Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal. / Une étude a été entreprise dans le but de déterminer les interactions pouvant survenir entre certains lipides impliqués dans les fonctions de barrière de perméabilité et de desquamation du stratum corneum. Cette étude a consisté à étudier le thermotropisme de diverses dispersions composées de sphingomyéline, céramide 3, acide palmitique perdeutéré, cholestérol et sulfate de cholestérol en proportions variées, par spectroscopie infrarouge par transformée de Fourier. Cette étude a été également effectuée aux pH 5.2 et 7.4 afin d'estimer l'influence de l'environnement ionique sur 1'interaction de ces lipides. Le thermotropisme des dispersions de céramide 3 et de sphingomyéline a indiqué que le céramide 3 adopte un empilement plus serré que la sphingomyéline aux deux pH. Les résultats ont également indiqué que l'acide palmitique rigidifie la bicouche de sphingomyéline et fluidifie la dispersion de céramide 3, et que la miscibilité de cet acide gras est plus élevée avec la sphingomyéline qu'avec le céramide 3. Toutefois, la miscibilité de l'acide palmitique et du céramide 3 est augmentée par le cholestérol et le sulfate de cholestérol à pH 5.2, ce qui semble affecter leur thermotropisme en induisant la formation d'une phase très ordonnée à 37 °C. Par contre, le cholestérol et le sulfate de cholestérol semblent accentuer la déprotonation de l'acide palmitique en présence du céramide 3 à pH 7.4, ce qui semble provoquer une séparation de phase de l'acide gras et du céramide 3. Le cholestérol induit également la formation de la phase liquide ordonnée au sein de la bicouche de sphingomyéline en présence de l' acide palmitique aux pH 5.2 et 7.4. Toutefois, le sulfate de cholestérol semble être moins efficace que le cholestérol à abolir la transition de phase de la sphingomyéline et de l 'acide palmitique. L'analyse des résultats nous a permis de déterminer que l'acide palmitique, le cholestérol et le sulfate de cholestérol interagissent avec la sphingomyéline et le céramide 3 par l'intermédiaire d' interactions hydrophobes et de van der Waals impliquant leurs portions hydrophobes, et de liaisons hydrogène qui impliquent leurs groupements d'interface et de tête iv polaire. Il ressort également que les implications de ces lipides et du pH dans les fonctions de barrière de perméabilité et de desquamation pourraient être purement structurales. En fait, la structure de la tête polaire du céramide 3 permet l'empilement serré des lipides ainsi que l'imperméabilité des membranes, le cholestérol et le sulfate de cholestérol augmentent la miscibilité de l'acide palmitique et du céramide 3 à pH 5.2, et l'environnement à pH 5.2 semble être nécessaire au maintien de l'intégrité du stratum corneum.

Le développement d’agents anticancéreux s’étend de la découverte d’une cible thérapeutique à la commercialisation du médicament. La chimie médicinale intervient dans la conception et la synthèse de molécules. Les essais réalisés in vitro puis in vivo sont ensuite déterminants pour évaluer le mode d’action, l’efficacité et la sélectivité du principe actif. À cette étape, si une molécule n’est pas sélectionnée, son étude s’arrête. Afin de tirer profit du temps et de l’argent investis dans son développement, des stratégies s’inspirant de ces composés peuvent être utilisées, en modifiant leur structure afin d’améliorer leur efficacité. La première méthode exploitée ici consiste à synthétiser des molécules bifonctionnelles, incorporant le pharmacophore du principe actif d’intérêt, ainsi qu’un ligand capable d’induire la dégradation de sa cible. Ces molécules sont appelées AUTAC ou PROTAC, selon le mode de dégradation induit, soit l’autophagie ou la protéolyse. La deuxième méthode repose sur le développement de molécules hybrides, capables d’interagir avec différentes cibles. Deux principes actifs sont alors liés de manière covalente afin de synthétiser une nouvelle molécule dont les propriétés pharmacocinétiques diffèrent. L’hybride pourrait être ainsi plus efficace, cumulant les activités de ses deux ligands de base. Pour viser les cellules cancéreuses, une stratégie attrayante est le ciblage de certaines voies métaboliques. L’ATP étant une source d’énergie essentielle pour l’intense prolifération des cellules cancéreuses, réduire sa production en ciblant la phosphorylation oxydative dans la mitochondrie et la glycolyse peut être un traitement efficace. Les dérivés de biguanides, comme la metformine, sont connus pour inhiber la phosphorylation oxydative. Par ailleurs, le NAD+ étant un cofacteur nécessaire à de nombreux processus biologiques essentiels, notamment la glycolyse, diminuer sa production peut alors induire des effets anticancéreux. De nouveaux dérivés de biguanides et