Infiltration, the process of water movement through the soil surface is one of most important hydrological processes to be considered in watershed management. The process depends on rainfall, soil, vegetation and topographic conditions. The last three variables can be influenced by human land-uses. This study is concerned with the influence of landuse types (categories) on infiltration at the upper Ciliwung watershed of West-Java, Indonesia. Sixty six infiltration measurements were carried out in 5 types of land-uses i.e. natural forest, agriculture, settlement, productive (old) tea and new tea plantation areas. The measurements were done using ring infiltrometers. The data obtained were expressed in the form of Philip's equation I = st1I2 + At, where I is cumulative infiltration; S is sorptivity; t is time; A is a parameter which was calculated from saturated hydraulic conductivity (K). Crown cover, slope gradient and soil variables such as soil moisture, organic carbon content, total porosity, bulk density were also analysed from each of the 66 sites. The results of the study shows that land-use types have significant influence on these soil variables and on infiltration. Crown cover and human activities in term of land management are among the most important factors which affect soil condition. These variables mostly influence total porosity of soil which is the most important variable to determine sorptivity and hydraulic conductivity. High percentage of crown cover and less human activity in forest area result in high accumulation of litter and humus and high total porosity of soil. On the other hand, settlement and new tea plantation areas have comparatively low crown cover and more frequent human activity which result in soil compaction. Discriminant function analysis of land-use categories shows that the soil under forest is very distinct from the soils under other land-use types. However, the soils under the remaining land-use types are more similar to each other, especially between the soil of settlement and tea plantations. The rank of infiltration rate from the highest to the lowest magnitude is as follows; natural forest, agriculture, productive tea plantation, new tea plantation and settlement areas. Infiltration rates under natural forest and agriculture are significantly different from each other as well as from those in the last three land- use types. However, there are no significant differences in infiltration rates among the last three land-use types. The result of this study also provides basic information for landuse management and further research in order to solve soil and water conservation and management problems in the watershed.

A novel mode of shallow aquifer management could increase the volumetric potential and distribution of underground, freshwater storage: Shallow aquifer storage and recovery (SASR). In this mode, water is efficiently stored in basin fill aquifers with strong hydraulic connection to surface water. Regional numerical modeling can provide a linkage between storage efficiency and local hydrogeologic parameters, which in turn may contribute to useful rules guiding how and where water can be stored. This study: (1) uses a calibrated model of the central Willamette Basin (CWB), Oregon to correlate SASR storage efficiency to basic hydrogeologic parameters using the stream depletion factor (SDF); (2) uses SDF to identify regions of high storage efficiency, and (3) estimates potential volumetric storage and injection rates for storage-efficient regions. Potential storage for the CWB is estimated to be 2.40 million m��. Given areal average hydrogeologic parameters, 8 wells--roughly 35 m deep and 0.3 m diameter--would be capable of managing this storage on an annual basis. Given otherwise similar conditions, greater depth to groundwater would yield greater volumetric potential, greater injection rates, and either unchanged or increased efficiency. / Graduation date: 2013

In the past two decades, there has been a growing consensus regarding the inadequacies of the existing environmental policy regime and the need for reform to address complex, cross-jurisdictional sustainability challenges, such as nonpoint source pollution. Reform theory has focused on the need for more integrated, collaborative, adaptive, and results-oriented environmental management, while empirical studies have highlighted the wide implementation gap due to an array of institutional obstacles. Key principles and challenges of these four reform dimensions were synthesized in this study and used to assess implementation of the watershed approach by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and states since the early 1990s. This dissertation used a qualitative multiple case study design to examine the evolving watershed reform strategies of North Carolina, Georgia, and Kentucky, drawing on extensive document review and interviews with over 50 agency managers. Using an environmental federalism framework adapted from Scheberle (2004), the study explored the role of the national and regional EPA policy context, as well as state-level factors, in helping to shape the watershed approach strategies in the state cases. The research revealed that while EPA provided important initial support of state watershed management, its fragmented, output-driven program management continues to be a barrier to reform. EPA Region 4’s recent reform efforts demonstrate that regional offices can take critical steps to incorporate the watershed approach into internal agency management processes and external relations with states and stakeholders, but these changes often go against the grain of agency culture and norms. State agencies have made progress but face similar reform challenges, and their strategies are further shaped by important policy drivers, constraints, and resource limitations at the state level. More substantial investment is needed by EPA and states to: strengthen internal and external watershed coordination roles and forums; support collaborative stakeholder initiatives more fully where needed; and manage adaptively and accountably towards collectively defined watershed outcome targets.

