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Factors shaping regional integration in Europe, Asia, and Africa : the validity of competing theoriesChen, Jie, University of Lethbridge. Faculty of Arts and Science January 2011 (has links)
This research summarizes, compares and analyzes the origins and developments
of integration in Europe, Asia and Africa since World War Two. There have been
some interesting findings. Europe has been the most successful region, having
realized free movements of people, goods, services and money in several countries
within the European Union (EU). Africa has been more advanced in institutional
integration than Asia, although its level of economic development, constrained by
instability, corruption, and poor socio-economic conditions, has hindered integration;
meanwhile, its regional economic communities (RECs) have been more successful
than the continental organization. Despite the improved economic conditions, Asia
has been experiencing difficulties in community building due to lack of consensus and
a partnership among major powers. There has not been any continental organization
in Asia; nor has the subregional grouping, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN), progressed far in economic and political integration. / x, 327 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm
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Collective bargaining, labour market performance, wage structures and poverty: an international perspectiveRycx, François January 2001 (has links)
Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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An anthropological study of the experiences of exchange students in Port Elizabeth, South AfricaMaganga, Stewart Martin January 2009 (has links)
This research study aims to investigate the exchange students' experiences with living in a foreign environment. Twenty students took part in this study and were made up of two categories namely study abroad students and student interns. The twenty students who took part in this study were mostly from industrialized countries namely Germany, the United States of America, Belgium, the Netherlands and Sweden. Data were collected by means of individual semi-structured interviews as well as observational methods namely participant and simple observations. The results indicate that if sojourners are to gain a better understanding the South African culture, it is important that they interact with the host nationals. Given that most of the students highlighted the issue of crime as their main concern, their knowledge on how to survive in a crime-ridden country like South Africa would be essential.
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Preschool Teachers' Perspectives on Caring Relationships, Autonomy, and Intrinsic Motivation in Two Cultural SettingsTian, Xiaoling 01 January 2012 (has links)
This study explored preschool teachers' perspectives on caring relationships and their perceptions of how such relationships affect children's autonomy and motivation in preschool in two cultural settings: one city in China and another in the U.S. Data was collected from preschool teachers in both locations using a qualitative interviewing research strategy. The study found that consensus exists among preschool teachers from the two cities about the importance of caring relationships, in which trust, acceptance, equality, and mutual respect were viewed as these relationships' primary characteristics. There were also shared values regarding teachers' roles and their effective strategies for establishing social skills and caring and sharing among children. Nevertheless, some underlying assumptions about caring, especially teachers' understandings of autonomy and motivation, differed somewhat in relation to the social, cultural, philosophical, or practical influences in the two cultural contexts. The results of the study provide opportunities for early childhood teachers and teacher educators in both contexts to reflect on their own assumptions about these values, as well as insights for preparing caring teachers in both cultural settings.
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Negotiating post-apartheid boundaries and identities : an anthropological study of the creation of a Cape Town SuburbBroadbridge, Helena Tara 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explores the complex and contested processes of drawing boundaries and
negotiating identities in the post-Apartheid South African context by analysing how
residents in a new residential suburb of Cape Town are working to carve out a new
position for themselves in a changing social order.
Drawing on data gathered through participant observation, individual and focus group
interviews, and household surveys between November 1998 and December 2000, the
study examines how residents draw and negotiate boundaries in their search for stability,
status, and community in a society characterised by social flux, uncertainty, ambiguity
and contradiction. It explores the construction and shifting of identities believed to be
embodied in those boundaries, at the levels of the individual, the household and the
community. A range of everyday social and spatial practices - including streetscape
design, its use and contestation, neighbourliness and sociality, .household livelihoods and
strategies, home maintenance and improvements - are shown to reveal residents' own
conceptualisations of boundaries, their practical significance and symbolic power, as well
as their permeability and transgression. The marking and maintenance of boundaries
convey how social relationships, practices and power in the suburb are structured and
continually negotiated. By analysing these actions and responses, the study illustrates
some of the ways in which recent changes in South African society have unsettled the
relationship between class, race and space to construct new boundaries and shape new
identities.
