La protection de la grotte ornée de Cussac, inventée en 2000, se base en partie sur la compréhensionde ses relations avec le massif karstique et des conditions d’écoulement dans la zone non saturée deseaux liées à la cavité.Nous bénéficions à Cussac d’un accès à plusieurs écoulements provenant de différentes parties de laZone Non Saturée (ZNS) et d’une petite zone saturée ainsi que de la présence d’une grotte interceptantdes écoulements à l’intérieur du massif. Les paramètres aérologiques de la cavité dont la pressionpartielle de CO2 (pCO2) et la température ont fait l’objet d’un suivi depuis 2003 pour élaborer unmodèle simple de ses relations avec l’atmosphère extérieure et l’atmosphère de la ZNS.Une première partie de l’étude est consacrée à la caractérisation des écoulements par le suivihydrochimique et hydrodynamique depuis 2008. Elle aboutit à un schéma général du fonctionnementdu système karstique perché de Cussac.Au-delà de l’utilisation des outils classiques pour l’étude des aquifères karstiques nous avons souhaitéétudier les écoulements hydrologique et aérologique à travers l’une des spécificités du systèmekarstique : l’interdépendance des phases gazeuse, liquide et solide.Les échanges entre la roche, l’eau et la pCO2 de l’air de la ZNS ont été estimés à partir de l’utilisationdes équations d’équilibre calco-carboniques. Le schéma de fonctionnement est enrichi par une visionconceptuelle des conditions d’écoulement et une localisation dans les différentes parties du massif desprocessus de dissolution et évasion de CO2 et de dissolution et précipitation de carbonate.L’étude du delta13C apporte des précisions sur l’évolution de la pCO2 dans la ZNS et dansl’environnement particulier qu’est la cavité. La signature isotopique du CO2 de la ZNS est estimée àpartir des mesures de delta13C dans les eaux. Cela nécessite de prendre en compte les processusd’évolution du carbone minéral total dissout au cours des écoulements. / The protection of Cussac engraved cave, discovered in 2000, is based upon the comprehension of itsrelationship with the karstic system and flow conditions in the unsaturated zone (UZ) understanding.Cussac site gives access to several springs from different parts of the UZ and a small saturated area.The cave itself is accessible and allows interception of flow inside the karst environment. Aerologicparameters including CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and temperature of the cave have been monitoredsince 2003 to build a simple model of its relations with external atmosphere air and UZ air.A first part of the work is dedicated to the characterisation of the flows by a monitoring since 2008 ofwater chemistry and dynamics. This part lead to a Cussac perched aquifer functioning general scheme.To complete these classical investigations we wished to define hydrologic and aerologic flows in karstaquifers using one of its specificity: interdependency of gaseous, liquid and solid phases.Exchanges between rock, water and pCO2 of the UZ are estimated using calco-carbonic equilibriumequations. Functioning scheme is enriched by a conceptual view of flow conditions and a localisationin the karst of the CO2 dissolution or evasion and carbonate dissolution or precipitation process.Precisions on pCO2 evolution in UZ and in the particular environment of the cave are given by d13C.Unsaturated Zone CO2 isotopic composition is estimated from d13C measurement in water. This needto take in account total dissolved inorganic carbon variations process.