This thesis presents the results of exploratory sociological research designed to better understand how farmers select agricultural practices with the potential to effect water quality. The primary research methodology is a Rapid Rural Appraisal of thirty farms in five rural municipalities in Saskatchewan, Canada during the year 2000 growing season. The data establishes that a variety of economic, institutional, organizational, and social factors interact in dynamic ways to influence farmer resource management decisions and that the resulting agricultural practices have the potential for subtle and dramatic effects on water quality in Saskatchewan. Risk-mitigating farming methods known as Best Management Practices (BMPs) are interpreted by farmers in the field research as being both appropriate and problematic. Alternative initiatives and communication strategies are identified in the field data that offer support to production and productivity in the agriculture sector while also promoting water quality. The research suggests that measures such as providing accessible public water quality data, promoting water treatment for individual households, and educating rural women and youth about water quality issues may merit further investigation.

This thesis presents the results of exploratory sociological research designed to better understand how farmers select agricultural practices with the potential to effect water quality. The primary research methodology is a Rapid Rural Appraisal of thirty farms in five rural municipalities in Saskatchewan, Canada during the year 2000 growing season. The data establishes that a variety of economic, institutional, organizational, and social factors interact in dynamic ways to influence farmer resource management decisions and that the resulting agricultural practices have the potential for subtle and dramatic effects on water quality in Saskatchewan. Risk-mitigating farming methods known as Best Management Practices (BMPs) are interpreted by farmers in the field research as being both appropriate and problematic. Alternative initiatives and communication strategies are identified in the field data that offer support to production and productivity in the agriculture sector while also promoting water quality. The research suggests that measures such as providing accessible public water quality data, promoting water treatment for individual households, and educating rural women and youth about water quality issues may merit further investigation.

Disputats. Rheinische Friedrick-Wilhelms-Universität, 2000. / Haves kun i elektronisk udg.

From the Proceedings of the 1975 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 11-12, 1975, Tempe, Arizona / Traditionally, watershed management is concerned with water and sediment yield, vegetation, soils, and meteorology, but not with geomorphology. Often it is in this field that the explanation can be found for the formation and present condition of a watershed and its future development. Examples are presented to demonstrate that factors in the hydraulic geometry of streams indicate whether a watershed is in an active stage of landform development, or is in dynamic equilibrium. Some general guides for the practitioner are provided. Watershed management research cannot afford to ignore the basic geomorphic setting of watersheds. If geomorphology is not considered, the researcher's results could be misinterpreted.

The Queen's Ditch is located three kilometers north of Comox on Vancouver Island and is roughly 1300 hectares in size. In 1998, the watershed experienced a 1 in 200-year rain event that flooded much of the lower watershed. The Regional District of Comox-Strathcona is responsible for land-use planning in the watershed and initiated an investigation into the stormwater runoff problem. This thesis is divided into two components: a planning phase to identify problems with watershed hydrology; and a design phase to illustrate urban design that manages stormwater runoff. Watershed assessments were conducted at the watershed and sub-watershed scale. Watershed assessments were descriptive and helped predict future trends in land-use change. These assessments were not able to identify site specific problems. Sub-watershed assessment was useful at quantifying and identifying stormwater problems. Planners should use sub-watershed hydrological performance to guide land-use planning decisions and assess hydrological and ecological effects of development. The planning phase provides planners with a process to prioritize candidate areas for development, conservation, and rehabilitation. The design phase compares urban design and stormwater performance standards of a proposed conventional design with a sustainable design. The goal of the sustainable design was to mimic the site's natural hydrology to help reduce off-site runoff, and to ensure adequate groundwater recharge. Objectives of the sustainable design were to preserve natural vegetation; maintain x>£ time of concentration; reduce and disconnect impervious surfaces,, and treatment first flush flows. Comparisons of conventional and sustainable designs indicate that stormwater runoff and pollution can be managed at the site level. The sustainable design provides forty-seven percent more dwelling units and exports no stormwater. The sustainable design achieves this without an expensive stormdrain infrastructure. Stormwater is managed at the site level using small infiltration depressions and swales. The design works with the natural hydrological processes of the site to generate a hydrologically sustainable design. Simulated stormwater outputs were used to test and size infiltration ponds and to assess flooding risks. The sustainable design effectively manages stormwater production, runoff, and pollution from storm events ranging from polluted first flush flows to large, flood producing rainstorms.

