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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Event-related brain potential correlates of familiar face and name processing

Pickering, Esther January 2002 (has links)
No description available.
42

Perceptual learning in sound localization

Kacelnik, Oliver January 2002 (has links)
No description available.
43

The efficiency of visual transparency

Wallace, Julian Michael January 2003 (has links)
This thesis examines the phenomenon of visual transparency in a novel application of the efficiency approach. Transparency provides a useful stimulus to probe the visual mechanisms that underlie the visual surface representation, introduced in Chapter One. Previous research has found that there is a cost in processing visual transparency defined purely by motion or stereo cues. This has been interpreted in terms of visual mechanisms constraining the recovery of transparency. However, the cost for transparency may reflect the increased complexity of the stimuli. To address this issue I computed the efficiency for motion and stereo defined transparency tasks by comparing human performance with that of the ideal observer. The efficiency approach has two key advantages over traditional psychophysical measures: 1) it provides a performance measure normalised relative to the available information, 2) it is an absolute measure and can be compared directly across diverse tasks. I provide a review of the efficiency approach in Chapter Two. In Chapter Three, I present a study of the efficiency for speed discrimination of transparent random dot stimuli and comparable non-transparent random dot stimuli, as a function of the speed ratio and the dot density of the stimuli. In Chapter Four, I present a study of the efficiency for depth discrimination of transparent and non-transparent random dot stereograms, across a range of disparity ratios and dot densities. In Chapter Five, I present an extension of the efficiency approach to the motor domain, for the smooth pursuit of high-density transparent and non-transparent random-dot stimuli. Finally, in Chapter Six I provide physiologically plausible accounts of the findings.
44

Interactions between the processing of facial identity, emotional expression and facial speech

Kaufmann, Jurgen Michael January 2002 (has links)
The experiments investigate the functional relationship between the processing of facial identity, emotional expression and facial speech. They were designed in order to further explore a widely accepted model of parallel, independent face perception components (Bruce and Young, 1986), which has been challenged recently (e.g. Walker et. al., 1995; Yakel et. al., 2000; Schweinberger et. al., 1998; Schweinberger et.al., 1999). In addition to applying a selective attention paradigm (Garner, 1974; 1976), dependencies between face related processes are explored by morphing, a digital graphic editing technique which allows for the selective manipulation of facial dimensions, and by studying the influence of face familiarity on the processing of emotional expression and speechreading. The role of dynamic information for speechreading (lipreading) is acknowledged by investigating the influence of natural facial speech movements on the integration of identity specific talker information and facial speech cues. As for the relationship between the processing of facial identity and emotional expression, overall the results are in line with the notion of independent parallel routes. Recent findings of an "asymmetric interaction" between the two dimensions in the selective attention paradigm, in the sense that facial identity can be processed independently from expression but not vice versa (Schweinberger et. al., 1998; Schweinberger et. al., 1999) could not be unequivocally corroborated. Critical factors for the interpretation of results based on the selective attention paradigm when used with complex stimuli such as faces are outlined and tested empirically. However, the experiments do give evidence that stored facial representations might be less abstract than previously thought and might preserve some information about typical expressions. The results indicate that classifications of unfamiliar faces are not influenced by emotional expression, while familiar faces are recognized fastest for certain expressions.
45

An interference continuum for selective attention in vision : evidence from the attentional blink

Martin, Jesse January 2003 (has links)
No description available.
46

Inhibitory processes in temporal selection

Loach, Daniel January 2003 (has links)
No description available.
47

Putting love to the test : understanding willingness to sacrifice in relationship dilemmas