M.A. (Biblical Studies) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Les cils et les flagelles sont des organites présents à la surface cellulaire. Ils sont conservés chez les eucaryotes chez lesquels ils jouent un rôle essentiel dans la régulation de nombreux processus physiologiques. La zone de transition (ZT) est une structure complexe, localisée à la base des cils, qui assure une fonction importante dans l'assemblage et la régulation du trafic des constituants ciliaires. Trois complexes protéiques ont été identifiés à la ZT : MKS-JBTS, NPHP1-4-8 et NPHP5-CEP290. D'autres protéines sont également situées à la ZT telles que CBY et AZI1 mais leur interaction avec ces trois modules reste encore peu connue. Chez l'Homme, des mutations de gènes codant des protéines de la ZT sont associées à des maladies génétiques rares, les ciliopathies. Deux modes d'assemblage des cils ont été décrits : la ciliogenèse compartimentée et la ciliogenèse cytosolique. Alors que la fonction de la ZT au cours de la ciliogenèse compartimentée a été bien étudiée, son rôle dans la ciliogenèse cytosolique reste peu connu. La Drosophile possède deux sortes de cellules ciliées, les neurones sensoriels et les flagelles de spermatozoides dont les cils s'assemblent selon ces deux modes d'assemblage. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai utilisé ce modèle pour analyser la fonction des protéines de la ZT dans ces deux types cellulaires. Mes résultats montrent que les protéines MKS ne jouent pas un rôle essentiel dans l'assemblage de la ZT dans ces deux types cellulaires. J'ai aussi révélé que CBY et AZI1, coopèrent pour assembler la ZT et qu'elle est nécessaire à l'ancrage du corps basal à la membrane plasmique. De plus, mes travaux ont démontré que KLP59D, une kinésine dépolymérisante des microtubules, est indispensable à la régulation de l'élongation de l'axonème au cours de la ciliogenèse cytosolique. En conclusion, ce travail apporte de nouvelles connaissances sur la dynamique d'assemblage de la ZT des cils et sur les mécanismes qui contrôlent l'élongation de l'axonème / Cilia and flagella are cellular organelles that protrude at the cell surface. They are composed of a microtubular cytoskeleton and they are highly conserved across eukaryotic species from plantae to Human. In mammals, they play essential functions during development and regulate numerous physiological processes in adults. At the ciliary base a complex structure called transition zone (TZ) is necessary for cilia assembly and regulation of ciliary components trafficking inside the cilia. Three protein complexes have been identified at the TZ : MKS-JBTS, NPHP1-4-8 and NPHP5-CEP290. Other TZ proteins such as CBY and AZI1 have been studied but their interaction with these 3 modules is not yet elucidated. In Human, mutations of genes encoding TZ proteins are associated with several genetic diseases called ciliopathies. Two different modes of cilia assembly have been identified: compartimentalized and cytosolic ciliogenesis. While TZ function in compartimentalized ciliogenesis is well studied, its role in cytosolic ciliogenesis remains poorly understood. In Drosophila, there are only two types of ciliated cells, sensory neurons and sperm flagella, representative of these two ciliogenesis pathways. During my PhD, I used Drosophila to study the function of TZ proteins during cilia assembly in these two ciliated cell types. My data show that proteins of the MKS complex do not play an essential role in TZ assembly in the cilia of sensory neurons and in spermatozoon flagella. I also demonstrated that CBY and AZI1 cooperate to assemble the TZ components and that the TZ is necessary to dock the basal bodies to the plasma membrane, one of the first important step in cilia assembly. Finally, I showed that KLP59D, a microtubule-depolymerising kinesin, is required to control axoneme elongation during the cytosolic ciliogenesis. In conclusion, this work brings new insights into the understanding of the dynamic assembly of TZ proteins and the mechanisms that regulate flagella elongation

The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze impacts of BEPS including Country-by-Country reporting on the business field and on the tax administration. The theoretical part describes the importance of the initiative of BEPS transfer pricing including its the updated package, Action 8-10. Next part describes and compares the actual transfer pricing regulations in the countries of Visegrad 4 and in Germany. The last part of the diploma thesis analyzes the current transfer pricing situations and the cases of multinational corporation such as Google and Starbucks and it is followed by chaptures analyzing possible advantages and disadvantages that will arise from the new statement of CBCR.

No description available.