Los análisis morfométricos realizados en la cuenca del Arroyo Grande indican que la misma tiene forma alargada, oval y oblonga, con pendientes abruptas en las cabeceras y moderadas en la zona de valle y desembocadura, con una superficie de 129,5 km². La vegetación esta compuesta por pastizales, turberas y bosques de Nothofagus pumilio y N. betuloides factibles de ser aprovechados comercialmente. La cuenca presenta una degradación de los ambientes naturales debido al impacto de especies exóticas, el aprovechamiento forestal no planificado y el turismo no regulado. Los principales problemas encontrados son la falta de planificación en el uso del suelo y la falta de manejo en áreas naturales frágiles. A través de una ordenación en la cuenca, se analizaron alternativas de manejo para aumentar la eficiencia de las actividades productivas tradicionales. Es necesaria la exclusión del ganado, debido al impacto sobre la regeneración del bosque y a la introducción de especies exóticas, concentradas en los sitios de pastoreo. Asimismo se propone la utilización del método de retención dispersa y agregada para el manejo forestal, siendo su objetivo principal mantener la biodiversidad del bosque dentro de niveles aceptables, logrando una posibilidad de 1.082,2 m³/año, siendo suficiente para abastecer un aserradero. Se plantea el ordenamiento de la actividad turística y el restablecimiento de las funciones del ecosistema de turberas explotadas mediante técnicas de recuperación específicas.

Ce mémoire a comme objectif de présenter une revue de la littérature et une analyse comparative des différents modèles existants pour le calcul de la capacité de support d’un plan d’eau aux apports en phosphore. Ce document a aussi pour but d’évaluer les différentes options pour l’utilisation de ce genre d’outil au Québec, ainsi que d’amorcer une réflexion sur les applications possibles de ce concept au niveau local, en lien avec l’aménagement du territoire des bassins versants. L’analyse comparative des modèles théoriques, combinée à la réflexion d’acteurs clés impliqués actuellement dans un processus qui consiste à tester leur utilisation dans les Laurentides au Québec, a permis de mettre en relief l’importance de calibrer les modèles régionalement. De plus, certains avantages semblent résider dans l’utilisation d’un modèle de nature empirique afin d’effectuer les prédictions sur les apports naturels et totaux en phosphore pour les lacs de cette région. Par contre, l’utilisation d’une approche de type « bilan de masse », s’avère tout de même indispensable afin de relativiser l’importance des différents apports anthropiques en phosphore du bassin versant. Dans l’avenir, l’utilisation de tels modèles permettra possiblement de justifier certaines mesures restrictives au développement des bassins versants, qui pourront s’insérer parmi les outils d’urbanisme actuels. Ce sont principalement les municipalités qui détiennent les pouvoirs nécessaires afin d’intégrer les prescriptions découlant de ce genre d’analyse à l’aménagement du territoire des bassins versants. Plusieurs outils d’urbanisme, tels que les plans d’aménagement d’ensemble (PAE) ou bien les règlements de zonage et de lotissement, semblent donner assez de latitude afin de permettre aux municipalités d’intervenir en ce sens. Toutefois, les modèles de capacité de support ne pourront pas être utilisés afin de calculer un nombre précis d’habitations qu’il est possible de construire dans le bassin versant d’un lac. / This study presents a literature review of current carrying capacity models developed in Ontario and Quebec (Canada) for the estimation of phosphorus (P) loading in lakes. Another objective is to evaluate their applications to land and watershed management practices in Quebec. A comparison of theoretical and empirical models, combined with the observations of keys stakeholders, confirms the importance of calibrating models regionally. The analysis further reveals that empirical models estimate more accurately P concentrations in lakes. However, the use of traditional mass balance approaches is still a necessity for the estimation of different P sources in the watershed. These models can support decision makers and land managers in Quebec in the application of more restrictive measures in lakes where the carrying capacity is currently exceeded. In Quebec, the use of the models and their implementation in the legislation will be a municipal responsibility. Many urbanism tools already allow this kind of intervention (zoning, « outils à caractère discrétionnaire »). But, model use alone will not be sufficient to justify a total interdiction of land development in a watershed or to impose a strict limit to house and cottage development.