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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Caracterização química e liberação de nitrogênio de compostos e vermicompostos de casca de arroz e dejetos de animais / Chemical characterization and nitrogen release from composts and vermicomposts of rice husks and animal wastes

Vione, Elaine Luiza Biacchi 16 December 2016 (has links)
Composting and vermicomposting reduce the volume of wastes and improve their characteristics of use, as fertilizer. However, there is a lack of information about how to use them, depending on the processes and raw materials used. The study performed with the objective of evaluate composts and vermicomposts produced with swine waste, poultry and cattle wastes mixed with rice hulls, regarding the N supply potential in very short cycle crop species. For this, chemical characteristics of composts and vermi-composts were evaluated in relation to fertilizer potential; composts and vermicompost regarding the degree of maturity and phytotoxicity on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and annual ryegrass (Lollium multiflorum) seeds. The contribution in N supply for lettuce plants with and without use of 15N isotopic technique; also the potential for C and N mineralization of composts and vermicomposts in Ultisol for 56 days of incubation in laboratory. The wastes used contributed differences between composts and vermicomposts. Higher content of P, Ca and Mg were obtained in materials produced with poultry waste. The lower C / N ratio indicated that the biological processes influenced the degradation of organic residues and its stabilization. The products obtained with composting and vermicomposting after 60 days of pre-composting were similar, except for the content of K and EC, which were lower in the vermicompost, while lower content of C, cellulose, lignin and greater soluble fraction were found when used cattle waste. In order to cultivate barley and ryegrass, the composts and vermicompost of rice husk with animal wastes presented GI > 50%, considered mature and non-phytotoxic, whereas for lettuce, only cattle vermicompost was considered mature. Among all materials, composts/vermicomposts produced with cattle manure were most mature. The higher N release rates, were found when cattle manure used while lowest when produced with poultry waste. Due to the short cycle of lettuce and also the material stabilization, the contribution of composts/vermicomposts in the N supply was low (about 10%). The N mineralization of materials occurred mainly until the 28th day of incubation and was higher in the composition with cattle and swine manures and lowest in those with poultry waste. In very short cycle species such as lettuce, for adequate N availability, the dose of composts/vermicomposts should be propped according to the mineral N available in the material. / A compostagem e a vermicompostagem proporcionam a redução do volume dos resíduos e melhoram suas características para utilização como fertilizante. Porém, os critérios para sua utilização ainda carecem de informações, dependendo dos processos e das matérias-primas utilizadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar compostos e vermicompostos produzidos com dejetos de suínos, aves poedeiras e bovinos leiteiros, misturados com casca de arroz, quanto ao potencial de fornecimento de N em espécie vegetal de ciclo muito curto. Para isso, avaliaram-se as características químicas dos compostos e vermicompostos relacionando com o potencial fertilizante; os compostos e vermicompostos quanto a sua maturação e fitotoxicidade em sementes de alface (Lactuca sativa L), cevada (Hordeum vulgare) e azevém anual (Lollium multiflorum); a contribuição em N para plantas de alface com e sem o uso de técnica isotópica do 15N; e o potencial de mineralização de C e N dos compostos e vermicompostos em Argissolo, durante 56 dias de incubação em laboratório. Os dejetos utilizados contribuíram para as diferenças químicas entre os compostos e vermicompostos. Maior teor de P, Ca e Mg foram obtidos nos materiais produzidos com dejetos de aves. A menor relação C/N indicou que os processos biológicos favoreceram a degradação dos resíduos orgânicos e a estabilização. Os produtos obtidos com a compostagem e a vermicompostagem após 60 dias de pré-compostagem foram similares, exceto para o teor de K e a CE, que foram menores no vermicomposto, enquanto menor teor de C, celulose, lignina e maior fração solúvel foram encontrados quando utilizado dejeto bovino. Para a cultura da cevada e do azevém, os compostos e os vermicompostos de casca de arroz com dejetos animais apresentaram IG>50%, considerados maduros e não fitotóxicos, enquanto para a alface, somente o vermicomposto bovino foi considerado maduro. Entre os materiais, o produzido com dejeto bovino foi o mais maduro. Os melhores índices de liberação de N foram encontrados quando utilizados dejetos bovinos e os menores quando utilizados dejetos de aves. Em função do ciclo curto da alface e estabilização dos materiais, a contribuição dos compostos/vermicompostos no fornecimento de N para a cultura da alface foi baixa (em torno de 10%). A mineralização do N dos materiais ocorreu principalmente até o 28º dia de incubação e foi maior quando utilizado na composição dejetos de bovinos e suínos, e a menor naqueles com dejetos de aves. Em espécies de ciclo muito curto como a alface, para adequada disponibilidade de N, deverá se ajustar a dose dos compostos/vermicompostos de acordo com o N mineral disponível no material.
52