The fmdings suggest that although social differentiation among the residents is
increasingly being restructured around class, race remains a salient variable in residents'
constructions of themselves and each other. Ethnic-religious prejudice is also shown to
influence local conflict and constructions of community.
The study draws out four discourses through which residents contemplate and formulate
circumstances and processes in their neighbourhood. The first emphasises racial
integration, the second middle class suburban living, the third safety from crime, the
fourth distrust and disorder. The discourses are significant, not only in their practical
manifestation in everyday interaction but also because they suggest some of the ways in
which connections and disconnections with the past, with (he old identities and the old
affiliations, are managed in a new, post-Apartheid South Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie verken die komplekse en betwiste prosesse van die trek van grense en die
onderhandeling van identiteite in die Suid-Afrikaanse post-Apartheid konteks, deur te
analiseer hoe inwoners in 'n nuwe Kaapstadse residensiële voorstad te werk gaan om 'n
nuwe posisie in 'n veranderende sosiale orde vir hulself daar te stel.
Op grond van data bekom deur deelnemende observasie, onderhoude met indiwidue en
fokusgroepe, en opnames in huishoudings tussen November 1998 en Desember 2000,
ondersoek die studie hoe inwoners grense trek en onderhandel in hulle soeke na
stabiliteit, status, en gemeenskap in 'n samelewing gekenmerk deur sosiale vloeibaarheid,
onsekerheid, dubbelsinnigheid en teenstrydigheid. Dit verken die konstruksie en die
verskuiwing van identiteite wat gesien word as dat dit binne hierdie grense tuis hoort, op
die vlakke van die indiwidu, die huishouding en die gemeenskap. 'n Reeks alledaagse
sosiale en ruimtelike praktyke - insluitende omgewingsbeplanning, die benutting en
betwisting daarvan, buurskap en gemeenskapsin, huishoudelike bestaansmiddele en
strategieë, huisonderhoud en verbeterings - toon inwoners se eie voorstellings van grense,
hulle praktiese betekenis en simboliese invloed, sowel as hulle deurdringbaarheid en
oorskryding. Die afbakening en handhawing van grense deel mee hoe sosiale
verhoudings, praktyke en mag in die voorstad gestruktureer en voortdurend onderhandel
word. Deur hierdie optredes en reaksies illustreer die studie sommige van die wyses
waarop onlangse veranderings in die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing die verhouding tussen
klas, ras en ruimte beïnvloed het om nuwe grense te konstrueer en nuwe identiteite te
vorm.
Die bevindings suggereer dat, hoewel sosiale differensiasie tussen die inwoners
toenemend geherstruktureer word wat klas betref, ras 'n duidelik waarneembare
onderliggende veranderlike in inwoners se siening van hulleself en mekaar bly. Etniesgodsdienstige
vooroordeel word ook getoon 'n invloed op plaaslike konflikte en die
konstruksie van gemeenskappe te wees.
Die studie onthul vier diskoerse waardeur inwoners omstandighede en prosesse in hulle
omgewing bedink en te kenne gee. Die eerste beklemtoon rasse-integrasie, die tweede
voorstedelike middelklas lewenswyse, die derde misdaadsbeveiliging, die vierde
wantroue en wanorde. Die diskoerse is betekenisvol, nie slegs in hulle praktiese
manifestering in die daaglikse omgang nie, maar ook aangesien hulle sommige van die
wyses waarop koppelings en ontkoppelings met die verlede, en sy ou identiteite en ou
affiliasies, in 'n nuwe, post-Apartheid, Suid-Afrika hanteer word, suggereer.