d’inhibiteurs de la NAMPT sont donc synthétisés afin de développer des molécules bifonctionnelles ciblant le métabolisme des cellules cancéreuses. / The development of new anticancer agents covers all the steps from the discovery of a target to the commercialisation of a drug. Medicinal chemists are responsible for the design and synthesis of molecules but the future of the drug relies on their activity in vitro and in vivo. However, compounds that failed because of their lack of efficiency or selectivity can be reused to take advantage of the time and money invested on their development. To develop more potent drugs, these compounds can be modified using different strategies. One of them consists in synthesising bifunctional molecules, also called chimeras, incorporating a pharmacophoric moiety from the drug and a ligand inducing its target’s degradation. These molecular degraders are named according to the mode of degradation involved: AUTAC for Autophagy Targeting Chimera or PROTAC for Proteolysis Targeting Chimera. Another strategy is to design a dual targeting agent based on two different drugs bound covalently. The resulting hybrid is then able to interact with each ligand’s target but exhibits a new pharmacokinetic profile that might increase its efficiency. Targeting cancer cell metabolism is an attractive strategy that can be applied to many different types of cancer. Since ATP is the main energy source of the cells, its production is necessary to insure the intense proliferation rate of cancer cells. Targeting the oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and the glycolysis, the two main ways to produce ATP, can be effective to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. Biguanides derivatives such as metformin are known to inhibit OXPHOS. Furthermore, NAD+ being an essential cofactor involved in many biological processes including glycolysis, targeting its production by the NAD salvage pathway allows the discovery of effective anticancer agents. New biguanides and NAMPT inhibitors derivatives are thus synthesized for the development of bifunctional molecules targeting the energy metabolism of cancer cells.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Chemistry / Paul E. Smith / The Kirkwood-Buff (KB) theory of solutions, published in 1951, established a route from integrals over radial (pair) distribution functions (RDFs) in the grand canonical ensemble to a set of thermodynamic quantities in an equivalent closed ensemble. These “KB integrals” (KBIs) can also be expressed in terms of the particle-particle (i.e., concentration or density) fluctuations within grand canonical ensemble regions. Contributions by Ben-Naim in 1977 provided the means to obtain the KBIs if one already knew the set of thermodynamic quantities for the mixture of interest; that is, he provided the inversion procedure. Thus, KB theory provides a two-way bridge between local (microscopic) and global (bulk/thermodynamic) properties. Due to its lack of approximations, its wide ranging applicability, and the absence of a competitive theory for rigorously understanding liquid mixtures, it has been used to understand solution microheterogeneity, solute solubility, cosolvent effects on biomolecules, preferential solvation, etc. Here, after using KB theory to test the accuracy of pair potentials, we present and illustrate two extensions of the theory, resulting in a general Fluctuation Solution Theory (FST). First, we generalize KB theory to include two-way relationships between the grand canonical ensemble’s particle-energy and energy-energy fluctuations and additional thermodynamic quantities. This extension allows for non-isothermal conditions to be considered, unlike traditional KB theory. We illustrate these new relationships using analyses of experimental data and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for pure liquids and binary mixtures. Furthermore, we use it to obtain conformation-specific infinitely dilute partial molar volumes and compressibilities for proteins (other properties will follow) from MD simulations and compare the method to a non-FST method for obtaining the same properties. The second extension of KB theory involves moving beyond doublet particle fluctuations to additionally consider triplet and quadruplet particle fluctuations, which are related to derivatives of the thermodynamic properties involved in regular KB theory. We present these higher order fluctuations obtained from experiment and simulation for pure liquids and binary mixtures. Using the newfound experimental third and fourth cumulants of the distribution of particles in solution, which can be extracted from bulk thermodynamic data using this extension, we also probe particle distributions’ non-Gaussian nature.