Relations trophiques dans la rhizosphère : effet des interactions entre champignon ectomycorhizien, bactéries et nématodes bactérivores sur le prélèvement minéral du Pin maritime (Pinus pinaster) / Trophic relationships in the rhizosphere : effect of fungal, bacterial and nematode interactions on mineral nutrition of Pinus pinaster seedlings

Irshad, Usman 06 December 2011 (has links)
Les microorganismes agissent comme un puits et une source de N et Pdisponibles car ils sont responsables des cycles biogéochimiques de N et P. La bouclemicrobienne, basée sur la prédation des bactéries par les microprédateurs tels que lesnématodes bactérivores, est considérée comme un facteur majeur de la minéralisation de Net de P dans les écosystèmes terrestres. Cependant, peu de données sont disponibles surl'impact de la prédation par les nématodes sur la nutrition minérale des plantes ligneusesectomycorhizées. Différentes expérimentations ont été conduites pour quantifier le rôle dela prédation des bactéries par les nématodes sur l'architecture et la croissance racinaire, lanutrition minérale (N et P) d'une espèce ligneuse, Pinus pinaster, associée ou non avec lebasidiomycète ectomycorhizien Hebeloma cylindrosporum. Les plantes ont été cultivéesdans un système expérimental simplifié et stérile, et inoculées ou non avec Bacillus subtiliset des nématodes bactérivores (de la famille des Rhabditidae ou des Cephalobidae) isolés àpartir d'ectomycorhizes et de sol provenant d'une plantation de Pin maritime. L'effet de laprédation sur la croissance des plantes et le devenir du 15N bactérien vers les partiesaériennes dépend très fortement de la disponibilité en P du milieu. De plus, la prédationdes bactéries est indispensable pour permettre à la plante d'utiliser le P du phytate, unesource de P organique très peu disponible pour la plante mais très facilement utilisable parB. subtilis car cette bactérie est capable de libérer de la phytase dans le milieu. Cesrésultats ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour améliorer l'utilisation du phytate pour lanutrition phosphatée des plantes. / Soil microorganisms act as a sink and a source of available N and P bymediating key processes in the biogeochemical N and P cycling. The microbial loop, basedupon the grazing of bacteria by predators such as bacterial-feeding nematodes, is thoughtto play a major role in the mineralization of nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus(P) in terrestrial ecosystems. However, little is known about the impact of grazing bynematodes on mineral nutrition of ectomycorrhizal woody plants. Different studies wereundertaken to quantify the role of nematode grazing on bacteria on the root growth andarchitecture, mineral nutrition (N and P) of a woody species, Pinus pinaster, whether ornot associated with the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Hebeloma cylindrosporum. Plantswere grown in a sterile simplified experimental system, whether inoculated or not withBacillus subtilis and bacterial-feeding nematodes (belonging to Rhabditidae orCephalobidae families) that were isolated from ectomycorrhizae and from soil of a P.pinaster plantation. The effect of nematode grazing on plant growth and the fate ofbacterial 15N towards plant shoots was strongly dependent upon medium P availability. Inaddition, nematode grazing was required to enable the plant to access P from phytate, awell-known poorly available P source to plants but that was used by bacterial populationsof B. subtilis due to its ability to release phytase in the medium. These results open analternative route to increase the use of phytate for plant P nutrition.
53

Understanding the Role of N-Methylolacrylamide (Nma) Distribution in Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Latex Adhesives

Brown, Nicole Robitaille 15 April 2004 (has links)
This work addresses the distribution of N-methylolacrylamide (NMA) units in crosslinking poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) adhesives. In this case, distribution refers to the three potential locations of polymerized NMA units in a latex: the water-phase, the surface of polymer particles, and the core of the polymer particles. The objective is to identify the distribution of NMA in three latices and to determine whether NMA distribution correlates with durability related performance. NMA distribution was studied via a series of variable temperature solution NMR experiments, while the durability-related performance was studied via mode I fracture mechanics tests. Studying the distribution of NMA required the use of isotopically labeled NMA. Both 15N-NMA and 13C, 15N-NMA were synthesized. Three NMA/vinyl acetate (VAc) latices were prepared. The NMA feed strategy was varied during each of the three emulsion copolymerizations. Latex characterization methods including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rheometry, particle size analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to study the three latices. The solution NMR method to identify NMA distribution was performed on untreated latices and on washed latices. Washing techniques included membrane dialysis and centrifugation. Results revealed that the three latices had different NMA distributions, and that the distributions were related to the expected differences in microstructure. Latex 3 had ~ 80% core-NMA, while Latex 2 had ~ 80% surface-NMA. Latex 1 had a high proportion of surface-NMA (~60%), but also had the highest proportion of water-phase NMA (~ 20%). This high proportion of water-phase NMA could be responsible for the unique morphology Latex 1 exhibited in SEM studies. Mode I opening fracture mechanics studies were used to study adhesive performance. Specimens were analyzed after exposure to accelerated aging treatments. Latex 2 and Latex 3 exhibited very similar results, despite having very different NMA distributions. All three latices showed good durability related performance. In Latex 2 and Latex 3, the critical strain energy release rates (Gc) after accelerated aging treatments were statistically the same as the Gc of the control specimens. The most interesting finding was that the Latex 1 Gc values were significantly higher after accelerated aging. Latex 1 also had the highest proportion of water-phase NMA. Bondline images and SEM micrographs both indicated that the integrity of Latex 1 was least affected by the accelerated aging treatments. / Ph. D.
54