La tesi, articolata in sei capitoli, mira alla valutazione del grado di integrazione dei Rom cittadini europei negli Stati membri, in seguito all'attuazione di una serie di politiche, misure e mobilizzazione di risorse finanziarie, da parte dell’Unione europea, in materia di antidiscriminazione etnico-razziale, inclusione sociale e protezione delle minoranze. Il primo capitolo offre una panoramica sulla presenza dei Rom nell'Europa e una serie di spunti introduttivi al tema della loro integrazione. Il secondo capitolo mette in evidenza, oltre all'inquadramento giuridico del concetto di minoranza, alcune considerazioni sui limiti e sulle ambiguità del riconoscimento giuridico dei Rom in quanto minoranza europea, alla luce di numerosi strumenti normativi di diritto internazionale ed europei. Il terzo capitolo valuta il quadro antidiscriminatorio dell’Unione europea, con particolare attenzione alla Direttiva 2000/43/CE, e le politiche, i programmi e gli strumenti finanziari europei per contrastare la discriminazione dei Rom, basata sulla razza e sull'origine etnica. Il quarto capitolo analizza il ruolo delle politiche europee per l’integrazione dei Rom in quattro settori cardine, quali l’istruzione, l’occupazione, l’alloggio e la sanità. Il quinto capitolo affronta il problema di verificare se la reinterpretazione del tema delle minoranze sotto il profilo della diversità culturale, rappresenti un trend utile all'integrazione dei Rom o almeno porti i miglioramenti sperati in materia di accesso ad una abitazione adeguata, l'accesso all'istruzione, alla possibilità di inserirsi nel mondo di lavoro. Il sesto capitolo, da ultimo, attua una comparazione tra il sistema italiano e quello rumeno, per quanto riguarda il modo di affrontare la questione Rom, di rispondere all'appello europeo di elaborare una Strategia nazionale per la loro inclusione, del modo in cui fanno uso degli strumenti giuridici europei nello sviluppo e nell'attuazione delle politiche effettive, finalizzate all'integrazione dei Rom. / The thesis, divided into six chapters, aims to assess the integration’s level of the EU's Roma citizens in the Member States, afterwards the implementation of a series of European policies, measures and mobilization of financial resources on anti-ethnic racial discrimination, social inclusion and protection of minorities.

No description available.

A variable temperature 13C and 6Li NMR study has been conducted for 6Li-enriched ethyl-, n-propyl-, isopropyl-, n-butyl-, isobutyl-, t-butyl--, isopentyl-, 2-ethylbutyl-, and n-hexyllithium in cyclopentane. Significant differences in the 13C NMR parameters are observed as a function of the alkyl group and temperature. These changes are compared to the 6Li spectra and explained in terms of the aggregates present. 13C-6Li coupling is readily observed in both the 13 6 C and Li spectra of compounds which contain branching at either the alpha or beta carbons of the alkyl group. This coupling has been used to identify the aggregates present in solution and to identify the fluxional behavior of these aggregates.

M.A. (Greek) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

ABSTRACT Specific Exercises as a Secondary Preventative Intervention Programme for Low Back Pain in 12-13 year old Children Gina Lucia Fanucchi Supervisors: Dr Ronél Jordaan, Prof Aimee Stewart Many recent large epidemiological studies have shown that the incidence of non-specific low back pain (LBP) in adolescents is very similar to that in adults, and that LBP in children is predictive of LBP in adults. As a result, it has been suggested that programmes targeting the prevention of LBP should be implemented early. However, there is currently very limited literature available on LBP preventative interventions during childhood. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the efficacy of an eight-week specific exercise programme in reducing self-reported episodes and intensity of LBP, as well as modifying some of the identified risk factors for LBP in children. A randomised control trial was used. Seventy-two 12-13 year old children, who had complained of LBP in the past three months, were included in the study. The intervention group completed an eight week school-based specific exercise programme, whilst the control group continued with normal school activity during this time. Data were collected at baseline, immediately post-intervention and at three months post-intervention, using a valid, reliable questionnaire and physical measurements. Treatment groups were compared with respect to change from baseline to postintervention, using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with baseline values as covariates. Testing was done at the 0.05 level of significance. Significant improvements were observed in the exercise group for LBP prevalence (p=0.02), pain intensity VAS (3 months) (p<0.01) and VAS (1 month) (p=0.01), neural mobility (p<0.00001), hamstring flexibility (p<0.00001), iliopsoas flexibility (p<0.001) and lumbosacral position sense (p=0.01), immediately post-intervention, as well as three months post-intervention. Therefore, it can be concluded that specific exercises are beneficial in the prevention of LBP in 12-13 year old children. In addition, specific exercise programmes should be implemented early, ideally as an integral component of school physical education programmes.