The Thesis presents a critical edition of the first volume of Khayr al-Din ibn Taj al-Din Ilyas al-Madani’s al-Maqalat al-Jawhariyya `ala al-Maqamat al-Haririyya, accompanied by an introduction dealing briefly with the Maqamat as a literary genre, the commentaries on the Maqamat, the description of various manuscripts of al-Maqalat and the authorship of the work. The text itself consists of, a preface, the commentary on Hariri's preface, followed by the commentary on the first twenty-five Maqamat of unequal length. Volume two of al-Maqalat consists of the commentary on the remaining twenty-five Maqamat. This has been found too long to include in this work. It is hoped, however, that it will be possible to edit this volume separately in the future. This work, al-Maqalat, was brought to my notice by the book Makamat by Theodore Preston,* Professor of Arabic at Cambridge University, who in his preface mentions al-Maqalat and describes it as "an excellent running commentary on the Makamat." The two volumes of the work are contained in the Burchardt collection of the Cambridge University Library, and "it is a very lucid and valuable work and well deserves to be edited. " My first task in the attempt to edit al-Maqalat, then, was a search, extending from Cambridge to Cairo, Alexandria and Patna, for the manuscripts of that and other books of commentary on the Maqamat, most of which are still in manuscript form. * Published in London, 1850.

År 1054 skedde en splittring mellan kristendomens två största inriktningar, den ortodoxa och den katolska kyrkan. Detta skedde efter århundraden av oenigheter, missförstånd, maktkamper med mera. Förutom maktkamperna berör konflikterna Kristi natur och Filioque tillägget. Uppsatsen berör även relationerna mellan den ortodoxa och den katolska kyrkan efter splittringen. Undersökningen visar att det finns skillnader i hur olika författare återger de historiska händelserna. Detta förstärker bilden av två kyrkor som inte är eniga om vems fel splittringen var och vilka händelser som var mest avgörande.

<p>År 1054 skedde en splittring mellan kristendomens två största inriktningar, den ortodoxa och den katolska kyrkan. Detta skedde efter århundraden av oenigheter, missförstånd, maktkamper med mera. Förutom maktkamperna berör konflikterna Kristi natur och Filioque tillägget. Uppsatsen berör även relationerna mellan den ortodoxa och den katolska kyrkan efter splittringen. Undersökningen visar att det finns skillnader i hur olika författare återger de historiska händelserna. Detta förstärker bilden av två kyrkor som inte är eniga om vems fel splittringen var och vilka händelser som var mest avgörande.</p>

Durante o desgaste por deslizamento há a ocorrência de calor gerado por atrito, que favorece a oxidação nas superfícies de contato dos metais. O resultado deste fenômeno pode provocar uma diminuição da taxa de desgaste, a qual usualmente é associada com transições no tipo de contato: metal-metal, metal-óxido ou óxido-óxido. Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um modelo teórico do desgaste oxidativo. O modelo tenta correlacionar parâmetros termodinâmicos e tribológicos dos materiais, como energia de Gibbs, carga, área real de contato, velocidade e temperatura do contato. Para testar o modelo, realizaram-se ensaios do tipo pino-sobre-disco convencional, para análise da influência dos parâmetros tribológicos, de forma a obter diversas relações entre temperatura de contato, carga, velocidade e as propriedades físico-químicas dos materiais. Os ensaios foram realizados com variação contínua de carga, em intervalos de 20 a 120 N, 20 a 80 N e de 20 a 40 N. Os materiais escolhidos para serem ensaiados foram pino de aço ferramenta M2 temperado e revenido, enquanto que o disco foi de aço 1045 austemperado com microestrutura do tipo bainítica. A caracterização superficial antes e depois dos ensaios foi feita usando-se diferentes técnicas auxiliares, tais como microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Analisando as curvas obtidas a partir do modelo, assim como as obtidas pelas análise das experiências feitas para sua avaliação, pôde-se concluir que força motriz que causa a taxa de desgaste é a energia de contato, a qual depende das condições físico-químicas, do meio e das solicitações impostas às condições de contato, sendo também as propriedades do material essenciais para a influência na taxa de desgaste, propriedades que estão intrínsecas no modelo, assumindo a energia de Gibbs do material. / During sliding wear, heat generated friction occurs, which favors oxidation occurrence on the contacting surfaces of metallic materials. The oxidation phenomenon can result in wear rate attenuation due to transitions in the contact feature from metal-metal to either metal-oxide or oxide-oxide. This work aimed to develop a theoretical modeling on oxidational wear. In the obtained model, both thermodynamic and tribological parameters were used, such as Gibbs energy, load, actual area of contact, velocity and contact temperature. In order to obtain experimental data for the model assessment, usual pin-on-disk tests were conducted under some load and velocity conditions. Relations among the variables, such as contact temperature, load, velocity and physical-chemical properties of the materials, were attained. The tests were performed under continuous rising on load. Intervals from 20 to 120 N, 20 to 80 N and 20 to 40 N were tested. The pin material was made of quenched and tempered M2 tool steel and the disks were of austempered AISI 1045 steel with bainitic microstructure. Surface characterization was carried out before and after the tests, through optical and scanning electronic microscopes. Analyzing the results obtained from the model and from the experimental tests, it was possible to conclude that the wear phenomenon is related to the contact energy, which depends on the physical-chemical conditions of the surfaces, the environment and the mechanical loading the surfaces undergo. The material properties, which do also influence the wear rate, were taken into consideration in the model as the Gibbs energy of the materials.