Carbon flow in belowground food webs assessed by isotope tracers

Scheunemann, Nicole 20 March 2015 (has links)
No description available.
55

LOLINE ALKALOID BIOSYNTHESIS IN <i>NEOTYPHODIUM UNCINATUM</i>, A FUNGAL ENDOPHYTE OF <i>LOLIUM PRATENSE</i>

Blankenship, Jimmy Douglas 01 January 2004 (has links)
Some endophytes in mutualistic associations with Festuca, Lolium and other grass species produce insecticidal loline alkaloids (1-aminopyrrolizidines; LA). These loline alkaloids have a saturated pyrrolizidine ring system (two-rings sharing a carbon and nitrogen atom), a 1-amine substituted with methyl, acetyl, or formyl groups, and an oxygen bridge between C-2 and C-7. The development of a reliable system of production of LA in cultures of the Lolium pratense (meadow fescue) endophyte, Neotyphodium uncinatum, facilitated work on the LA biosynthetic pathway. N. uncinatum produced norloline, loline, methylloline, N-acetylnorloline (NANL), N-formylloline (NFL), and N-acetylloline as detected in culture filtrates. The total production of the two most abundant alkaloids, NANL and NFL, approached 1000 g ml-1 of fungal filtrate. 1H and 13C chemical shifts were previously reported for this group of alkaloids. Extraction and synthesis of sufficient quantities of the alkaloids allowed determination of previously unknown 15N chemical shifts of some LA. Knowledge of 13C and 15N chemical shifts allowed identification of precursors by feeding stable-isotope-labeled compounds. Initially, due to structural similarity to other plant pyrrolizidines, this study examined putrescine and spermidine as possible precursors to LA. Feeding of 14C putrescine to the fungal cultures failed to demonstrate any enrichment in the LA, but enriched spermidine. In contrast, cultures fed with positionally labeled 2H, 13C and 15N amino acids namely, L-ornithine, L-proline, L-aspartate, L-homoserine, and L-methionine demonstrated specific isotopic enrichment in NFL. Determination of the enrichment from the labeled amino acids utilized 13C and 15 N NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). This study allowed the biosynthetic origins of all carbons and nitrogens of NFL to be determined. NFL incorporated L-proline into the B-ring and L-homoserine into the A-ring and 1-amine. The results strongly indicated that polyamines are not precursors of LA and implicated a novel biochemical pathway for the synthesis of LA.
56

Efeito do cultivo intercalar de adubo verde com minitomateiro orgânico em ambiente protegido na produtividade, qualidade e transferência de nitrogênio / Effect of the green manure intercropping with organic cherry tomato in greenhouse on productivity, quality and nitrogen transfer

