This thesis has two principal objectives: firstly, to provide a systematic account of the evolution of Brazil's international role during the twenty-one years of military rule from 1964 to 1985 and, secondly, to evaluate the extent to which developments in Brazilian foreign relations during this period have enabled the country to attain a more autonomous and independent role in world affairs. The first part of the thesis outlines the major themes of Brazilian foreign policy before 1964. It argues that in the early post-war period Brazil's international freedom of manoeuvre was limited by two principal factors: the consolidation of United States hegemony over Latin America and the absence of alternative relationships. The following five chapters then trace the evolution of foreign policy under the five military presidents that ruled Brazil between 1964 and 1985. Each chapter charts the major foreign policy initiatives of the various governments, isolates the underlying principles on which foreign policy was based and analyses the major political and economic factors which shaped Brazilian diplomacy. In each case the analysis is organised around two crucial developments: the changing character of relations with the United States and the progress towards diversification. Part Three seeks to evaluate Brazil's changing international role. It argues that Brazil's level of autonomy has increased over the period as a result both of a decline in United States hegemony over Brazil and of the successful diversification of Brazil's foreign relations and the expansion of political and economic contacts with Western Europe, Japan, the socialist countries and the Third World. It nevertheless also argues that Brazil's freedom of manoeuvre is much more constrained than many of the accounts of the 1970s suggested and that the debt crisis has underlined both the continued centrality of relations with Washington and the fragility of many of the new ties that were so successfully builk up during the 1970s.

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Mahogany, Swietenia macrophylla (Meliaceae) is the most valuable hardwood species in Neotropics and is seriously threatened owing to over-exploitation and habitat destruction. The population genetic structure and mating system of S. macrophylla were studied in the Brazilian Amazon for conservation purposes. Ten highly polymorphic micro satellite markers were developed from an enriched genomic library of S. macrophylla and combined in three multiplexed fluorescence based genotyping systems. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 11 to 25 (mean = 15.8). The probability of genetic identity (7x10- 15) and the probability of paternity exclusion (0.999998) found over all loci indicate the high discriminating power of these markers. The genetic structure was investigated in seven populations 8- 2,103 km apart. High genetic diversity was detected within populations (mean He = 0.761, range 0.719-0.800) and a significant level of inbreeding was found (f = 0.046, P<0.0001, range 0.014-0.097) indicating nonrandom mating of individuals within populations. Genetic differentiation among populations was significant (A = 0.12 and p = 0.14, P<0.0001), but no clear pattern of isolation by distance was found. Conservation strategies for mahogany should take into account the existence of important genetic structuring of populations. S. macrophylla seems to have adaptations that preferentially produce outcrossed progeny but also allows for selfing. The high multilocus outcrossing rate (tm = 0.958) estimated for one population indicated that, although there was a prevalence of outcrossing, selfing was not negligible. Around 4-6% of seedlings in the population were likely to have resulted from self-fertilization and substantial biparental inbreeding was denoted by the significant difference between the multilocus and singlelocus estimates (tm - ts = 0.14). Owing to the species pre-adaptation to colonize newly open, disturbed habitats, many of the remaining trees in logged areas may persist as viable individuals which could be very important for population recovery and genetic conservation programmes.

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Research on the labor impact of privatization usually equates the process to other types of restructuring processes, such as downsizing, mergers or acquisitions. It is argued that not unlike other restructuring processes, privatization is likely to generate organizational changes that may lead to major alterations in employment quality. Few studies, however, have investigated the labor effects of privatization and other restructuring processes in a comparative manner, especially in developing countries. The overall purpose of this dissertation is to contribute to the understanding of the labor consequences of privatization in developing countries. This objective is undertaken through an exploration of the association between privatization and other restructuring processes occurring within the Brazilian banking industry and changes in employment quality, i.e., fluctuations in wages, non-wage benefits and job security. The most basic premise guiding this study's comparative framework is that the process of privatization is likely to affect labor in unique ways, that is, generating employment quality changes unlike those occurring at other sectors undergoing alternative restructuring processes. / The sample consists of 476 respondents: employees (survivors) and ex-employees (retrenched) of public, privatized and private banks. Data were collected in 1998 by using a method of triangulation, i.e., surveys and in-depth semi-structured interviews. The principal results for this study confirm that changes in employment quality are more significant for workers associated with the privatized sector when compared to workers affiliated with other sectors of the Brazilian banking industry. Both quantitative and qualitative data for this study suggest that significant transformations in employment quality occurred as a result of privatization. It is further argued that the decline in employment quality after privatization can be conversely understood as a negative commitment on the part of Brazilian employers. This lack of commitment can be ultimately associated with a new developmental model with a particular type of economic orientation and specific form of labor organization based on flexibility.

This thesis investigates the causes and consequences of intra-urban relocation of squatter settlements. The process of removal and resettlement of land invasions is analyzed in the light of past and contemporary experiences within the context of the developing countries, and a theoretical background is presented as a support for the main argument of the study. The urban network of Brasilia, the capital of Brazil, was selected as case study to illustrate the use of resettlement as a planning instrument and to discuss the impact that such undertakings bring upon the relocated communities. The study demonstrates how the development style adopted by the local government, which combines clearance and relocation of squatter settlements with a strong emphasis on peripheral development, has resulted in the formation of a highly dissociating environment, in which the practice of land invasion has become the primary strategy of poor dwellers to achieve land tenure.

Graduation date: 1977

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii, 1966. / Includes bibliographies. / viii, 140 l mounted illus., tables