Ce mémoire portant sur le développement de liquides ioniques protiques à l'état liquide à température ambiante en tant qu'électrolytes pour des supercapacités faradiques à base de dioxyde de ruthénium est divisé en trois études distinctes. La première permet d'évaluer quelles propriétés de ces sels fondus doivent être optimisées pour cette application en utilisant les données recueillies avec une série de nouveaux liquides ioniques protiques constitués de l'acide trifluoroacétique et différentes bases hétérocycliques azotées. La seconde discute de l'effet d'impuretés colorées sur les propriétés des liquides ioniques ainsi que sur des aspects pratiques devant être pris en considération lors des synthèses. La troisième traite d'importantes relations structure–propriétés pour une série de liquides ioniques protiques ayant des cations du type pyridinium et différents anions. Dans leur ensemble, les travaux présentés devraient permettre une recherche plus efficace de liquides ioniques avec des propriétés désirables en vue d'application comme électrolyte dans le futur. / This thesis on the development of room temperature protic ionic liquids as electrolytes in ruthenium-dioxide based faradaic superpacitors consists of three separate studies. The first one establishes which properties of molten salts need to be optimized for this application by using the data obtained from the analysis of a series of protic ionic liquids composed of trifluoroacetic acid and N-heterocyclic bases. The second study elaborates on the effect of colored impurities on the properties of ionic liquids and also reports practical aspects which need to be accounted for during their synthesis. The third study focuses on important structure–property relationships for a series of protic ionic liquids with pyridinium cations and various anions. Altogether, the results presented in here should allow a more efficient design of ionic liquids with desirable properties for application as electrolytes in the future.

Les supercapacités hybrides se taillent de plus en plus une place dans le secteur des énergies renouvelables. L’oxyde de manganèse possède certaines caractéristiques (faible coût, caractère écologique et une capacitance spécifique supérieure) qui font de ce dernier un matériau très attirant pour l’assemblage de tels dispositifs. Ce mémoire, divisé en trois parties, propose l’utilisation des liquides ioniques protiques comme électrolytes pour l’assemblage de supercapacités hybrides à base d’oxyde de manganèse et carbone. D’abord, le comportement pseudocapacitif des électrodes à base de films minces d’oxyde de manganèse dans les liquides ioniques protiques ainsi que leurs propriétés optiques sont étudiés et évalués. Des valeurs de capacitance spécifique allant jusqu’à 397 F/g ont été trouvées dans cette partie. Ensuite, des mélanges composés par un solvant organique (acétonitrile) et le liquide ionique protique sont présentés comme une manière de contourner la faible conductivité de ce dernier qui limite les valeurs de capacitance spécifique à obtenir. Une amélioration de la capacitance spécifique d’environ 30% est reportée dans ce chapitre. Finalement, l’assemblage d’une supercapacité hybride est présenté comme une stratégie efficace qui permet l’élargissement de la faible fenêtre de potentiel de travail obtenue avec les électrodes à base d’oxyde de manganèse. De cette façon, la faisabilité de tel arrangement est montré ici, obtenant de valeurs de capacitance spécifique (16 F/g) ainsi que de puissance (81 W/kg) et d’énergie spécifique (1,9 Wh/kg) acceptables en utilisant des liquides ioniques protiques comme électrolytes de remplissage. / Hybrid supercapacitors continue to carve out a place in the field of renewable energies. Manganese dioxide, because of some attractive characteristics (low cost, environmental friendly and high specific capacitance), is a very promising material for the assembly of such devices. This thesis, divided into three chapters, proposes the use of protic ionic liquids as electrolyte for the assembly of a manganese dioxide/carbon based hybrid supercapacitor. Firstly, the pseudocapacitive behaviour and optical properties of thin manganese dioxide based electrodes in protic ionic liquids were investigated and evaluated. Specific capacitance values of up to 397 F/g are reported in this part. Then, mixtures of an organic solvent (acetonitrile) and protic ionic liquids were proposed in order to enhance the poor conductivity of ionic liquids, which limits the specific capacitance values. A 30% improvement of specific capacitance values is shown in this chapter. Finally, the assembly of a hybrid supecapacitor is presented as an alternative strategy to increase the narrow potential window of stability of manganese dioxide electrodes in our protic ionic liquids. The last chapter describes such a device as well as its specific capacitance (16 F/g), energy (1.9 Wh/kg) and power density (81 W/kg) values obtained in protic ionic liquids.