Until present, many researchers relied on the conventional plug flow dispersion models to analyse the concentration profiles obtained from the tracer injection experiments to evaluate the dispersion coefficients in packed beds. The Fickian concept in the limit of long time duration is assumed to be applicable and it implies that the mean-square displacement of the tracer profile is constant with time and the concentration profile is Gaussian. There were very few studies on identifying the conditions under which this assumption is valid and delineate the range of applicability of the existing plug flow dispersion models. If the time scales of a tracer injection experiment are not sufficient for a tracer to traverse the bed radius and sample the velocity variations, this could give rise to persisting non-Fickian transients where the mean-square displacement of the tracer profile is not constant with time and the concentration profile deviates from the normal Gaussian distribution. These transients cannot be predicted by the conventional plug dispersion models. An extended axial non-Fickian macroscopic dispersion model is derived to describe the transient development of a solute tracer when injected into a fluid flowing through a cylindrical packed bed or empty tube and some non-Fickian effects in the dispersion process. The flow profile in beds packed with uniform particles exhibits radial non-uniformity due to the oscillatory variation in porosity because of the wall confinement (wall effect). Compared with the axial plug flow dispersion model, the extended model contains time-dependent coefficients such as the transient axial dispersion coefficient and higher order derivatives (higher than second order) of the cross-sectionally averaged concentration. Including them provides some insight on non-Fickian transport in the dispersion process. The model provides time criteria on the basis that the effelongitudinal dispersion coefficient in the packed bed reaches its asymptotic value and the non-Fickian transients will die out. Some experimental conditions in the literature were checked by these criteria and found to be either marginally satisfied, or not satisfied at all, which indicates that the Fickian concept is not valid. The model results for tracer dispersion in cylindrical packed beds show that the longitudinal dispersion coefficient converges to its asymptotic value on a time scale proportional to R2/(DT) where R is the column radius and (DT) is the area averaged lateral dispersion coefficient. The extended model encouraged study of the consequences of the additional dispersion terms in other applications such as the pulse spread in the field of capillary column inverse gas chromatography (CCIGC). CCIGC is used to evaluate the solute-polymer diffusion coefficient Dp and the partition coefficient K at infinite dilute conditions. The tube geometry in CCIGC is more complex than the conventional Taylor dispersion problem due to the polymer coating on the inside of the capillary wall. The extended CCIGC model presented in this study has advantages over the previous models by including the effects of Taylor dispersion and higher order derivatives of the pulse area-averaged concentration. Taylor dispersion effect causes more pulse spread in the longitudinal direction and by not including it in the CCIGC regression models may cause a significant error in the measured Dp values. The extended CCIGC model provides for the first time criteria on capillary dimensions for the transient coefficients (multiplying the second and higher order derivatives) to become constant and for the non-Fickian effects associated with the higher order derivatives to be neglected. Model results show that Taylor dispersion effect has a significant effect on the elution profiles at high values of Dp and/or low values of gas diffusion coefficients Dg and it can be used to increase the sensitivity range of the previous CCIGC models at extremely low and high Dp values.

L'imagerie haute résolution a atteint une grande maturité ces dernières années et donne lieu aujourd'hui à de nombreuses publications scientifiques. Deux techniques sont utilisées : l'optique adaptative et la synthèse d'ouverture. Cette dernière technique est au point pour des bases de l'ordre de la centaine de mètres. Mais de nouvelles avancées sont encore possibles notamment en se tournant vers des instruments à très grandes bases et/ou utilisant de nouveaux guides optiques. Par ailleurs, le domaine de l'astronomie imposant de travailler avec de larges bandes spectrales pour collecter plus de lumière, la mise au point d'interféromètres large bande se révèle indispensable. Ce manuscrit présente le développement d'instruments fibrés et leur caractérisation sur de larges domaines spectraux.<br />Après une première partie consacrée à quelques rappels théoriques, le deuxième volet de ce document est consacré à l'étude des fibres optiques en silice pour le projet `OHANA. Ce projet, piloté par l'Observatoire de Meudon, vise à relier de manière cohérente les télescopes du Mauna Kea à Hawaii à l'aide des fibres optiques. La dispersion chromatique différentielle des fibres destinées à relier le CFHT et Gemini, d'une longueur de 300 m, a été caractérisée ce qui a permis de la minimiser. Une étude de l'évolution de cette dispersion a également été menée en tenant compte des variations différentielles de température. Des solutions utilisant une ligne à retard fibrée ou des lames de CaF2 ont été proposées et réalisées pour compenser la dispersion supplémentaire occasionnée par ces variations des contraintes thermiques. La troisième partie est dédiée à l'étude des propriétés des fibres à cristaux photoniques (PCFs) pour l'interférométrie large bande. Deux interféromètres respectivement à deux et trois voies ont été mis en oeuvre dans le but de tester les propriétés des PCFs. Il a été montré que les fibres microstructurées utilisées avaient la capacité de propager la lumière de façon cohérente sur une très large bande spectrale, allant typiquement de 670 nm et 1550 nm, ce qui n'est pas possible en utilisant des fibres en silice " conventionnelles ". Enfin, des mesures de clôture de phase ont été réalisées et font apparaître que ces PCFs n'apportent pas de biais sur ces mesures.