Salgado, Gabriela Cristina 10 July 2017 (has links)
A prática da adubação verde tem-se mostrado importante para diferentes cultivos, sejam eles consorciados ou em rotação de culturas. O Objetivo do trabalho foi analisar a dinâmica do nitrogênio em um sistema agroecológico de cultivo protegido com fabáceas intercalares ao minitomateiro em plantio direto sobre palhada de milho durante dois anos de cultivo do minitomateiro. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com oito tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos: testemunha com palha de milho, testemunha sem palha de milho, consórcio com as seguintes espécies com o minitomateiro: feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis DC), crotalária-júncea (Crotalaria juncea L.), mucuna-anã [(Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Merrill)], feijão-mungo (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), tremoço-branco (Lupinus albus L.), feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp). O tratamento com feijão-caupi teve menor número e massa de frutos comerciais (NFC e MFC) comparados com os tratamentos mucuna-anã e feijão-de-porco, respectivamente. O tratamento com feijão-de-porco apresentou aproximadamente, 25% e 8% maior massa de fruto total (MFT) e massa média de fruto total (MMFT) comparado ao tratamento com feijão-caupi, nesta ordem. O número e massa dos frutos comerciais e totais foram menores no segundo ano. Para o número de frutos totais (NFT), (MFT) e (MMFT), o ano 1 foi superior em 25%, 33% e 13% comparado ao ano 2, respectivamente. Os frutos no primeiro ano apresentaram maior massa média, menor teor de nutriente e menor relação entre solido solúveis totais e acidez titulável total (SST/ATT) do que no segundo ano. O tratamento com feijão-caupi teve maior porcentagem de N transferido na folha do minitomateiro comparado ao tratamento com feijão-mungo. Os adubos verdes não reduziram a produtividade, os parâmetros químicos da qualidade e os teores de macro e micronutrientes do minitomateiro. Não houve interferência entre os adubos verdes e as plantas de minitomate. As leguminosas utilizadas neste trabalho mostram potencial de transferência de N para o minitomateiro. / The practice of green manure has proven important for different crops, whether when on intercropping or on crop rotation. This paper analyzes the dynamics of nitrogen in an agroecological greenhouse intercropped green manure with cherry tomato under no-tillage system. The experimental design is a randomized block with eight treatments and five replications, which are: control treatment with corn straw, control treatment without corn straw; intercropping of the following species with the cherry tomato: jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis), crotalaria juncea (Crotalaria juncea DC), velvet bean [(Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Merrill)], mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), white lupine (Lupinus albus L.), cowpea bean (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp). The treatment with cowpea had lower number and weight of commercial fruits (NCF and WCF) compared to the treatments velvet bean and jack bean, respectively. Treatment with jack bean showed approximately 25% and 8% higher total fruit weight (TFW) and total average fruit weight (TAFW), compared to treatment with cowpea bean, in this order. The number and weight of commercial and total were lower in the second year. For the total number of fruits (TNF), (TFW) and (TAFW), year 1 was higher in 25%, 33% and 13% compared to year 2, respectively. The fruits in the first year showed higher average weight, lower nutrient content, and lower relation between total soluble solids and total titratable acidity (TSS/TTA) than in the second year. plants. Treatment with cowpea beans had a higher % of N transferred in the leaf of cherry tomato compared to the treatment with mung bean. Green manures did not reduce productivity, chemical quality parameters, and macro and micronutrient contents of the cherry tomato. There was no interference between green manures and cherry tomato. The legumes used in this work show the potential of transfer of N to the cherry tomato.
57

Balanço de nitrogênio e enxofre no sistema solo-cana-de-açúcar no ciclo de cana-planta / Nitrogen and sulfur balance in the soil-sugarcane system during the plant cane cycle