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The Relationships of Cross-Cultural Differences to the Values of Information Systems Professionals within the Context of Systems DevelopmentHolmes, Monica C. (Monica Cynthia) 12 1900 (has links)
Several studies have suggested that the effect of cultural differences among Information Systems (IS) professionals from different nations on the development and implementation of IS could be important. However, IS research has generally not considered culture when investigating the process of systems development. This study examined the relationship between the cultural backgrounds of IS designers and their process-related values with a field survey in Singapore, Taiwan, the United Kingdom and the United States. Hofstede's (1980) value survey module (i.e., Power Distance (PDI), Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI), InDiVidualism (IDV) and MASculininity/femininity) and Kumar's (1984) process-related values (i.e., technical, economic, and socio-political) were utilized in the data collection. The hypotheses tested were: whether the IS professionals differed on (H.,) their cultural dimensions based on country of origin, (Hg) their process-related values based on country of origin, and (H3) whether a relationship between their cultural dimensions and their process-related values existed. The countries were significantly different on their PDI, UAI and MAS, but not on their IDV. They significantly differed on their technical and sociopolitical values but not on their economic values. IDV and MAS significantly correlated with the process-related values in Singapore, Taiwan and the United States. In the United Kingdom, UAI significantly correlated with socio-political values; and MAS significantly correlated with technical and socio-political values. In Taiwan, UAI significantly correlated with technical and economic values. PDI did not illustrate any significant correlation with the IS process-related values in all four countries. In Singapore and the United States, UAI did not significantly correlate with any of these values. The results provide evidence that IS professionals differ on most of their cultural dimensions and IS process-related values. While IDV and MAS could be useful for examining the relationship between culture and systems development, research involving PDI and UAI might be of questionable benefit.
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Female subjectivity in the fiction of Doris Lessing and Zhang Jie.January 1999 (has links)
by Li Tsui-yan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-105). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter One --- The Dilemma of Liberation and Confinement: Female Subjectivity in Comparative Perspectives --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Deconstructing Patriarchal Discourse: Female Subjectivity in Doris Lessing's The Golden Notebook and The Summer Before the Dark --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter Three --- "Resistance to the Stereotypes of Femininity: Female Subjectivity in Zhang Jie's “Love Must Not be Forgotten"" and “The Ark´ح" --- p.50 / Chapter Chapter Four --- The Multiple and the Dynamic: Doris Lessing and Zhang Jie's Strategies in the Construction of Female Subjectivity --- p.73 / Notes --- p.86 / Works Cited --- p.99
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East meets east : cross-cultural communication between Japanese managers and Thai subordinatesMekratri, Yaowarej 11 July 2003 (has links)
This research mainly examines the superior-subordinate relationship between
Japanese managers and Thai subordinates working in joint ventures in Thailand,
especially the management style of the Japanese and the reactions of the Thais,
Cultural adaptation of Japanese expatriates and Thai subordinates is also explored.
Through this study, we gain better understanding of the Japanese-Thai interpersonal
relationships, communication patterns, work ethics, and other cultural values with
particular emphasis on recurring themes such as concepts about work, vertical
relationship, authority and supervision style, and gender issues. The in-depth
interviews were conducted with ten Japanese managers, six Thai managers, and 12
Thai subordinates in Thailand in 2001.
Findings show that although there are some similarities in Japanese and Thai
cultural values at work, conflicts, frictions, and misunderstandings still exist between
Japanese superiors and Thai subordinates because of their cultural differences. Both
parties also have some stereotypes and negative myths of the other party.
Concerning concepts about work, Japanese superiors prefer immediate
actions from their Thai subordinates when problems arise whereas when the Thais
encounter some difficulties in solving problems, they hesitate to inform their
superiors. Since there is no clear job description in Japan, the Thais often feel
uncomfortable when their job responsibilities overlap with their colleagues.
Moreover, unlike Japanese people, Thai employees do not have a strong commitment
to the company.
Vertical relationship explores how the Japanese and the Thais build and
maintain their relationships at work and after work hours. The Japanese believe that
relationships should follow job accomplishment while the Thais think that good
relationships should be established before working. After-hour activities are
suggested as means to strengthen relationships between superiors and subordinates.
Furthermore, Japanese superiors tend to use different strategies to supervise
their Thai subordinates; those strategies include scolding, expecting expression of
opinions, information sharing, and delegation of authority in decision making
processes. However, the strategies seem not to work properly in Japanese-Thai joint
ventures due to cultural differences at work.