Durante o desgaste por deslizamento há a ocorrência de calor gerado por atrito, que favorece a oxidação nas superfícies de contato dos metais. O resultado deste fenômeno pode provocar uma diminuição da taxa de desgaste, a qual usualmente é associada com transições no tipo de contato: metal-metal, metal-óxido ou óxido-óxido. Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um modelo teórico do desgaste oxidativo. O modelo tenta correlacionar parâmetros termodinâmicos e tribológicos dos materiais, como energia de Gibbs, carga, área real de contato, velocidade e temperatura do contato. Para testar o modelo, realizaram-se ensaios do tipo pino-sobre-disco convencional, para análise da influência dos parâmetros tribológicos, de forma a obter diversas relações entre temperatura de contato, carga, velocidade e as propriedades físico-químicas dos materiais. Os ensaios foram realizados com variação contínua de carga, em intervalos de 20 a 120 N, 20 a 80 N e de 20 a 40 N. Os materiais escolhidos para serem ensaiados foram pino de aço ferramenta M2 temperado e revenido, enquanto que o disco foi de aço 1045 austemperado com microestrutura do tipo bainítica. A caracterização superficial antes e depois dos ensaios foi feita usando-se diferentes técnicas auxiliares, tais como microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Analisando as curvas obtidas a partir do modelo, assim como as obtidas pelas análise das experiências feitas para sua avaliação, pôde-se concluir que força motriz que causa a taxa de desgaste é a energia de contato, a qual depende das condições físico-químicas, do meio e das solicitações impostas às condições de contato, sendo também as propriedades do material essenciais para a influência na taxa de desgaste, propriedades que estão intrínsecas no modelo, assumindo a energia de Gibbs do material. / During sliding wear, heat generated friction occurs, which favors oxidation occurrence on the contacting surfaces of metallic materials. The oxidation phenomenon can result in wear rate attenuation due to transitions in the contact feature from metal-metal to either metal-oxide or oxide-oxide. This work aimed to develop a theoretical modeling on oxidational wear. In the obtained model, both thermodynamic and tribological parameters were used, such as Gibbs energy, load, actual area of contact, velocity and contact temperature. In order to obtain experimental data for the model assessment, usual pin-on-disk tests were conducted under some load and velocity conditions. Relations among the variables, such as contact temperature, load, velocity and physical-chemical properties of the materials, were attained. The tests were performed under continuous rising on load. Intervals from 20 to 120 N, 20 to 80 N and 20 to 40 N were tested. The pin material was made of quenched and tempered M2 tool steel and the disks were of austempered AISI 1045 steel with bainitic microstructure. Surface characterization was carried out before and after the tests, through optical and scanning electronic microscopes. Analyzing the results obtained from the model and from the experimental tests, it was possible to conclude that the wear phenomenon is related to the contact energy, which depends on the physical-chemical conditions of the surfaces, the environment and the mechanical loading the surfaces undergo. The material properties, which do also influence the wear rate, were taken into consideration in the model as the Gibbs energy of the materials.

This thesis examines ideas about old age in four anecdotes and their illustrations from the 1334 illustrated Mamluk volume of al-Hariri's (1054-1122) Maqamat in the context of early (1250-1382) Mamluk society. The Maqamat contains fifty short anecdotes with a common plot format and two main characters. In each anecdote, the narrator al-Harith relates an adventure of the hero Abu Zayd, an elderly beggar who travels throughout the medieval Islamic Middle East. Using his talent as an orator, Abu Zayd draws people together in a public place, performs an eloquent speech, and is rewarded with money and goods. Ideas about the status of old age in Muslim society originate in the Qur 'an and hadith. Attitudes about the elderly are expressed in other selected texts and in painting (frescoes and manuscript illustration). In the 1334 Mamluk volume, Maqamat illustrations either enhance the text or function independently of the text. Images portray old age as a vehicle for the transmission of knowledge and authority in the social roles of literary scholar, judge, religious leader, and teacher.

There is no abstract available for this thesis. / Department of History