Bologna-Campbell, Isabela 06 March 2007 (has links)
O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o aproveitamento e a distribuição do nitrogênio e do enxofre adicionado ao solo como fertilizante no sistema solo-cana-de-açúcar (cana-planta), utilizando-se os isótopos estáveis 15N e 34S . Objetivou-se também avaliar a contribuição do nitrogênio mineralizado dos resíduos culturais marcados em 15N e incorporados ao solo, numa condição próxima a de reforma de canavial sem despalha a fogo. Foram quantificadas as perdas por lixiviação de N e S proveniente do solo e dos fertilizantes, com verificação da resposta em produção e qualidade da cana-planta à adubação com N e S no plantio, e realizado o balanço final do N e S no sistema solo-cana-de-açúcar. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Estação Experimental Apta 15 em Piracicaba/SP, com o uso de vasos plásticos de 220 L preenchidos com aproximadamente 250 kg de solo de textura arenosa. Foram realizados, simultaneamente, dois experimentos em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. O primeiro experimento constituiu-se de um fatorial completo 4 X 2 (quatro doses de N: 0, 1,2, 2,4 e 3,6 g N vaso-1 e duas doses de S: 0 e 2,1 g S vaso-1 ) e com aplicação de fertilizantes marcados isotopicamente (15N - 10% em átomos e 34S- 9,5% em átomos) e resíduos culturais (folhas secas, ponteiros e raízes + rizomas) sem marcação isotópica. O segundo experimento constituiu-se de cinco tratamentos com a combinação dos níveis de N e S, com a diferença de terem recebido resíduo cultural com marcação isotópica (15N- 0,827% em átomos). Na camada superficial de terra (0-25cm) foram adicionados os restos culturais e o calcário. Após a calagem foi realizada a aplicação dos tratamentos e o plantio com o transplante de três gemas por vaso da cultivar de cana-de-açúcar SP 80-3280. Os experimentos tiveram duração de 16 meses. O aumento na extração de N, proporcionado pelo aumento das doses de N-fertilizante resultou em sinergismo na extração de S. Nas condições do trabalho, com limitação da nutrição nitrogenada da canaplanta, a fertilização com S associada à de N não resultou em efeito sinérgico na produtividade da cultura; entretanto houve resposta em produtividade às doses crescentes de N, sem haver resposta à aplicação de S. A lixiviação de S (S-fertilizante e S-nativo do solo) diminuiu com o aumento das doses de N. O balanço final para o N indicou aproveitamento pelas plantas de 35% do Nfertilizante e 14% dos resíduos culturais, com efeito residual do N dessas fontes de 34 e 75% do N respectivamente. O N não contabilizado no sistema foi de 10 e 31% , respectivamente, para as fontes N-resíduo cultural e N-fertilizante, o que se atribuiu a possíveis perdas de amônia por volatilização do solo e pela parte aérea e, também, a desnitrificação. Para o balanço final de S verificou-se aproveitamento de 32% do S-fertilizante pelas plantas, com efeito residual no solo de 43% da fertilização. O S não contabilizado no sistema atingiu valor máximo de 10% do total aplicado, sendo atribuído à perda por volatilização de SO2 pela parte aérea da cana-de-açúcar. / This work\'s objective was to evaluate the use and distribution of nitrogen and sulfur added to the soil as fertilizers in the soil-sugarcane system (plant cane), using the stable isotopes 15N and 34S. The study also aimed to evaluate the contribution of nitrogen mineralized from sugar cane crop residues labeled with 15N and incorporated into the soil, in a condition similar to that found in the renovation of a sugarcane plantation without burning the trash. Losses of N and S from the soil and from the fertilizers via leaching were quantified. Sugarcane responses in terms of yield and plant cane quality to N and S fertilization at planting were determined, and the N and S final balances in the soil-sugarcane system were calculated. The research was conducted at the Apta 15 Experiment Station in Piracicaba/SP, using 220 L-capacity plastic pots filled with approximately 250 kg of a sandy-textured soil. Two experiments were conducted simultaneously in a random block experimental design with four replicates. The first experiment consisted of a full 4 X 2 factorial arrangement (four N doses: 0, 1.2, 2.4, and 3.6 g N pot-1 and two S doses: 0 and 2.1 g S pot-1) and application of isotopically labeled fertilizers (15N- 10% in atoms and 34S-9.5% in atoms) and crop residues (dry leaves, shoots and roots + rhizomes) without isotopic labeling. The second experiment consisted of five treatments involving those N and S level combinations, except that they received isotopically labeled crop residues (15N- 0.827% in atoms). Crop residues and lime were added to the soil surface layer (0-25cm). The treatments were applied after liming, and planting was accomplished by transplanting three buds per pot of sugarcane cultivar SP 80-3280. The experiments lasted 16 months. The increased N extraction provided by increased fertilizer N doses resulted in S-extraction synergism. In the conditions of this study, under nitrogen nutrition limitation in plant cane, S fertilization in association with N fertilization did not result in a synergistic crop productivity effect; however, there was a productivity response to increasing N doses, without response to S application. S leaching (fertilizer S and native S from the soil) decreased as N doses increased. The final N balance indicated a 35% utilization by plants of fertilizer-N and 14% of crop residue-N, with residual effects in those sources of 34 and 75% N, respectively. The unaccounted N in the system were 10 and 31%, respectively, for crop residue-N and fertilizer-N sources, which were attributed to ammonia losses by volatilization from the soil and via the above-ground part of the plant, and to denitrification. A 32% utilization of fertilizer-S by the plants was verified in the final S balance, with a residual effect in the soil of 43% of fertilization. S not accounted for in the system reached a maximum value of 10% of the total applied, attributed to losses by SO2 volatilization via the above-ground part of the sugarcane plants.
58

Efeito do cultivo intercalar de adubo verde com minitomateiro orgânico em ambiente protegido na produtividade, qualidade e transferência de nitrogênio / Effect of the green manure intercropping with organic cherry tomato in greenhouse on productivity, quality and nitrogen transfer