Powell, Chantal January 2002 (has links)
In what circumstances do individuals sacrifice direct self-interest for the good of their partner or their relationship? The research presented in this thesis used interdependence theory (Kelley & Thibaut, 1978; Thibaut & Kelley, 1959) as a theoretical framework for examining willingness to sacrifice in intimate relationship dilemmas. Two person specific variables, commitment and personal relationship needs, were examined alongside three situation specific variables, the cost of sacrificing, partners' relationship needs, and partners' strategy. The research had a varied methodological base consisting of two laboratory-based studies (outcome matrices represented relationship dilemmas), a scenario based paradigm, and a recall paradigm. The situation specific variables revealed tendencies for individuals to strive to maximise personal outcomes rather than joint outcomes. Individuals were consistently found to sacrifice less in dilemmas involving a high level costs and rewards, exhibited less sacrifice with a selfish partner as opposed to a sacrificial partner, and less sacrifice when paired with a partner who was described as being high in relationship needs. However, the person specific variables demonstrated factors within intimate relationships that may restrict this pursuit of self-interest. In line with previous research (e. g. Van Lange, Agnew, Harinck, & Steemers, 1997) a positive relationship was found between commitment and willingness to sacrifice. However the current research demonstrated that this relationship is only found in dilemmas that involve a high level of costs and rewards (e. g. moving home). When the costs and rewards involved are low (e. g. washing up), individuals classified as low in commitment exhibit similar levels, or sometimes even greater sacrifice, than individuals classified as high in commitment. It was demonstrated that individuals who are highly committed to their relationship hold more dyad-focused motives (e. g. concern for partner's well-being and needs) than less committed individuals. It is proposed that this increased focus on the dyad promotes a greater desire to maximise joint outcomes, resulting in the greater sacrificial behaviour exhibited in the high cost dilemmas. It was demonstrated that less committed individuals are more influenced by self-focused motivations for sacrificial behaviour, such as short-term exchange (i. e. getting something in return for their sacrifice) than high committed individuals. It is argued that these self-focused motives generally only justify sacrifice in dilemmas involving a low level of cost. The main conclusion drawn from this research is that both self-focused and dyad-focused motives underlie sacrifice. However, low committed individuals are more influenced by self-focused motives than high committed individuals, and high committed individuals are more influenced by dyad-focused motives than low committed individuals. This discrepancy results in situational differences (in terms of cost) in which low and high committed individuals are willing to sacrifice.
48

Attention mechanisms in contextual anxiety and cued fear and their influence on processing of social cues / Aufmerksamkeitsmechanismen bei kontextueller Angst und reizspezifischer Furcht und deren Einfluss auf die Verarbeitung von sozialen Reizen

