. The corollary is that the fluctuations contain information about the turbulence. Experimental data were obtained for ultrasonic wave propagation downstream of a heated grid in a wind tunnel. Such grid-generated turbulence is well characterized and features a mean flow with superimposed velocity and temperature fluctuations. The ultrasonic path could be perpendicular or oblique to the mean flow direction. Path lengths were of the order of 0.3 m and the transducers were of 100 kHz working frequency. The data acquisition and control system featured a very high-speed analog to digital conversion card that enabled excellent resolution of ultrasonic signals. Experimental data for the travel-time variance were validated using ray acoustic theory along with the Kolmogorov “2/3” law. It is demonstrated that the ultrasonic technique, together with theoretical models, provides a basis for turbulent flow diagnostics. As a result, the structure constant appearing in the Kolmogorov “2/3” law is determined based on the experimental data. The effect of turbulence on acoustic waves, in terms of the travel time, was studied for various mean velocities and for different angular orientations of the acoustic waves with respect to the mean flow. Average travel time in the presence of turbulence was shorter then in the undisturbed media. The effect of the time shift between the travel times in turbulent and undisturbed media is associated with Fermat’s principle. The travel time and log-amplitude variance of acoustic waves were investigated as functions of travel distance and mean velocity over a range of Reynolds number varying from 4000 to 20000. Experimental data are interpreted using classical ray acoustic approach and the parabolic acoustic equation approach together with the perturbation method. It was experimentally demonstrated that there is a strong dependence of the travel time on the mean velocity even in the case where the propagation of acoustic waves is perpendicular to the mean velocity. The effect of thermal fluctuations, which result in fluctuations of sound speed, was studied for two temperatures of the grid: (no grid heating) and . A semi analytical acoustic propagation model that allows determination of the spacial correlation functions of flow field is developed based on the classical flow meter equation and statistics of the travel time of acoustic waves traveling through the velocity and the thermal turbulence. The basic flow meter equation is reconsidered in order to take into account sound speed fluctuations and turbulent velocity. The resulting equation is written in terms of correlation functions of travel time, sound speed fluctuation and turbulent velocity fluctuations. Experimentally measured travel time statistics data with and without grid heating are approximated by Gaussian function and used to solve the integral flow meter equation in terms of correlation functions analytically."

Arterial diseases such as hypertension, carotid stenosis, and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) may progress silently without symptoms and contribute to acute cardiovascular events such as heart attack, stroke, and aneurysm rupture, which are consistently among the leading causes of death worldwide. The arterial pulse wave, regarded as one of the fundamental vital signs of clinical medicine, originates from the heart and propagates throughout the arterial tree as a pressure, flow velocity, and wall displacement wave, giving rise to the natural pulsation of the arteries. The dynamic properties of the pulse wave are intimately related to the physical state of the cardiovascular system. Thus, the assessment of the arterial wall dynamics driven by the pulse wave may provide valuable insights into vascular mechanical properties for the early detection and characterization of arterial pathologies. The focus of this dissertation was to develop and clinically implement Pulse Wave Imaging (PWI), an ultrasound elasticity imaging-based method for the visualization and spatio-temporal mapping of the pulse wave propagation at any accessible arterial location. Motion estimation algorithms based on cross-correlation of the ultrasound radio-frequency (RF) signals were used to track the arterial walls and capture the pulse wave-induced displacements over the cardiac cycle. PWI facilitates the image-guided measurement of clinically relevant pulse wave features such as propagation speed (pulse wave velocity, or PWV), uniformity, and morphology as well as derivation of the pulse pressure waveform. A parametric study investigating the performance of PWI in two canine aortas ex vivo and 10 normal, healthy human arteries in vivo established the optimal image acquisition and signal processing parameters for reliable measurement of the PWV and wave propagation uniformity. Using this framework, three separate clinical feasibility studies were conducted in patients diagnosed with hypertension, AAA, and carotid stenosis. In a pilot study comparing hypertensive and aneurysmal abdominal aortas with normal controls, the AAA group exhibited significantly higher PWV and lower wave propagation uniformity. A “teetering” motion upon pulse wave arrival was detected in the smaller aneurysms (< 5 cm in diameter) but not in the larger aneurysms (> 5.5 cm in diameter). While no significant difference in PWV or propagation uniformity was observed between normal and hypertensive aortas, qualitative differences in the pulse wave morphology along the imaged aortic segment may be an indicator of increased wave reflection caused by elevated blood pressure and/or arterial stiffness. Pulse Wave Ultrasound Manometry (PWUM) was introduced as an extension of the PWI method for the derivation of the pulse pressure (PP) waveform in large central arteries. A feasibility study in 5 normotensive, 9 pre-hypertensive, and 5 hypertensive subjects indicated that a significantly higher PP in the hypertensive group was detected in the abdominal aorta by PWUM but not in the peripheral arteries by alternative devices (i.e. a radial applanation tonometer and the brachial sphygmomanometer cuff). A relatively strong positive correlation between aortic PP and both radial and brachial PP was observed in the hypertensive group but not in the normal and pre-hypertensive groups, confirming the notion that PP variation throughout the arterial tree may not be uniform in relatively compliant arteries. The application of PWI in 10 stenotic carotid arteries identified phenomenon such as wave convergence, elevated PWV, and decreased cumulative displacement around and/or within regions of atherosclerotic plaque. Intra-plaque mapping of the PWV and cumulative strain demonstrated the potential to quantitatively differentiate stable (i.e. calcified) and vulnerable (i.e. lipid) plaque components. The lack of correlation between quantitative measurements (PWV, modulus, displacement, and strain) and expected plaque stiffness illuminates to need to consider several physiological and imaging-related factors such as turbulent flow, wave reflection, imaging location, and the applicability of established theoretical models in vivo. PWI presents a highly translational method for visualization of the arterial pulse wave and the image-guided measurement of several clinically relevant pulse wave features. The aforementioned findings collectively demonstrated the potential of PWI to detect, diagnose, and characterize vascular disease based on qualitative and quantitative information about arterial wall dynamics under pathological conditions.