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Chemistry / Duy H. Hua / Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon comprising of one or more grapheme sheets seamlessly joined together to form a cylinder. They are classified as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). They have potential applications ranging from conductive and high reinforcement material components, nano interconnection in electronic devices to drug delivery in biological systems. Current methods of production are high temperature arc-discharge, laser ablation of graphitic materials and chemical vapor deposition. These methods give tubes that are impure and highly heterogeneous in length, diameter and chirality thus leading to mixture metallic and semiconducting tubes. Effective application of such carbon nanotubes requires cumbersome, harsh and expensive purification and sorting into like forms. Such treatments usually compromised the structural integrity of the tubes and hence their mechanical and electrical properties. Also pristine carbon nanotubes are insoluble in most solvents. Solubility in basic organic solvents is crucial prior to their application, which requires some level of chemical manipulation or functionalization on the tubes. Currently methods of functionalization are unpredictable and limited to few oxidation reactions. A novel rational synthetic chemical approach to [12, 12] arm-chair carbon nano tube with pre-defined diameter and length has been explored utilizing cheap and simple organic building blocks and results achieved so far have been presented in this dissertation. Two approaches were employed to form the carbon-rich beltene (32) before its final conversion to the target single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) 1. A survey on carbon nanotubes and their related structures including their potential applications and properties are presented in chapter 1. In the second chapter an iron template-assisted olefin metathesis via a ferrocene intermediate served as an anchor for an effective cyclization. In chapter 3, an un-assisted olefin metathesis pathway was explored. Both approaches use a series of benzyl halide carbonylation coupling and Diels-Alder reactions to synthesize some of the key intermediates. The protocol presented in this dissertation may be used to produce functionalized carbon nanotubes with predefined length and diameter tailored for specific applications to be produced in kilogram scale for the first time since its discovery in 1991. Such an approach is expected to address most if not all of the problems associated with the traditional methods of producing carbon nanotubes.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Chemistry / Duy H. Hua / Three research projects were carried out and they are described below. The synthesis of substituted phenolic compounds including halogenated di- and trihydroxybenzenes, aminophenols, and substituted di-tert-butylphenols are described. Redox potentials of the synthesized molecules along with various known laccase substrates were measured, and an inverse relationship between the oxidation potential and the efficiency of oxidation by laccase of halogenated hydroxybenzenes and aminophenols is demonstrated. The synthesized substituted phenols were found to be substrates but not inhibitors of laccase. We discovered a new class of di-tert-butylphenols compounds that inhibits the growth of mosquito larvae at low concentrations. Compound 17, 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(3-methyl-2-butenyl) phenol caused greater than 98% mortality of third-instar larvae of Anopheles gambiae in the concentration of 0.18 µM. These compounds do not inhibit laccases. It appears that they affect a new target of the mosquito that is different from those of currently existing pesticides. Two anti-Alzheimer molecules, CP2 and TP70, discovered in our laboratory were studied for their pharmacokinetics and distribution. The distribution of CP2 and TP70 in mouse brain region and various tissues of mice were examined. HPLC analysis revealed that CP2 treatment in primary neurons accumulates in mitochondria fraction. Similarly, the amount of CP2 in the brain tissue from wild type and APP/PS1 mice treated with 25 mg/kg/daily for 2 months also have the highest concentration in the mitochondria fractions in the hippocampus. The results show that CP2 and TP70 can penetrate the blood brain barrier and accumulate in the tissue in significant amounts. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of compound TP70 were determined. Area under the curve and bioavailability value F were calculated, and data show that TP70 has a good PK profile and bioavailability. For the preparation of a novel tripeptidyl norovirus 3C-like protease (3CL[superscript]pro) inhibitor, the P3 unnatural amino acid, (S)-3-hydroxyphenylalanine was synthesized. The P3 is designed to increase the polarity with the addition of the alcohol group. After combining the P3 unnatural amino acid with the P1 and P2 to form the novel tripeptidyl compound, a study comparing the relations between the structure and its activity (SAR) will confirm whether prediction is correct in our pursuit for an antiviral therapeutic drug in the form of a protease inhibitor.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Chemistry / Sundeep Rayat / Research in our laboratory has focused on designing photoactivated DNA cleaving agents based on tetrazolethione scaffolds. The key step in the activation of these involves conversion of tetrazolethione moiety to carbodiimides upon irradiation. However, the mechanism of this reaction was not previously reported. Therefore, we undertook a study to elucidate the mechanism of photodecomposition of tetrazolethione as to identify reactive intermediates involved, that may interfere or aid with the activity of our synthesized DNA cleaving agents under physiological conditions. In Part 1 of this dissertation, we present mechanistic studies on this photodecomposition. Our results indicate the clean photoconversion of tetrazolethiones I to their respective carbodiimides IV via the expulsion of sulfur and dinitrogen. Photoirradiation in the presence of trapping agent (e.g. 1,4-cyclohexadiene) resulted into the formation of their corresponding thioureas. Thus, providing strong evidence for the intermediacy of a 1,3-biradical III, which is believed to be in its triplet spin multiplicity. Further investigations (triplet sensitization and quenching experiments) to determine the precursor of the biradical argued against the involvement of a triplet excited state (T[subscript]1). We believe that the mechanistic pathway that leads to the formation of a 1,3-triplet biradical III is a diradicaloid species II-II" generated directly from the singlet excited state of tetrazolethiones (S[subscript]1) after the expulsion of dinitrogen. Once formed, this diradicaloid species could be envisioned to undergo intersystem crossing to generate the 1,3 triplet biradical III which then undergoes desulfurization to form carbodiimides IV (Chapter 2). Bridgehead-nitrogen containing fused heterocycles are regarded as “privileged structure” in biology and have found widespread applications in pharmaceutical industry. These heterocycles have also been evaluated in electroluminescent devices and organic dyes. Part II of the dissertation present new, concise and low cost strategies to a unique class of bridgehead nitrogen-containing fused heterocyclic scaffolds which involves two sequential intramolecular cyclizations from heteroenyne-allenes in the presence of Lewis acids such as SnCl[subscript]4 and BF[subscript]3.OEt[subscript]2, and trace water. The starting heteroenyne-allenes VI can be prepared from commercially available substrates V in 4 – 5 steps following standard protocols (Chapter 3). Furthermore, we employed density functional theory to gain insights into the optoelectronic properties of select derivatives of phenanthridine-fused quinazoliniminiums (PNQs) VII and their free base in order to evaluate their scope in OLED technology. Our results show that the energies of the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO), Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO), the HOMO-LUMO energy gaps, the ionization potentials, electron affinities and the reorganization energies can be finely tuned by varying the substituents on these chromophores. In addition, we found that the introduction of an electron donating group (NMe[subscript]2) on the PNQs and their free base increases the energies of the HOMOs and decreases the ionization potentials, relative to its unsubstituted derivative, whereas substitution by an electron withdrawing group (NO[subscript]2) decreases the energies of the LUMOs and increases the electron affinities which in turn suggests an improvement in their hole and electron creating abilities, respectively (Chapter 4).

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