Kastner, Anna Katharina January 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Anxiety is an affective state characterized by a sustained, long-lasting defensive response, induced by unpredictable, diffuse threat. In comparison, fear is a phasic response to predictable threat. Fear can be experimentally modeled with the help of cue conditioning. Context conditioning, in which the context serves as the best predictor of a threat due to the absence of any conditioned cues, is seen as an operationalization of sustained anxiety. This thesis used a differential context conditioning paradigm to examine sustained attention processes in a threat context compared to a safety context for the first time. In three studies, the attention mechanisms during the processing of contextual anxiety were examined by measuring heart rate responses and steady-state-visually evoked potentials (ssVEPs). An additional focus was set on the processing of social cues (i.e. faces) and the influence of contextual information on these cues. In a last step, the correlates of sustained anxiety were compared to evoked responses by phasic fear, which was realized in a previously established paradigm combining predictable and unpredictable threat. In the first study, a contextual stimulus was associated with an aversive loud noise, while a second context remained unpaired. This conditioning paradigm created an anxiety context (CTX+) and a safety context (CTX-). After acquisition, a social agent vs. an object was presented as a distractor in both contexts. Heart rate and cortical responses, with ssVEPs by using frequency tagging, to the contexts and the distractors were assessed. Results revealed enhanced ssVEP amplitudes for the CTX+ compared to the CTX− during acquisition and during presentation of distractor stimuli. Additionally, the heart rate was accelerated in the acquisition phase, followed by a heart rate deceleration as a psychophysiological marker of contextual anxiety. Study 2 used the same context conditioning paradigm as Study 1. In contrast to the first study, persons with different emotional facial expressions were presented in the anxiety and safety contexts in order to compare the differential processing of these cues within periods of threat and safety. A similar anxiety response was found in the second study, although only participants who Abstract VIII were aware of the contingency between contexts and aversive event showed a sensory amplification of the threat context, indicated by heart rate response and ssVEP activation. All faces irrespective of their emotional expression received increased attentional resources when presented within the anxiety context, which suggests a general hypervigilance in anxiety contexts. In the third study, the differentiation of predictable and unpredictable threat as an operationalization of fear and anxiety was examined on a cortical and physiological level. In the predictable condition, a social cue was paired with an aversive event, while in the unpredictable condition the aversive event remained unpaired with the respective cue. A fear response to the predictable cue was found, indicated by increased oscillatory response and accelerated heart rate. Both predictable and unpredictable threat yielded increased ssVEP amplitudes evoked by the context stimuli, while the response in the unpredictable context showed longer-lasting ssVEP activation to the threat context. To sum up, all three studies endorsed anxiety as a long-lasting defensive response. Due to the unpredictability of the aversive events, the individuals reacted with hypervigilance in the anxiety context, reflected in a facilitated processing of sensory information and an orienting response. This hypervigilance had an impact on the processing of novel cues, which appeared in the anxiety context. Considering the compared stimuli categories, the stimuli perceived in a state of anxiety received increased attentional resources, irrespective of the emotional arousal conveyed by the facial expression. Both predictable and unpredictable threat elicited sensory amplification of the contexts, while the response in the unpredictable context showed longer-lasting sensory facilitation of the threat context. / Angst wird als ein langanhaltender Zustand, induziert durch eine unvorhersehbare, diffuse Bedro-hung, gesehen. Furcht hingegen wird als eine kürzere Reaktion auf einen spezifischen Bedrohungsreiz definiert. Diese phasische Reaktion kann durch Furchtkonditionierung induziert werden. Bei der Kontextkonditionierung hingegen wird durch die Abwesenheit vorhersagender Hinweisreize der Kontext zum besten Prädiktor für den aversiven Reiz und induziert dadurch eine chronische Erwartung der Bedrohung und einen langanhaltenden Angstzustand. Diese Promotionsarbeit präsentiert ein neu angepasstes differentielles Kontextkonditionierungspara-digma, welches implementiert wurde, um ein kontinuierliches Maß langanhaltender Angst im Be-drohungskontext zu erhalten. In drei Studien wurden Aufmerksamkeitsmechanismen mittels Erhebung von Herzrate und steady-state visuell evozierte Potentiale (ssVEPs) untersucht. Ein zusätzlicher Fokus lag in der Verarbeitung von sozialen Reizen (d.h. Gesichtern) und dem Einfluss von kontextuellen Informationen. Zusätzlich wurden mittels eines bereits etablierten Paradigma, welches die Vorhersagbarkeit von Bedrohungsreizen moduliert, die elektrokortikalen und physiologischen Korrelate von Angst mit Furchtreaktionen verglichen. In der ersten Studie wurde ein Kontextstimulus mit einem aversiven lauten unvorhersagbaren Geräusch assoziiert, während ein zweiter Kontextstimulus ungepaart blieb. In diesem differenti-ellen Paradigma entstanden so ein Angstkontext (CTX+) und ein Sicherheitskontext (CTX-). Nach der Akquisition wurden ein sozialer Agent und ein Objekt als Distraktoren in beiden Kontexten präsentiert. Die Herzrate und die kortikale Aktvierung mittels ssVEPs in Reaktion auf beide Kontexte und beide Distraktoren wurden gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten erhöhte ssVEP-Amplituden in Reaktion auf den CTX+ im Vergleich zum CTX- während der Akquisitionsphase und der simultanen Präsentation der Distraktoren. Diese langanhaltende Angstreaktion wurde unterstützt durch Befunde von einer Akzeleration der Herzrate während der Konditionierungsphase und einer darauffolgenden Dezeleration im Angstkontext. Studie 2 verwendete dasselbe Kontextkonditionierungsparadigma wie die erste Studie, allerdings wurden hier Personen mit unterschiedlichen emotionalen Gesichtsausdrücken als Distraktoren Zusammenfassung X im Angst- und Sicherheitskontext präsentiert, um die differentielle Verarbeitung von emotionalen Reizen innerhalb von Phasen der Angst und Sicherheit zu untersuchen. Es konnte eine ähnliche Angstreaktion wie in der ersten Studie nachgewiesen werden, allerdings zeigte sich diese nur bei den kontingenzbewussten Probanden, die den Zusammenhang zwischen den aversiven Konse-quenzen und den beiden Kontexten richtig wiedergeben konnten. Sie zeigte sich in einer sensorischen Verstärkung des CTX+, abgeleitet durch Herzrate und ssVEP-Aktivierung. Alle Gesichter, unabhängig ihres emotionalen Gehalts, evozierten verstärkte Aufmerksamkeitsres-sourcen im CTX+, was auf eine generelle Hypervigilanz in Angstkontexten hindeutet. In der dritten Studie wurde die Differenzierung von vorhersagbarer und unvorhersagbarer Be-drohung, als Operationalisierung von Furcht und Angst, auf kortikaler und physiologischer Ebene untersucht. In der vorhersagbaren Bedingung wurde ein sozialer Reiz mit einem aversiven Ereignis gepaart; in der unvorhersagbaren Bedingung wurde dieses aversive Ereignis zufällig prä-sentiert. Eine Furchtreaktion auf den vorhersagbaren Reiz konnte mit erhöhten ssVEP-Amplituden sowie einer erhöhten Herzrate gezeigt werden. Sowohl die vorhersagbare als auch die unvorhersagbare Bedrohung lösten eine sensorische Verstärkung der Kontexte gegenüber der Sicherheitsbedingung aus, wobei die Reaktion auf den unvorhersagbaren Kontext eine länger an-dauernde ssVEP-Aktivierung beinhaltete. Die Ergebnisse von den drei Studien konnten Angst als eine langanhaltende defensive Reaktion bestätigen. Aufgrund der Unvorhersagbarkeit der aversiven Ereignisse reagieren Individuen mit einer erhöhten Wachsamkeit im Angstkontext, gezeigt in einer erleichterten Verarbeitung von sensorischer Information und einer Orientierungsreaktion. Diese erhöhte Wachsamkeit hatte auch einen Einfluss auf die Verarbeitung von neuen Reizen, welche im Angstkontext erschienen. Abhängig von den Vergleichsstimuli, erhielten Stimuli die im Angstkontext wahrgenommen wurden, erhöhte Aufmerksamkeitsressourcen, unabhängig vom emotionalen Gehalt der Gesichter. Sowohl vorhersagbare als auch unvorhersagbare Bedrohungen förderten eine ver-stärkte sensorische Verarbeitung der Kontexte, während diese im Angst- im Gegensatz zum Furchtkontext länger andauerte.
49

