Most engineering as well as pavement materials are composites composed of two or more components to obtain a variety of solid properties to support internal and external loading. The composite materials rely on physical or chemical properties and volume fraction of each component. While the properties can be identified easily, the volume fraction is hard to be estimated due to the volumetric variation during the performance in the field. Various test procedures have been developed to measure the volume fractions; however, they depend on subjective determination and judgment. As an alternative, electromagnetic technique using dielectric constant was developed to estimate the volume fraction. Empirical and mechanistic approaches were used to relate the dielectric constant and volume fraction. While the empirical models are not very accurate in all cases, the mechanistic models require assumptions of constituent dielectric constants. For those reasons, the existing approaches might produce less accurate estimate of volume fraction. In this study, a mechanistic-based approach using the self consistent scheme was developed to be applied to multiphase materials. The new approach was based on calibrated dielectric constant of components to improve results without any assumptions. Also, the system identification was used iteratively to solve for dielectric parameters and volume fraction at each step. As the validation performed to verify the viability of the new approach using soil mixture and portland cement concrete, it was found that the approach has produced a significant improvement in the accuracy of the estimated volume fraction.

Asphalt binder oxidation in pavements has been proven to be an ongoing process throughout a pavement's service life. Understanding the nature of the oxidation process is a critical step toward better pavement design to achieve greater pavement durability. The main component in asphalt binder oxidation in pavements is binder oxidative hardening. As the aromatic compounds in asphalt binders are oxidized, more polar carbonyl compounds are created, which results in stronger associations between asphalt components and eventually leads to an increase in asphalt elastic modulus and viscosity. Consequently, the performance of pavements is affected directly by asphalt binder hardening. Also, low levels of accessible air voids in pavements potentially relate to binder oxidation according to a recent research study. When the pavements have sufficiently high accessible air voids (4 percent or greater), the oxidation rate is largely determined by the temperature in the pavement. On the other hand, when the percentage of accessible air voids in the pavement is considerably lower (2 percent or less), the hardening rate of binders in pavements is reduced significantly. Field evidence is mounting that asphalt binder oxidization in pavements produces a binder that is more susceptible to thermal and fatigue cracking. While the fundamentals of this oxidation process are fairly well known, predicting quantitatively the rate of oxidation as a function of depth in the pavement, is not straightforward. A thermal and oxygen transport model, coupled with binder reaction kinetics, provides the basis for such calculations. A one-dimensional thermal transport model, coupled with site-specific model parameters and recent improvements in the availability of required input climate data, enables calculation of pavement temperatures throughout the year, which then is used in an asphalt binder oxidation and transport model to calculate binder properties in the pavement over time. Calculated binder property changes with depth and time are compared to measurements of binder oxidation in the field. The work in this study is aimed at understanding the oxidation kinetics of asphalt binders in pavements, determining the impact of accessible air void levels on asphalt hardening, and ultimately developing an improved model of asphalt binder oxidation in pavements.

Performance-based asset management provides a strategic framework for managing transportation infrastructure to improve existing procedures for resource allocation. The importance of comprehensive management of pavement marking assets not only results in monetary benefits to the agencies but also complements other management systems in providing safer driving conditions. A majority of research concerned with pavement markings addresses installation, performance, maintenance, and economic evaluation. Although agencies have developed guides and manuals on these subjects, they had difficulties in practical implementation. The purpose of this study was to address the issues that were identified in the practical implementation of analytical and information tools of asset management practice in the field of pavement markings. Problems of limited variable data, censored data and uncertainty in field evaluation and retroreflectivity based prediction were addressed by adopting statistical techniques. Sectional assessment and management methods were proposed as a part of a practical restriping methodology. An information tool was developed in a geographic information system (GIS) environment as an application. Retroreflectivity was the only performance measure on which the analysis and application was carried out. Two case studies were conducted, one for statistical techniques with retroreflectivity data collected by the National Transportation Product Evaluation Program (NTPEP) on U.S. Highway 78 westbound, Lee County, Mississippi. The other for application with retroreflectivity data collected using mobile retroreflectivity unit (MRU) on FM 57, Fisher County, Texas. This research effort provides a framework for an agency in developing a pavement marking management program to maintain good visibility of markings. It also provides a basis for further research in building an integrated asset management system based on other transportation assets.