Although gender can be a barrier in career advancement in Japan, Japanese
expatriates do not see this as the case in Thailand. However, most of the Thai female
subordinates complained that women were less likely to get promotions while Thai
male subordinates thought that career advancement was blocked because managerial
positions were occupied by and reserved for Japanese expatriates.
At the end, three cases are presented to illustrate how Japanese superiors and
Thai subordinates adjust in intercultural work settings. Each case consists of two
individuals' work experience and adaptability. We can see the importance of
individual differences as some Japanese superiors and Thai subordinates realize
cultural differences and try to adjust to the intercultural work settings while others
hold back and, finally, resign from the company.
To avoid conflicts and misunderstandings, and to work together effectively,
Japanese managers and Thai subordinates should realize their cultural differences and
learn the other's culture. If problems arise, they should be open-minded and willing to
help each other solve the problems. / Graduation date: 2004
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A study of the second-language socialization of university-level students : a developmental pragmatics perspectiveMatsumura, Shoichi 11 1900 (has links)
The present study focused on changes over time in university-level Japanese students'
sociocultural perceptions of social status during their year abroad in Canada, and the
impact of such altered perceptions on their perceptions at subsequent time points. The
sociocultural perception to be examined was perceived "social status" which Brown and
Levinson (1987) discussed as a contributory factor in the perception of social asymmetry,
power and authority. The study attempted to examine (1) whether (and to what extent)
Japanese students, before they came to study in Canada, had recognized English native
speakers' understanding of social status and had learned how to offer advice
appropriately in English to individuals of various social statuses, (2) what proportion of
differential pragmatic development among Japanese students in Canada was accounted
for by their English proficiency and amount of exposure to English, and (3) whether (and
to what extent) living and studying in Canada facilitated Japanese students' pragmatic
development, which was assessed by the degree of approximation to native speech act
behavior in various advice-giving situations repeated during the course of an academic
year. To this end, the study compared the development of Japanese exchange students'
pragmatic competence during their year abroad in Canada with peers in Japan who did
not undertake a year abroad.
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Self-esteem and achievement : ethnicity, gender, parental love and coping stylesBuller-Taylor, Terri 11 1900 (has links)
The strength of the relationship between various measures of self, such as self-esteem, self-concept,
self-acceptance, and achievement has been studied extensively with varying results (see Hansford
& Hattie, 1982). This variation may be attributable to the use of different self and achievement measures,
ranges in the age of those studied, and not controlling for socioeconomic status, ethnicity/race, gender, or
school effects.
The main goal of my thesis was to estimate the strength of the relationship between self-esteem,
and achievement when gender, ethnicity/race, socioeconomic status, aspects of the parent-child relationship
and school contextual effects were controlled. Analyses were conducted on two large data sets. The first
was taken from the National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS) - 1988 and consists of 21,039 grade
8 students sampled from the United States. The second data set was taken from the School-Based
Prevention Project (SBPP) - 1995 and consists of 6,795 grade 8 through 12 students from 20 schools in
British Columbia, Canada. For both data sets, 7 of 10 items from the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (1965)
were used to measure self-esteem.
Analyses of the NELS data set yielded three notable findings: (1) the strength of the self-esteem/
achievement relationship is not equivalent across gender-ethnic/racial groups, (2) the self-esteem/
achievement relationship varies when grades versus tests scores are used as achievement measures,
and (3) the variability in self-esteem is largely within-schools. Variables controlled in these analyses were
gender, ethnicity/race and socioeconomic status.
Analyses of the SBPP data yielded four notable findings: (1) the strength of the self-esteem/
achievement relationship varies across a new measure of coping styles, (2) relational factors reduce
the strength of the self-esteem/achievement relationship, (3) relational factors explain much more of the
variance in self-esteem than does achievement, and (4) almost all the variance in self-esteem is within schools. Variables controlled in these analyses included gender, grade-level, socioeconomic status,
perceptions of Mother's and Father's love, and coping styles.
The theoretical implications of these results are discussed in terms of attachment theory
(Ainsworth, 1969), coping styles (Horney, 1950), and the need to belong (Baumeister & Leary, 1995).
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