by Lo, Kin Yin Anthony. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 168-195). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Declaration --- p.V / Publications and Conference Presentations --- p.vi / Scholarships and Awards --- p.vii / Acknowledgements --- p.viii / Table of contents --- p.X / Abbreviations --- p.xiv / List of Figures --- p.xvi / List of Tables --- p.xvii / Chapter 1. --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction of nephrolithasis and surgical management --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Epidemology and physiochemistry --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Surgical management of nephrolithasis parallel with stone factors --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2 --- Extracorpoeral Shock Wave Lithotripsy in present study --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- The 4th generation - Sonolith Vision electroconductive lithotripter --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- The role of shock wave delivery rate in treatment outcome and its prediction --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Patient-controlled analgesia during Shock Wave Lithotripsy treatment and its pain management --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Shock wave induced renal injury & the use of urinary biomarker --- p.35 / Chapter 3. --- Materials and Methods --- p.62 / Chapter 3.1 --- Study Design --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2 --- Patient Selection --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3 --- Treatment Protocol --- p.63 / Chapter 3.4 --- Sample size calculation --- p.68 / Chapter 3.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.68 / Chapter 4. --- The effect of shock wave delivery rate on treatment outcome and its prediction --- p.69 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- ESWL treatment protocol --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Outcome Assessment --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Mathematical model development --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Baseline characteristics and treatment modalities --- p.78 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- ESWL treatment outcome --- p.79 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Mathematical model --- p.81 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Overall treatment outcome improved by the use of slower rate --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- When should we use fast/slow rate? --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Mathematical model to predict ESWL outcome --- p.88 / Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusion --- p.91 / Chapter 5. --- The role of shock wave delivery rate and patient-controlled analgesia in pain --- p.101 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.102 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.104 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- ESWL treatment protocol and PCA settings --- p.104 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Outcome Assessment --- p.105 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.107 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.108 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Baseline characteristics and treatment modalities --- p.108 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Pain experience and satisfaction with PCA at different shock wave delivery rates --- p.108 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Correlation between rate pain --- p.110 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Vital signs --- p.110 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.111 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Adverse complication was mild with PCA using alfentanil --- p.111 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Less pain experience with 60 SWs/min --- p.112 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Why PCA usage was the same in both groups? --- p.112 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- No correlation with treatment outcome --- p.114 / Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusion --- p.115 / Chapter 6. --- "The relations among rate of shock wave delivery, induced renal injury and acute complications" --- p.128 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.129 / Chapter 6.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.130 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- ESWL treatment protocol --- p.130 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Outcome Assessment --- p.131 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.136 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results --- p.137 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Baseline characteristics and treatment modalities --- p.137 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Quality control of creatinine and NAG --- p.137 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Standard curves ofIL-18 and NGAL --- p.137 / Chapter 6.3.4 --- Higher levels of urinary NAG and IL-18 in 60 SWs/min group --- p.138 / Chapter 6.3.5 --- Similar levels of urinary NGAL in both groups --- p.138 / Chapter 6.3.6 --- Unplanned hospital visits were similar in both groups --- p.139 / Chapter 6.4 --- Discussion --- p.140 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- More tubular damages caused by slower rate --- p.140 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Escalated inflammatory activities in 60 SWs/min --- p.141 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Vascular damage and ischemic insults were the same in both groups? --- p.142 / Chapter 6.4.4 --- Post-operative complications are similar in both groups --- p.142 / Chapter 6.4.5 --- 60 SWs/min vs. 120 SWs/min - What makes the difference in renal injury? --- p.143 / Chapter 6.5 --- Conclusion --- p.145 / Chapter 7. --- Discussion --- p.154 / Chapter 7.1 --- General discussion --- p.155 / Chapter 8. --- Conclusion --- p.158 / Chapter 8.1 --- General conclusion --- p.159 / Appendix --- p.160 / Appendix I --- p.161 / Appendix II --- p.163 / References --- p.167