Traditionally, destructive methods such as coring are used for the condition assessment of an existing concrete structure. Although these methods may yield valid data about the corresponding concrete section, they are quite expensive and time consuming. More important than these, destructive methods damage the structure being investigated and these points usually become focal points for further deterioration. For all these reasons, only a few samples can be collected from a structure and this results in a poor representation of the complete structure. The impact-echo technique is one of the most suitable non-destructive test methods that may be used on concrete for thickness determination or for investigation of possible delaminations in the internal parts of a concrete structure without damaging the surface. It has been observed that reliable results can be obtained quickly. Unlike pulse-echo tests which are commonly used on steel, testing a heterogeneous material like concrete requires the use of low frequency sound waves as in impact-echo, in order to mitigate the effects of paste-aggregate interfaces or small air voids. This method may be used to locate internal cracks or large air voids existing in concrete. It is known that impact-echo has been used successfully on structures with varying geometries and various purposes such as evaluation of concrete pavements, retaining walls and other reinforced concrete sections. Besides the investigation of the internal state, it may also be used when the other side of the section cannot be reached, as in the case of concrete pavements, in order to find the thickness of the section. This is especially important for quality control and for cost calculations. Research conducted in this thesis study was concentrated on the thickness determination of existing concrete pavement sections, produced in the laboratory with dimensions of 1500 x 2000 mm four and varying thicknesses, and the accuracy associated with these results. In order to correctly determine the sensitivity, several other parameters were investigated and optimum ranges were determined for these to be used while on a field test. Among these factors were the steel impactor size, accuracy related to the data acquisition, distance between the impact point and the transducer and the location of the test point. Finally, the accuracy of the impact-echo method for concrete pavement applications was studied. By observing the large number of data points collected, it was found out that an average error of 1.5% exists for a single impact-echo reading regardless of section thickness, but this value reduces to 0.6% when the average of all test results is used while determining pavement thickness. Results of this study show that the impact-echo technique is reliable and may be used with success for the thickness determination of concrete pavements and for locating internal voids.

Expansive soils are treated with anhydrous or hydrated lime. The use of calcium-based stabilizers such as calcium oxide (lime) in sulfate-bearing clay soils has historically led to distress due to the formation of an expansive mineral called ettringite and possibly another such mineral, thaumasite. Predicting the precipitation of these minerals is a complex problem related not only to soil composition but also construction methods, availability of water, ion migration, and whether the expansive mineral growth can be accommodated by the void structure in the surrounding soil. In trying to control the damage associated with such occurrences, engineers have attempted to determine a threshold value of soluble sulfates, a quantity that is relatively easy and quick to measure, at which significant ettringite growth and, therefore, structural distress occurs. Unfortunately, experience alone and “rules-of-thumb” based on experience are not sufficient to deal with this complex issue. This thesis describes how thermodynamic geochemical models of lime-treated soil can be used as a first step toward establishing problematic threshold levels of soluble sulfates for a specific soil. A foundation for the model development is presented, and two different soils are compared to illustrate their very different sensitivities to ettringite growth upon the addition of hydrated lime. Various soil series along the route of SH 130 between Austin and San Antonio have been identified to contain soluble sulfate that may pose a problem for soil stabilization using lime and cement. Since the model predicts ettringite growth based upon site-specific properties, this thesis also shows how the model can be used to assess the potential amelioration effects of soluble silica. Research was conducted at the Texas Transportation Institute to develop a methodology for identifying areas which are susceptible for ettringite formation. The proposed methodology uses a magnetometer to quickly screen large areas for high sulfate. Application of GIS to identify ettringite formation using soils, topographical, and geological maps is also illustrated in this thesis.