<p>Calmfors and Driffill in 1988 argued that there is a humpshaped relation between the degree of centralisation in wage bargaining structures within an economy and unemployment. They collected aggregate economic data from 17 different OECD economies and ranked them according to their relative degree of centralisation to prove their model. The model was further developed by Rowthorn who in 1992, using individual data from the same countries, concluded that there is a negative linear relationship between the degree of centralisation in wage bargaining structures and wage dispersion.</p><p>During the past two decades the Russian economy, as well as the Russian trade union movement, has transformed greatly. Membership rates in trade unions have fallen and bargaining leverage of trade unions vis-á-vis employers has decreased. Using data from ten sectors within the Russian economy (collected in interviews with trade union representatives in Moscow, June 2006) this essay questions whether the theoretical assumptions above hold in the Russian context. By ranking the sectors according to their relative degree of centralisation in wage bargaining structures and using these rankings as explanatory variables in econometric analyses with unemployment rates and wage dispersion rates as dependent variables, this essay finds little proof that the theoretical framework of Calmfors and Driffill holds within the Russian economy. However, Rowthorn’s model of centralisation and wage dispersion seems to be more valid.</p>

Porous media are ubiquitous in our common life : typically, the soil, our skin, our clothes, the coffee filters ... exhibit non-homogeneous properties (their porosity) which allow various fluids to flow across the solid matrix. Exploiting the porous properties of these materials is also frequent in the industry. Indeed, they are present in many application fields such as the forming of composite materials, clean motor devices, filtration systems, oil extraction, mixing devices, biological tissue substitution, etc. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the transport phenomena associated with a wide class of flows in porous media and to analyse more deeply the associated physical effects, as represented by the medium permeability and mechanical dispersion tensors. The present work has been carried out following a three-step strategy. Firstly, we have investigated the theory of transport in porous media and we have developed continuous and micro-macro physical models to represent the principal macroscopic flow effects taking into account the associated application conditions. Then we have studied the numerical solution of the resulting system while an experimental device has been set up in order to validate the entire strategy and the obtained simulation results. Finally, as applications of our developments, we have investigated some industrial flows pertaining to Liquid Moulding Technologies, and also the behaviour of cartilage as a porous medium, with a final comparison of numerical and experimental results.

Microfluidic devices could find applications in many areas, such as BioMEMs, miniature fuel cells and microfluidic cooling of electronic circuitry. One of the important considerations of microfluidic device in analytical and bioanalytical chemistry is the dispersion of solute. In this study, we have developed an analytical solution, which considers the axial dispersion of a solute along the flow direction, to simulate convection and diffusion transport in a pressure driven creeping flow for a rectangular shape slit. During flow, the balance of competing effects of diffusion (especially cross-section diffusion) and convective diffusion in the flow direction are investigated. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

Thesis (M.Sc. (Physics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Persistent and secure store for web objects is an attractive feature in today?s web world and possess a good potential for exploration. Persistence of a storage mechanism refers to its ability to store an object for extremely long time periods. Resilience refers to its fault tolerance ability or its ability to retrieve the object completely even if a part of that object is lost due to any catastrophic failures like disk failure. It is also important that this storage mechanism is able to store this object in a secure manner. In the current world, usability of any storage mechanism is enhanced multiple times if it could be used from a web interface. This thesis considers different techniques that provide these properties and proposes a storage mechanism that makes use of information dispersal techniques that is suited to store data securely, with an emphasis on availability and resilience. A working prototype of this storage mechanism was developed as a part of this thesis and is made available as a library for program developers. This library provides APIs to store and retrieve data as well as a daemon for error control. The APIs to store and retrieve data also accepts HTTP requests, which increase its usability to web developers. The performance of this prototype was measured and is presented using graphs. Finally a demonstration of the applications of this prototype is also provided.