Gabriela Cristina Salgado 10 July 2017 (has links)
A prática da adubação verde tem-se mostrado importante para diferentes cultivos, sejam eles consorciados ou em rotação de culturas. O Objetivo do trabalho foi analisar a dinâmica do nitrogênio em um sistema agroecológico de cultivo protegido com fabáceas intercalares ao minitomateiro em plantio direto sobre palhada de milho durante dois anos de cultivo do minitomateiro. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com oito tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos: testemunha com palha de milho, testemunha sem palha de milho, consórcio com as seguintes espécies com o minitomateiro: feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis DC), crotalária-júncea (Crotalaria juncea L.), mucuna-anã [(Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Merrill)], feijão-mungo (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), tremoço-branco (Lupinus albus L.), feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp). O tratamento com feijão-caupi teve menor número e massa de frutos comerciais (NFC e MFC) comparados com os tratamentos mucuna-anã e feijão-de-porco, respectivamente. O tratamento com feijão-de-porco apresentou aproximadamente, 25% e 8% maior massa de fruto total (MFT) e massa média de fruto total (MMFT) comparado ao tratamento com feijão-caupi, nesta ordem. O número e massa dos frutos comerciais e totais foram menores no segundo ano. Para o número de frutos totais (NFT), (MFT) e (MMFT), o ano 1 foi superior em 25%, 33% e 13% comparado ao ano 2, respectivamente. Os frutos no primeiro ano apresentaram maior massa média, menor teor de nutriente e menor relação entre solido solúveis totais e acidez titulável total (SST/ATT) do que no segundo ano. O tratamento com feijão-caupi teve maior porcentagem de N transferido na folha do minitomateiro comparado ao tratamento com feijão-mungo. Os adubos verdes não reduziram a produtividade, os parâmetros químicos da qualidade e os teores de macro e micronutrientes do minitomateiro. Não houve interferência entre os adubos verdes e as plantas de minitomate. As leguminosas utilizadas neste trabalho mostram potencial de transferência de N para o minitomateiro. / The practice of green manure has proven important for different crops, whether when on intercropping or on crop rotation. This paper analyzes the dynamics of nitrogen in an agroecological greenhouse intercropped green manure with cherry tomato under no-tillage system. The experimental design is a randomized block with eight treatments and five replications, which are: control treatment with corn straw, control treatment without corn straw; intercropping of the following species with the cherry tomato: jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis), crotalaria juncea (Crotalaria juncea DC), velvet bean [(Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Merrill)], mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), white lupine (Lupinus albus L.), cowpea bean (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp). The treatment with cowpea had lower number and weight of commercial fruits (NCF and WCF) compared to the treatments velvet bean and jack bean, respectively. Treatment with jack bean showed approximately 25% and 8% higher total fruit weight (TFW) and total average fruit weight (TAFW), compared to treatment with cowpea bean, in this order. The number and weight of commercial and total were lower in the second year. For the total number of fruits (TNF), (TFW) and (TAFW), year 1 was higher in 25%, 33% and 13% compared to year 2, respectively. The fruits in the first year showed higher average weight, lower nutrient content, and lower relation between total soluble solids and total titratable acidity (TSS/TTA) than in the second year. plants. Treatment with cowpea beans had a higher % of N transferred in the leaf of cherry tomato compared to the treatment with mung bean. Green manures did not reduce productivity, chemical quality parameters, and macro and micronutrient contents of the cherry tomato. There was no interference between green manures and cherry tomato. The legumes used in this work show the potential of transfer of N to the cherry tomato.
59

Balanço de nitrogênio e enxofre no sistema solo-cana-de-açúcar no ciclo de cana-planta / Nitrogen and sulfur balance in the soil-sugarcane system during the plant cane cycle