Retroreflective Raised Pavement Markers (RRPMs) supplement other pavement markings to provide guidance to road users. Previous research concerning durability of the RRPMs suggests that their performance has been degrading over the years. One of the main causes for underperformance of the RRPMs is the lack of appropriate laboratory testing standards that can test the adequacy of the RRPMs to perform in field conditions. There is a need to modify the existing standards or develop new testing procedures that can better simulate field conditions. This requires identifying critical locations and magnitudes of stresses inside the markers during the tire-marker impacts that happen on roads. The goal of this research was to identify critical magnitudes and locations of the stresses in RRPMs during the tire-marker impacts by doing the finite element modeling and simulation of the impacts, and use the information to recommend laboratory testing procedures that could simulate real-world conditions. The researcher modeled and simulated the tire-marker impacts using the finite element tools Hypermesh and LS DYNA. He calibrated the material properties of the marker models to improve the tiremarker model. Based on the tire-marker impact simulations, the researcher concluded that the critical compressive stresses during impacts are located at the edge contacts of retroreflective sides with the top surface. The critical stresses may also occur at lower and upper corners of the marker. The other areas, especially the lower half of the marker, had tensile stresses. Angle of impact was found to be a critical external variable that affected the stresses inside the markers and the marker-pavement interface forces. The researcher then modeled and simulated a few laboratory-testing procedures that could simulate the field performance of the RRPMs. Based on these simulations, the researcher recommended that the ASTM compression test for evaluation of RRPMs be continued or a similar test be developed. He suggested development of one new test (named as offset compression test) that could better replicate the field conditions. He also recommended having a review of the ASTM flexural test.

The research in the thesis investigates the use of minimal path techniques to track and detect cracks, modeled as curves, in critical infrastructure like pavements and bridges. We developed a novel minimal path algorithm to detect curves with complex topology that may have both closed cycles and open sections using an arbitrary point on the curve as the sole input. Specically, we applied the novel algorithm to three problems: semi-automatic crack detection, detection of continuous cracks for crack sealing applications and detection of crack growth in structures like bridges. The current state of the art minimal path techniques only work with prior knowledge of either both terminal points or one terminal point plus total length of the curve. For curves with multiple branches, all terminal points need to be known. Therefore, we developed a new algorithm that detects curves and relaxes the necessary user input to one arbitrary point on the curve. The document presents the systematic development of this algorithm in three stages. First, an algorithm that can detect open curves with branches was formulated. Then this algorithm was modied to detect curves that also have closed cycles. Finally, a robust curve detection algorithm was devised that can increase the accuracy of curve detection. The algorithm was applied to crack images and the results of crack detection were validated against the ground truth. In addition, the algorithm was also used to detect features like catheter tube and optical nerves in medical images. The results demonstrate that the algorithm is able to accurately detect objects that can be modeled as open curves.

Τα συστήματα διαχείρισης οδοστρωμάτων χρησιμοποιούνται ευρύτατα από τους φορείς οδοποιίας και συνεχώς βελτιώνονται επειδή μπορούν να οδηγήσουν σε σημαντική εξοικονόμηση κεφαλαίου και σε υψηλά επίπεδα εξυπηρέτησης του οδικού δικτύου. Στόχος τους είναι η αξιολόγηση των αποφάσεων συντήρησης και διαχείρισης των οδοστρωμάτων για την αποτελεσματική κατανομή των περιορισμένων διαθέσιμων πόρων. Τα σύγχρονα συστήματα που έχουν αναπτυχθεί χρησιμοποιούν μεθόδους τεχνητής νοημοσύνης για την επίλυση του προβλήματος αφού αποτελούν ισχυρά εργαλεία βελτιστοποίησης με μεγάλες υπολογιστικές ικανότητες. Η πλειοψηφία των συστημάτων που έχουν δημιουργηθεί εντοπίζει τη βέλτιστη λύση που ελαχιστοποιεί το κόστος συντήρησης χωρίς να λαμβάνεται υπόψη το αντίκτυπο της