Demand uncertainty has been recognized as one factor that may cause price dispersion in perfectly competitive markets with costly and perishable capacity. With the persistence of the degree of price dispersion in increasingly competitive markets, demand uncertainty has become more important for us to understand the phenomenon of fare inequality. This dissertation consists of three related studies on this topic. In the first study, Prescott (1975) model is extends by incorporating the heterogeneity of customers' reservation values. The model shows that the equilibrium price dispersion also depends on the mix of customers and their reservation values. With customer segmentation based on reservation values, the equilibrium price dispersion is more efficient than what can be achieved without segmentation. In the airline industry context, the model implies that different prices can exist simultaneously in the market and carriers would provide more seats if they can segment their travelers. This sheds light on an alternative motivation for airlines to require Saturday night stay over other than the practice of price discrimination. In the second study, a price simulation in the airline industry is conducted. The stochastic demand for coach class, nonstop, air travel service on the observed routs is calculated. Then a market price schedule based on Prescott's model is simulated by using nonparametric method. The comparison between the simulated price distribution and the actual price distribution provides evidence that on average more than 60 percent of the fare inequality on the observed routes can be accounted for by cost variation due to demand uncertainty under the condition of perfect competition. At last, an empirical model is specified to explore the relationship between route demand uncertainty and carrier price dispersion in U.S. air travel markets. The results demonstrate that the effect of route demand uncertainty on carrier price dispersion varies with the market structure. In monopoly market, the route demand uncertainty has no effect on carrier price dispersion. While in duopoly and competitive markets, the increase of route demand uncertainty is associated with the decrease of the carrier price dispersion. Furthermore, the negative relationship is magnified when the market becomes more competitive.

The focus of the proposed research will be on exploring the use of nanotechnology-based nano-filaments, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanofibers (CNFs), as reinforcement in improving the mechanical properties of portland cement paste as a construction material. Due to their ultra-high strength and very high aspect ratios, CNTs and CNFs have been used as excellent reinforcements in enhancing the physical and mechanical properties of polymer, metallic, and ceramic composites. Very little attention has been devoted on exploring the use of nano-filaments in the transportation industry. Therefore, this study aims to bridge the gap between nano-filaments and transportation materials. This will be achieved by testing the integration of CNTs and CNFs in ordinary portland cement paste through state-of-the-art techniques. Different mixes in fixed proportions (e.g. water-to-cement ratio, air content, admixtures) along with varying concentrations of CNTs or CNFs will be prepared. Different techniques commonly used for other materials (like polymers) will be used in achieving uniform dispersion of nano-filaments in the cement paste matrix and strong nano-filaments/cement bonding. Small-scale specimens will be prepared for mechanical testing in order to measure the modified mechanical properties as a function of nano-filaments concentration, type, and distribution. With 0.1 percent CNFs, the ultimate strain capacity increased by 142 percent, the flexural strength increased by 79 percent, and the fracture toughness increased by 242 percent. Furthermore, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to discern the difference between crack bridging and fiber pullout. Test results show that the strength, ductility, and fracture toughness can be improved with the addition of low concentrations of either CNTs or CNFs.

An experimental activity was performed to observe and study the effects of graphite dispersion and deposition on thermal hydraulic phenomena in a Reactor Cavity Cooling System (RCCS). The small scale RCCS experimental facility (16.5cm x 16.5cm x 30.4cm) used for this activity represents half of the reactor cavity with an electrically heated vessel. Water flowing through five vertical pipes removes the heat produced in the vessel and releases it in the environment by mixing with cold water in a large tank. PIV technique was used to study the velocity field of the air inside the cavity. A set of 52 thermocouples was installed in the facility to monitor the temperature profiles of the vessel and pipes walls and air. 10g of a fine graphite powder (particle size average 2 [mu]m) were injected into the cavity through a spraying nozzle placed at the bottom of the vessel. Temperatures and air velocity field were recorded and compared with the measurements obtained before the graphite dispersion, showing a decrease of the temperature surfaces which was related to an increase in their emissivity. The results contribute to the understanding of the RCCS capability in case of an accident scenario.