Isabela Bologna-Campbell 06 March 2007 (has links)
O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o aproveitamento e a distribuição do nitrogênio e do enxofre adicionado ao solo como fertilizante no sistema solo-cana-de-açúcar (cana-planta), utilizando-se os isótopos estáveis 15N e 34S . Objetivou-se também avaliar a contribuição do nitrogênio mineralizado dos resíduos culturais marcados em 15N e incorporados ao solo, numa condição próxima a de reforma de canavial sem despalha a fogo. Foram quantificadas as perdas por lixiviação de N e S proveniente do solo e dos fertilizantes, com verificação da resposta em produção e qualidade da cana-planta à adubação com N e S no plantio, e realizado o balanço final do N e S no sistema solo-cana-de-açúcar. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Estação Experimental Apta 15 em Piracicaba/SP, com o uso de vasos plásticos de 220 L preenchidos com aproximadamente 250 kg de solo de textura arenosa. Foram realizados, simultaneamente, dois experimentos em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. O primeiro experimento constituiu-se de um fatorial completo 4 X 2 (quatro doses de N: 0, 1,2, 2,4 e 3,6 g N vaso-1 e duas doses de S: 0 e 2,1 g S vaso-1 ) e com aplicação de fertilizantes marcados isotopicamente (15N - 10% em átomos e 34S- 9,5% em átomos) e resíduos culturais (folhas secas, ponteiros e raízes + rizomas) sem marcação isotópica. O segundo experimento constituiu-se de cinco tratamentos com a combinação dos níveis de N e S, com a diferença de terem recebido resíduo cultural com marcação isotópica (15N- 0,827% em átomos). Na camada superficial de terra (0-25cm) foram adicionados os restos culturais e o calcário. Após a calagem foi realizada a aplicação dos tratamentos e o plantio com o transplante de três gemas por vaso da cultivar de cana-de-açúcar SP 80-3280. Os experimentos tiveram duração de 16 meses. O aumento na extração de N, proporcionado pelo aumento das doses de N-fertilizante resultou em sinergismo na extração de S. Nas condições do trabalho, com limitação da nutrição nitrogenada da canaplanta, a fertilização com S associada à de N não resultou em efeito sinérgico na produtividade da cultura; entretanto houve resposta em produtividade às doses crescentes de N, sem haver resposta à aplicação de S. A lixiviação de S (S-fertilizante e S-nativo do solo) diminuiu com o aumento das doses de N. O balanço final para o N indicou aproveitamento pelas plantas de 35% do Nfertilizante e 14% dos resíduos culturais, com efeito residual do N dessas fontes de 34 e 75% do N respectivamente. O N não contabilizado no sistema foi de 10 e 31% , respectivamente, para as fontes N-resíduo cultural e N-fertilizante, o que se atribuiu a possíveis perdas de amônia por volatilização do solo e pela parte aérea e, também, a desnitrificação. Para o balanço final de S verificou-se aproveitamento de 32% do S-fertilizante pelas plantas, com efeito residual no solo de 43% da fertilização. O S não contabilizado no sistema atingiu valor máximo de 10% do total aplicado, sendo atribuído à perda por volatilização de SO2 pela parte aérea da cana-de-açúcar. / This work\'s objective was to evaluate the use and distribution of nitrogen and sulfur added to the soil as fertilizers in the soil-sugarcane system (plant cane), using the stable isotopes 15N and 34S. The study also aimed to evaluate the contribution of nitrogen mineralized from sugar cane crop residues labeled with 15N and incorporated into the soil, in a condition similar to that found in the renovation of a sugarcane plantation without burning the trash. Losses of N and S from the soil and from the fertilizers via leaching were quantified. Sugarcane responses in terms of yield and plant cane quality to N and S fertilization at planting were determined, and the N and S final balances in the soil-sugarcane system were calculated. The research was conducted at the Apta 15 Experiment Station in Piracicaba/SP, using 220 L-capacity plastic pots filled with approximately 250 kg of a sandy-textured soil. Two experiments were conducted simultaneously in a random block experimental design with four replicates. The first experiment consisted of a full 4 X 2 factorial arrangement (four N doses: 0, 1.2, 2.4, and 3.6 g N pot-1 and two S doses: 0 and 2.1 g S pot-1) and application of isotopically labeled fertilizers (15N- 10% in atoms and 34S-9.5% in atoms) and crop residues (dry leaves, shoots and roots + rhizomes) without isotopic labeling. The second experiment consisted of five treatments involving those N and S level combinations, except that they received isotopically labeled crop residues (15N- 0.827% in atoms). Crop residues and lime were added to the soil surface layer (0-25cm). The treatments were applied after liming, and planting was accomplished by transplanting three buds per pot of sugarcane cultivar SP 80-3280. The experiments lasted 16 months. The increased N extraction provided by increased fertilizer N doses resulted in S-extraction synergism. In the conditions of this study, under nitrogen nutrition limitation in plant cane, S fertilization in association with N fertilization did not result in a synergistic crop productivity effect; however, there was a productivity response to increasing N doses, without response to S application. S leaching (fertilizer S and native S from the soil) decreased as N doses increased. The final N balance indicated a 35% utilization by plants of fertilizer-N and 14% of crop residue-N, with residual effects in those sources of 34 and 75% N, respectively. The unaccounted N in the system were 10 and 31%, respectively, for crop residue-N and fertilizer-N sources, which were attributed to ammonia losses by volatilization from the soil and via the above-ground part of the plant, and to denitrification. A 32% utilization of fertilizer-S by the plants was verified in the final S balance, with a residual effect in the soil of 43% of fertilization. S not accounted for in the system reached a maximum value of 10% of the total applied, attributed to losses by SO2 volatilization via the above-ground part of the sugarcane plants.
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Manejo do nitrog?nio e emiss?o de gases de efeito estufa na produ??o de capim-elefante para bioenergia / Nitrogen management and greenhouse gases emissions in elephant grass production for bioenergy