επιδείνωσης της κατάστασης του οδοστρώματος στο χρήστη και στο περιβάλλον. Ωστόσο, τα σύγχρονα οδικά έργα είναι αναγκαίο να χαρακτηρίζονται από βιωσιμότητα που απαιτεί την ελαχιστοποίηση των αρνητικών επιπτώσεων που οφείλονται στην κατάσταση του οδοστρώματος. Στόχος της παρούσας μεταπτυχιακής εργασίας είναι η ανάπτυξη ενός συστήματος διαχείρισης οδοστρωμάτων το οποίο αποσκοπεί στην παροχή υποστήριξης αποφάσεων για τις κατάλληλες στρατηγικές συντήρησης ώστε να εξασφαλιστούν αποδεκτά επίπεδα ασφάλειας και λειτουργικότητας του δικτύου των αυτοκινητοδρόμων στη διάρκεια του χρόνου καθώς και μείωση των περιβαλλοντικών επιπτώσεων. Το μοντέλο που παρουσιάζεται δεν περιορίζεται μόνο στο κόστος συντήρησης, όπως οι περισσότερες μελέτες, αλλά επικεντρώνεται στο γενικευμένο κόστος που περιλαμβάνει το κόστος συντήρησης, το κόστος χρήστη και το περιβαλλοντικό κόστος. Το κόστος χρήστη αποτελείται από το κόστος λειτουργίας οχήματος, το κόστος μετακίνησης και το κόστος ατυχημάτων. Το κόστος του περιβάλλοντος συνίσταται από το κόστος εκπομπής των αέριων ρύπων, το κόστος θορύβου και το κόστος στην οικονομική, κοινωνική και πολιτική ζωή. Τα δεδομένα του προβλήματος σχετίζονται με την αρχική κατάσταση των οδοστρωμάτων που πρόκειται να συντηρηθούν, το είδος και τα χαρακτηριστικά της οδού, το είδος και τα χαρακτηριστικά των οχημάτων, τα διαθέσιμα είδη συντήρησης και το ύψος της χρηματοδότησης. Εξαιτίας του μεγέθους και της πολυπλοκότητας του προβλήματος, η βελτιστοποίηση πραγματοποιήθηκε με την εφαρμογή ενός γενετικού αλγορίθμου που έχει τη δυνατότητα να εξετάσει πλήθος οδικών τμημάτων αναζητώντας ένα ευρύ φάσμα πιθανών λύσεων μέσα σε ένα εύλογο χρονικό διάστημα υπολογισμού. Ο αλγόριθμος καταφέρνει να εντοπίζει τον κατάλληλο συνδυασμό συντηρήσεων ώστε το γενικευμένο κόστος να ελαχιστοποιείται ενώ ταυτόχρονα το οδόστρωμα να διατηρείται σε καλή κατάσταση. Για την αξιολόγηση του μοντέλου ερευνήθηκαν πολλές διαφορετικές περιπτώσεις ενώ στο τέλος σχεδιάστηκε η καμπύλη Pareto. Τα αποτελέσματα απέδειξαν ότι το προτεινόμενο σύστημα μπορεί να βοηθήσει αποτελεσματικά στη διατήρηση των οδοστρωμάτων σε ικανοποιητικά επίπεδα λειτουργικότητας και κόστους μέσω των αποφάσεων συντήρησης που προτείνει. / Pavement management systems are widely used by road agencies and are improved continuously as they can lead to money savings and high levels of road services. The aim is to provide assistance to decision makers for selecting optimum strategies in the design, evaluation, and maintenance of pavements in order to maintain them in serviceable condition over a given period of time for the least cost. Nowadays, the developed systems use artificial intelligent methods to solve the problem which are powerful optimization tools with large computational abilities. The majority of pavement management systems detect the optimal solution that minimizes the maintenance cost without considering the impact of pavement deterioration in the user and the environment. However, they should be characterized by sustainability that requires an efficient use of resources and sensitivity to environmental and social constraints. In this paper, an optimisation model is developed that aims to provide decision support to engineers in developing appropriate pavement maintenance strategies to ensure acceptable levels of safety and functionalism of the highway network in time as well as reduction of environmental impacts. The model supersedes previous ones in considering the generalised cost, which includes the agency cost, the user cost, and the environmental impacts, as the main decision parameter. The user cost consists of three main components, the vehicle operation cost, the travel cost and the accident cost. The environmental cost consists of the air pollution cost and the noise cost. The input data are related to the initial pavement condition, the type and characteristics of the road, the type and characteristics of vehicles, the maintenance types and the budget limit. Due to the problem size and complexity, the optimisation is done with the employment of a genetic algorithm which can handle a large number of road sections, search a wide range of possible solutions, and reach a solution within reasonable computation time. The genetic algorithm can find the appropriate maintenance types in order to minimize the generalized cost while the pavement is kept in good condition. The model has been evaluated with several test cases and Pareto curves have been developed. The results indicate that the proposed model can effectively assist pavement preservation and management decisions in highway networks.