Modulation von „Sustained fear“ durch transkranielle Gleichstromstimulation (tDCS) / Modulation of "sustained fear" by the use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

Fröhlich, Sarah January 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Transkraniale Gleichstromstimulation (tDCS) stellt eine neue Therapieoption für Patienten mit neurologischen und psychiatrischen Erkrankungen dar. tDCS ist eine nichtinvasive Methode, mit der das Membranpotential von Nervenzellen verändert wird. Eine Depolarisation führt zu einer Erhöhung des Potentials, eine Hyperpolarisation bewirkt eine Senkung. Diesen neuromodulatorischen Effekt hat man sich in der vorliegenden Arbeit zunutze gemacht. Im Versuchsaufbau wurde die Modulation von „sustained fear“ durch tDCS getestet. Das angewandte Paradigma ist nach dem Prinzip des NPU-Tests von Grillon aufgebaut. Mithilfe von vorhersehbaren und unvorhersehbaren aversiven Reizen (menschlicher Schrei) ist eine Einschätzung von kurz- („phasic“) und langanhaltenden („sustained“) Angstreaktionen möglich. Der Startle Reflex wurde zur Erfassung dieses Angstzustands aufgezeichnet. Gesunde Probanden (n=74) erfuhren eine 20-minütige tDCS Stimulation mit einer Stromstärke von 1 mA bei einer Elektrodengröße von 35 cm². Es ergab sich somit eine Stromdichte von 0,0286 mA/cm². Es konnte ein signifikanter Effekt von tDCS auf „sustained fear“ nachgewiesen werden. Die neuromodulatorische Wirkung stellte sich bei anodaler Stimulation durch veränderte Startle Statistiken im Vergleich zur Sham Kontrollgruppe dar. „Phasic fear“ zeigte keine nachweisbare Wirkung der Gleichstromstimulation. Gegenstand der Arbeit war außerdem die Untersuchung des Paradigmas zur Analyse von „phasic“ und „sustained fear“ auf subjektiver und psychophysiologischer Ebene. Mithilfe von Startle Daten und dreier spezieller Fragebögen war dies möglich (STAI X1, PANAS, SAM). Die Startle Daten bewiesen eine Einflussnahme der Bedingungen (vorhersehbar, unvorhersehbar, neutral). Zudem war der Reflex davon abhängig, ob den Probanden eine Vorwarnung angezeigt wurde (ITI, Cue). Eine Vorankündigung der aversiven Reize bewirkte eine erhöhte Anspannung, weshalb die Startle Reaktion bei der vorhersehbaren Bedingung am stärksten ausfiel. Ohne Vorwarnung (ITI) war die durchschnittliche Reaktion auf einen unvorhersehbaren Schrei am größten. Nicht angekündigte Stimuli lösten eine starke Stressreaktion aus, woraufhin eine anhaltende Alarmbereitschaft bei den Probanden entstand. „Sustained fear“ ergab sich aus den unvorhersehbaren Bedingungen mit und ohne Warnhinweise (ITI U-Cue U). Nach subjektiver Einschätzung der Versuchsteilnehmer/-innen bestätigte der STAI X1 und der PANAS einen Anstieg der emotionalen Anspannung durch das Paradigma. Der psychologische Einfluss des Paradigmas spiegelte sich auch im Rating des SAM-Tests wider. Vor allem der Effekt vorhersehbarer und unvorhersehbarer Ereignisse ergab übereinstimmend signifikante Werte, analog zu den Startle Daten. Die statistische Auswertung zeigt Erfolg versprechende Ansätze in Bezug auf den Einfluss der Gleichstromstimulation auf das Angstverhalten. Durch den Versuchsaufbau einer plazebokontrollierten, randomisierten Doppelblindstudie kann von sehr verlässlichen Ergebnissen mit großer Aussagekraft ausgegangen werden. Die nachgewiesene tDCS Wirkung gilt es nun anhand weiterführender Studien genauer zu untersuchen. Variable Parameter wie Stromintensität, Stimulationsdauer, Elektrodengröße und -position, aber auch interindividuelle Aspekte wie Alter, Geschlecht oder genetische Unterschiede müssen in Vergleichsuntersuchungen möglicherweise mit einem größeren Probandenkollektiv überprüft werden. Darüber hinaus wurde die Studie zunächst an gesunden Probanden getestet. Für eine Anwendung von tDCS bei Angststörungen müssen gesondert Versuche durchgeführt werden. Die Daten liefern einen wichtigen Beitrag zur tDCS Forschung und haben weitreichende Bedeutung für die Entwicklung neuer Therapiemöglichkeiten im klinischen Alltag. / tDCS, a non-invasive method to modulate the activity of neuronal membrane, is often discussed as a promising tool in the therapy of mental disorders. Anodal Stimulation has an increasing effect on neurons, whereas cathodal has an inhibiting effect. Healthy volunteers (n=74) were tested in the NPU-test. Predictable and unpredictable aversive stimuli (a human scream) created short ("phasic") and long-lasting ("sustained") fear situations. The startle reaction was used to measure the evolving emotional state. With a current of 1 mA and electrodes the size of 35 cm² an electric field was generated for 20 minutes. In comparison to the sham-control group a significant effect of the anodal Stimulation was proved on sustained fear. Furthermore, the study approved the NPU-test as a tool to create and examine phasic and sustained fear. Several questionnaires also confirmed the effect of the paradigm. According to the subjective rating of the participants, the STAI X1, the PANAS and the SAM-test demonstrated an increasing arousal level and a higher emotional tension after finishing the paradigm. As a placebo-controlled, randomized double-blind trial, the experimental design indicates a great statistical power with promising results in the examination of the tDCS influence. Nevertheless further studies are necessary for the clinical use in psychological therapy.
50