Morais, Rafael Fiusa de 22 December 2011 (has links)
Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-09-20T17:28:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Rafael Fiusa de Morais.pdf: 2514223 bytes, checksum: 6bd78eb142e0fe1523bf328776a84494 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-20T17:28:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Rafael Fiusa de Morais.pdf: 2514223 bytes, checksum: 6bd78eb142e0fe1523bf328776a84494 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Elephant grass is highly efficient in dry matter accumulation and has suitable quality parameters for energy production. The use of elephant-grass biomass depends on the energy balance and the greenhouse gas emissions associated with management practices used for biomass for energy production. Generally, the contribution of biological nitrogen fixation serves less than half the crop N demand, it is necessary to replace the N removed from the soil. N fertilization is usually recommended, however the impact on N2O emissions to atmosphere is unknown. The aim of this study was to carry out studies to measure N fertilizer losses in the form of ammonia volatilization and N2O emissions. Ammonia volatilization was evaluated since it is related to indirect N2O emissions. The effects of nitrogen doses, sources and application forms were studied, to identify the best pathway to provide nitrogen for the crop, with less impact on N2O emissions. The N2O emissions resulting from the soil tillage and four urea fertilizer doses (40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N ha-1) were evaluated. Different nitrogen fertilizer sources (urea and ammonium sulfate) and urea application forms (incorporated or surface) compared with ammonium sulfate, respectively, and green manure were evaluated, compared to application of urea and polymer-coated urea, to evaluate the nitrogen efficiency by the plants and soil N2O emissions. The results showed that nitrogen fertilization is essential to reach high biomass yield of elephant grass. N2O emissions were higher with urea application than with ammonium sulfate, with no effect on the quantity of urea incorporated. The use of green manure resulted in higher N2O emissions compared to urea. The NH3 volatilization losses ranged from 40 to 60% when urea was applied and 11% with the application of ammonium sulfate. The NH3 volatilization losses were 35% lower when urea was incorporated, resulting in higher elephant grass biomass yield. The polymercoated urea resulted in a decrease of 6% in the NH3 volatilization losses. Nitrogen fertilizer is essential to reach high elephant grass biomass yield, and the environmental impact caused by this practice may be reduced by changing the source and form of the fertilizer application. / O capim-elefante est? entre as gram?neas de maior capacidade de acumula??o de mat?ria seca, possuindo tamb?m caracter?sticas qualitativas favor?veis para a produ??o de energia. A sustentabilidade de seu uso depende basicamente de seu balan?o energ?tico e da quantidade de gases de efeito estufa decorrentes das pr?ticas de manejo, do cultivo e do uso de sua biomassa. Geralmente, a contribui??o da fixa??o biol?gica de nitrog?nio atende a menos do que metade da demanda de N da cultura, sendo necess?rio repor o N retirado do sistema. O uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados ? a op??o mais recomendada, por?m n?o se sabe o impacto quanto as emiss?es de N2O para a atmosfera. O objetivo geral desse estudo foi realizar experimentos que permitissem medir as perdas de N de fertilizantes na forma de volatiliza??o de am?nia e emiss?o de N2O. A volatiliza??o de am?nia foi avaliada por estar relacionada as emiss?es de N2O indiretas. Tamb?m se estudaram os efeitos de doses, fontes e formas de aplica??o de N, visando identificar a melhor forma de fornecer nitrog?nio para a cultura, com menor impacto nas emiss?es de N2O. Foram avaliadas as emiss?es de N2O decorrentes da etapa de preparo do solo e da aplica??o de quatro doses de nitrog?nio fertilizante na forma de ureia (40, 80, 120 e 160 kg de N ha-1). Foram avaliadas diferentes fontes de N fertilizante (ureia e sulfato de am?nio) e formas de aplica??o da ureia (incorporada ou a lan?o) em compara??o com sulfato de am?nio, respectivamente, e aduba??o verde, em compara??o a aplica??o de ureia comum e revestida com pol?meros, sobre a efici?ncia do uso do N pelas plantas e sobre as emiss?es de N2O do solo. Os resultados mostraram que a aduba??o nitrogenada ? essencial para alcan?ar elevadas produtividades de biomassa em capimelefante. As emiss?es de N2O foram maiores com a utiliza??o da ureia do que com a utiliza??o do sulfato de am?nio, n?o havendo efeito da incorpora??o da ureia. A utiliza??o da aduba??o verde acarretou em maiores emiss?es de N2O quando comparada a ureia. As perdas por volatiliza??o de NH3 variaram entre 40 a 60% do N aplicado na forma de ureia, e de 11% quando se utilizou sulfato de am?nio. As perdas por volatiliza??o de NH3 foram 35% menores quando a ureia foi enterrada, o que acarretou maiores ganhos de produtividade pelo capimelefante. A ureia revestida com pol?meros acarretou em diminui??o de 6 % das perdas por volatiliza??o de NH3. A utiliza??o do fertilizante nitrogenado ? essencial para alcan?ar elevadas produtividades de biomassa do capim-elefante, e o impacto ambiental causado por essa pr?tica pode ser reduzido em fun??o da fonte e da forma de aplica??o do fertilizante.

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