The structural strength of roads and streets as well as the uniformity of strength are ensured by a design strength of subgrade, sub-base and pavement layers, characterized by a deformation modulus, the value of which depends on the properties of materials used for the pavement structural layers and thickness of the layers. During construction of road or street pavement structure and its operation the continuous static and dynamic vehicle loads may cause the intermixing of the subgrade soil with the frost blanket course. Analogical process could happen between the frost blanket course and the sub-base constructed from the large particles of aggregate. Eventually, the intermixed materials of the different structural layers of road or street can have the impact on the strength and durability of the whole structure. In order to prevent the aggregates of different structural layers from becoming intermixed during road or street construction or in the phase of operation the geotextile inter-layers have been world-widely used in the recent 15 years. Based on the recommendations of U.S. researchers the geotextiles used for the separation of structural layers should be selected according to the existing formulas. However, these formulas are valid only for the road structures without asphalt concrete pavement. Another method for selecting geotextiles – specifications and recommendations of different countries. At present there are no generally accepted European specifications... [to full text] / Įrengiant automobilių kelio ar gatvės dangas ant žemės sankasos bei vėliau jas eksploatuojant dėl nuolatos pasikartojančių statinių bei dinaminių transporto priemonių apkrovų gali prasidėti žemės sankasos grunto bei apsauginio šalčiui atsparaus sluoksnio medžiagų sąmaiša. Analogiškas procesas gali vykti ir tarp apsauginio šalčiui atsparaus sluoksnio bei dangos pagrindo medžiagų. Ilgainiui kelio ar gatvės konstrukcijos sluoksnių medžiagų tarpusavio sąmaiša mažina dangos stiprį bei tvarumą. Siekiant išvengti atskirų konstrukcijos sluoksnių mineralinių medžiagų tarpusavio susimaišymo, tiesiant kelius ar gatves bei juos eksploatuojant, pastaruosius 15 metų pasaulyje plačiai taikomi geotekstilės tarpsluoksniai. Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų mokslininkai geotekstiles parinkti rekomenduoja naudoti skaičiavimus pagal formules, tačiau jos tinka tik keliams be asfaltbetonio dangos. Kitas geotekstilių taikymo būdas – atskirų šalių sukurtos normos bei rekomendacijos. Europoje nėra vieningų norminių dokumentų, reglamentuojančių geotekstilių naudojimą automobilių kelių bei gatvių konstrukcijos sluoksniams atskirti. Tai galima pagrįsti tuo, kad Europos valstybėse yra skirtingos klimatinės bei geologinės sąlygos. Taigi kiekviena ar keletas valstybių, kurioms pagal jų sąlygas aktualu kelio konstrukcijos sluoksnius atskirti geotekstilėmis, turi savo normas ar rekomendacijas. Lietuvoje geosintetinės medžiagos tiesiant ir rekonstruojant automobilių kelius bei miestų gatves naudojamos tik... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Baigiamajame magistro darbe pateikta mokslo darbų, skirtų vėžių atsiradimo, gilėjimo asfalto dangoje ir įtakos transporto priemonių važiavimui analizė. Pateikti vėžių asfalto dangoje dinamikos ir įtakos transporto priemonių važiavimui modeliai. Atlikti Provėžų gylio pasiskirstymo Lietuvos valstybinės reikšmės magistraliniuose bei krašto keliuose eksperimentiniai tyrimai. Suformuluotos ir pateiktos išvados ir siūlymai. / The Master thesis provides the analysis of scientific works on the origin of ruts, their deepening on the asphalt pavement and impact on the vechile drive. It presents models of the dynamics of ruts on the asphalt pavement and their impact on the vehicle drive. Morover, experimental researches of the distribution of the depth of ruts on Lithuanian main and national roads were carried out, conclusions and suggestions formed and provided.