The neurocognitive basis of cognitive and emotional control

Meyer, Marcel January 2013 (has links)
Cognitive models of threat processing maintain that threat, depending on the task at hand, can speed (when task relevant) or impair (when task irrelevant) cognitive performance (Pessoa, 2009). It is generally assumed that attentional bias to threat is modulated by anxiety, with increased anxiety leading to increased bias (Bishop, 2007; Mathews & Mackintosh, 1998). Evidence suggests that such biases are not actually specific to anxiety, however, and instead form part of a broader personality spectrum of negative affect or neuroticism (Clark & Watson, 1991), of which anxiety is but one facet. Further, such emotion-linked attentional biases to threat may be modulated not only by task demands, but also by individual differences in ‘regulatory’ traits, including emotion regulation and attentional control capacity. Most previous studies have focused on the influence of threat on spatial and temporal aspects of attention. It has recently been suggested, however, that threat material may also influence higher-level cognitive control processes, such as response inhibition. In the current thesis, I examine the influence of threat related material on different tasks of cognitive control: the Stroop task, the Flanker task, and the Stop-signal inhibition task. In addition, I examine the influence of trait negative emotion (neuroticism) and regulatory traits (emotion regulation and attentional control) on selective processing of threat material. I set out to test, for the first time, the idea that individual differences in negative emotionality (neuroticism) and attentional control/emotion regulation would interact to predict the impact of threatening material on cognitive control. More specifically, that good attentional control and/or emotion regulation would ‘buffer’ the effects of higher levels of neuroticism on the impairment of cognitive control by threatening material. In the Flanker tasks, I find evidence for speeded processing of positive emotion, whereas performance in the Stroop task is particularly impaired by threat material. By contrast, in the Stop signal task of response inhibition, I find that response inhibition (stopping) is slowed in the presence of angry facial expressions, and such slowing is greater in individuals high in trait neuroticism. Further, as predicted, the influence of neuroticism is moderated by individual differences in emotion regulation, such that good emotion regulation ‘buffers’ the impact of neuroticism. The implications of these findings for current cognitive models of threat-processing are discussed.

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